Encyclopedia of World History: Age of revolution and empire : 1750 to 1900

Contains approximately two thousand essays that provide information on significant events, themes, and personalities in world history; arranged alphabetically within seven specific time periods, from the prehistoric era to the early twenty-first century, each with a chronology. Includes a selection of primary documents and a comprehensive index. Historical Atlas List of Maps 9 List of Articles 10 List of Contributors 14 Chronology 18 Major Themes 30 Adrianople, Battle of (378 c.e) 42 Aeneid 43 Aeschylus 44 Aesop 44 African city-states 45 African religious traditions 46 Ahab and Jezebel 46 Akhenaten and Nefertiti 47 Akkad 48 Alcibiades 49 Aleppo 50 Alexander the Great 50 Alexandria 52 Alexandrian literature 53 Ambrose 54 Andes: Neolithic 55 Antonine emperors 58 Anyang 58 apocalypticism, Jewish and Christian 59 Apostles, Twelve 60 Arabia, pre-Islamic 62 Aramaeans 63 Archaic Greece 65 Arianism 67 Aristophanes 67 Aristotle 68 Ark of the Covenant 70 Armenia 70 Artaxerxes 71 Aryan invasion 73 Ashoka 74 Assyria 74 Athanasius 77 Athenian predemocracy 77 Augustine of Hippo 78 Aurelius, Marcus 79 Axial Age and cyclical theories 80 Babylon, early period 81 Babylon, later periods 82 Bamiyan Valley 84 Ban Biao (Pan Piao) 85 Baruch 86 Basil the Great 87 Benedict 87 Bhagavad Gita 88 Bible translations 89 Boethius 91 Book of the Dead 92 Boudicca 92 Brendan the Navigator 93 Buddha 94 Buddhism in China 94 Buddhist councils 95 Byblos 97 Byzantine-Persian wars 97 Byzantium 98 Caesar, Augustus 100 Caesar, Julius 102 Cambyses II 105 Cappadocians 106 Caracalla, Edict of (212 c.e.) 107 Carthage 108 caste 109 Cato, Marcus Porcius (the Younger) 109 cave paintings 110 Celts 111 Ceylon 112 Chandragupta II 113 Chang’an 114 choregic poetry 114 Choson 115 Christian Dualism (Gnosticism) 116 Christianity, early 119 Chrysostom, John 121 Cicero 122 classical art and architecture, Greek 123 Classical Period, Greek 126 Cleisthenes 127 Clement of Alexandria 129 Code of Justinian 130 Confucian Classics 130 Confucianism as a state ideology 131 Confucius 132 Constantine the Great 134 Constantinople 136 Coptic Christian Church 137 Damascus and Aleppo 144 Daoism (Taoism) 145 Darius I 147 David 148 Delphic oracle 149 Demosthenes 151 Desert Fathers and Mothers 152 Deuteronomy 153 Dharma Sutras 153 Diadochi 154 Diocletian 156 Dravidians 158 Druids and Picts 159 Duke of Zhou (Chou) 159 Dunhuang (Tun-huang) 160 Ebla 162 Ecbatana 163 Edessa 163 Egeria 164 Egypt, culture and religion 165 Elam 167 Elamites 167 Eleusis 167 Ephesus and Chalcedon, Councils of 168 Ephrem 169 Epicureanism 170 Era of Division (China) 171 Essenes 172 Esther, book of 174 Ethiopia, ancient 174 Etruscans 177 Euripides 179 Eusebius 180 Ezana (Abreha) 181 Fa Xian (Fa-hsien) 184 Fertile Crescent 185 First Americans 187 Flavian emperors 189 food gatherers and producers, prehistory 190 Gallic Wars 192 Galen 192 Gandhara 192 Ganjin 193 Gaul 194 Gautama Buddha 197 Georgia, ancient 199 Gilgamesh 200 Gnosticism 201 Gracchi 201 Great Wall of China 202 Greek Church 204 Greek city-states 205 Greek colonization 207 Greek drama 208 Greek mythology and pantheon 210 Greek oratory and rhetoric 212 Gregory the Great 214 Guangwu (Kuang-wu) 215 Gupta Empire 216 gymnasium and athletics 217 Hadrian 220 Hagia Sophia 221 Hammurabi 222 Han dynasty 222 Hannibal 224 Han Wudi (Han Wu-ti) 226 Helena 227 Helen of Troy 228 Hellenistic art 229 Hellenization 231 Herculaneum 232 heresies 232 Herodotus, Thucydides, and Xenophon 233 Herods 234 Hesiod 235 Hezekiah 236 hieroglyphics 237 Hindu philosophy 238 Hippocrates, Galen, and the Greek physicians 239 Hittites 240 Homeric epics 241 Huangdi 243 Hundred Schools of Philosophy 243 Huns 244 Hurrians 246 Hyksos 247 imperial cult, Roman 248 Indo-Europeans 249 Indus civilization 252 Israel and Judah 254 Jainism 256 Jerome 257 Jesus (Christ) of Nazareth 259 Jewish revolts 261 Jezebel 262 Job and theodicy 262 John the Baptist 264 Jomon culture 265 Josephus, Flavius 265 Josiah 266 Judah 267 Judah ha-Nasi 267 Judaism, early (heterodoxies) 268 Judges 269 Julian the Apostate 269 Julio-Claudian emperors 270 Justinian I 272 Justinian, Code of 273 Kama Sutra 274 Kanishka 274 Kautilya 275 Khosrow I 276 Kija 276 Kingdom of God 277 King’s Highway and Way of the Sea 278 Kush 279 Kushan Empire 279 Laozi (Lao Tzu) and Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu) 280 late barbarians 281 Latin Church 283 Legalism 284 legionaries 284 Leonidas 285 Leo the Great 286 libraries, ancient 286 Libya 288 Linear A and B 289 Liu Bang (Liu Pang) 289 Lo-lang 290 Lu, Empress 291 Lucian 291 Luoyang (Loyang) 292 lyric poetry 293 Ma Yuan 294 Maccabees 295 Mahabharata 295 Maotun (Mao-t’un, Maodun) 296 Marathon, Battle of (490 b.c.e.) 297 Marcellinus, Ammianus 297 Mari 298 Marius and Sulla 299 martyrologies 300 Mauryan Empire 301 Maximus the Confessor 303 Maya: Classic Period 303 Maya: Preclassic Period 306 Medes, Persians, and Elamites 308 Megasthenes 309 Mencius 310 Meng Tian (Meng T’ien) 311 Meroë 311 Mesoamerica: Archaic and Preclassic Periods 312 Mesoamerica: Classic Period 314 messianism 315 Middle Kingdom, Egypt 317 migration patterns of the Americas 318 Milan, Edict of (313 C.E.) 320 Minoans 321 Mishnah 322 Mittani 323 Mohenjo-Daro 324 monasticism 325 Moses 326 Mozi (Mo Tzu) 327 Mycenae 328 mystery cults 329 Nabataeans 332 Nag Hammadi 333 Native Americans: chronologies and peoples 333 Native Americans: regional adaptations 335 Nebuchadnezzar I 337 Nebuchadnezzar II 337 Nefertiti 339 Neolithic age 339 Neoplatonism 341 Nero 343 Nestorius and the Nestorian Church 344 New Comedy 345 New Kingdom, Egypt 346 Nicaea, Council of 348 Nineveh 350 Nubia 350 Odovacar 354 Olmecs 355 Olympic Games 356 Oriental Orthodox Churches 358 Origen 359 ostracism 360 Ostrogoths and Lombards 361 paideia 363 paleoanthropology 364 Paleolithic age 365 Palmyra 368 Panathenaic Festival 368 Parthenon 369 Pataliputra 371 Patriarchs, biblical 371 patricians 373 Patrick 374 Paul 375 Pax Romana 376 Peisistratus 379 Peloponnesian War 380 Pericles 381 persecutions of the church 382 Persepolis, Susa, and Ecbatana 383 Persian invasions 384 Persian myth 385 Persians 387 Petronius 387 pharaoh 388 Pharisees 391 Philip of Macedon 392 Philo 393 Phoenician colonies 393 pilgrimage 394 Platonism 396 polis 399 Pompeii and Herculaneum 400 Pompey 401 Pontius Pilate 401 pre-Socratic philosophy 402 prophets 405 Psalms 407 Pseudepigrapha and the Apocrypha 409 Ptolemies 410 Punic Wars 411 pyramids of Giza 411 Pyrrhus 413 Pythagoras 414 Qin (Ch’in) dynasty 415 Qumran 417 Ramayana 419 Ramses I 420 Ramses II 421 Ravenna 422 Red Eyebrow Rebellion 423 religious inclinations, prehistory 424 Roman Empire 424 Roman golden and silver ages 428 Roman historians 431 Roman pantheon and myth 433 Roman poetry 434 Rome: decline and fall 438 Rome: founding 442 Rome: government 442 Rosetta Stone 443 Sadducees 444 Sakyas 445 San and Khoi tribes 445 Sanskrit 446 Sappho 447 Sargon of Akkad 448 Sassanid Empire 449 Saul 453 scribes 453 Sea Peoples 455 Second Sophistic 456 Seleucid Empire 457 Seneca 458 Septimus Severus 459 Servant Songs of Isaiah 459 Shang dynasty 460 Shintoism 462 Silk Road 464 Sima Qian (Ssu-ma Ch’ien) 465 Simeon the Stylite 466 Sinai, Mount 467 Six Schools of classical Hindu philosophy 467 Socrates 468 Soga clan 471 Sogdians 471 Solomon 474 Solon 475 sophism 476 Sophocles 477 Spartacus 478 Stoicism 479 Suiko 480 Sulla 481 Sumer 481 Sunzi (Sun Tzu) 482 Susa 482 Syracuse 482 Syriac culture and church 483 Talmud 486 Tantrism 488 Taoism 489 Teotihuacán 489 Tetrarchy 491 Thebes 492 Themistocles 493 Theodoric 495 Theodosius I 495 Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism 496 Three Kingdoms, China 499 Three Kingdoms, Korea 499 Thucydides 500 Toba (T’o-pa) dynasty 501 Torah 501 Trajan 502 Tripitaka 503 Triumvirate 503 Troy 506 Trung sisters 506 Turabdin 507 Ugarit 508 Ulf las 509 Ur 509 Vajrayana Buddhism 512 Vardhamana Mahavira 512 Vedas 513 Vedic age 514 Vercingetorix 516 Visigoth kingdom of Spain 517 Wang Mang 520 Way of the Sea 521 Wei Man (Wiman) 521 Wen and Wu 521 wisdom literature 522 Wu 523 Wudi 523 Xenophon 524 Xerxes 524 Xia (Hsia) dynasty 525 Xiang Yu (Hsiang Yu) 526 Xiongnu (Hsiung-nu) 527 Xunzi (Hsun Tzu) 528 Yamato clan and state 530 Yao, Shun, and Yu 532 Yayoi culture 533 Yellow Emperor (Huangdi, or Huang Ti) 533 Yellow Turban Rebellion 534 Yemen 535 Yuezhi (Yueh-chih) 536 Zakkai, Yohanan ben 538 Zhang Qian (Chang Ch’ien) 539 Zhou, Duke of 540 Zhou (Chou) dynasty 540 Zhuangzi 542 Zoroastrianism 542 Resource Guide 544 Index 547 Photo Credits 569 Maps 570 V. 1. The Ancient World : Prehistoric Eras To 600 C.e. -- V. 2. The Expanding World : 600 C.e. To 1450 -- V. 3. The First Global Age : 1450 To 1750 -- V. 4. Age Of Revolution And Empire : 1750 To 1900 -- V. 5. Crisis And Achievement : 1900 To 1950 -- V. 6. The Contemporary World : 1950 To The Present -- V. 7. Primary Documents ; Master Index. Edited By Marsha E. Ackermann ... [et Al.]. Includes Bibliographical References And Indexes. Offers a balanced presentation of human history for a global perspective. Based on the National Standards for World History, this set is arranged in six chronological eras. Each volume era begins with essays that tackle large themes such as agriculture, science and technology, social and class relationships, trade and culture, and warfare.