Encyclopedia of the UN sustainable development goals 7 Affordable and clean energy / Walter Leal Filho, Anabela Marisa Azul, Luciana Brandli, Amanda Lange Salvia, Tony Wall, editors Volume 2 F-Z

The problems related to the process of industrialisation such as biodiversity depletion, climate change and a worsening of health and living conditions, especially but not only in developing countries, intensify. Therefore, there is an increasing need to search for integrated solutions to make development more sustainable. The United Nations has acknowledged the problem and approved the "2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development". On 1st January 2016, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the Agenda officially came into force. These goals cover the three dimensions of sustainable development: economic growth, social inclusion and environmental protection. The Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals comprehensively addresses the SDGs in an integrated way. The Encyclopedia encompasses 17 volumes, each one devoted to one of the 17 SDGs. This volume addresses SDG 7, namely "Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all" and contains the description of a range of terms, which allow a better understanding and foster knowledge. Energy is crucial for achieving almost all others SDGs, from its role in the eradication of poverty through advancements in health, education, water supply and industrialization, to combating climate change. This book presents a set of papers on the state-of-the-art of knowledge and practices about energy sustainable, in terms of generation and demand energy, considering aspects of innovation, management, sources of energy, performance, society behavior, and infrastructure, among others. Concretely, the defined targets are: Ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services Increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix Double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency Enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology Expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing states and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their respective programmes of support Editorial Board Md. Mahmudul Alam, Justin Bishop, Luciana Londero Brandli, Elisa Conticelli, Marcos Antonio Leite Frandoloso, Haruna Musa Moda, Matti Sommarberg Series Preface Volume Preface List of Topics About the Editors About the Section Editors Contributors A Academia Access to Energy at the Household Level Definitions Introduction Growing Demand of Energy Energy at Household Level Efforts of Different Regions Regarding Meeting Up the People ́s Need The Challenges of Energy Supply Energy Constraints Environmental Constraints Technology Constraints Concluding Observations and Way Forward Cross-References References Access to Modern Energy Services for the Promotion of Sustainable Development Definitions Introduction The Progress of SDG 7 and Perspectives for the Future The Role of Renewable Energy in the Achievement of SDG 7: Ensuring Access to Clean Energy Other Targets of SDG7: Energy Efficiency, Investment in Infrastructure, and Development of Technology Conclusions Cross-References References Access to Renewable Energy Resources: A Gender and Inclusivity Perspective Synonyms Definitions Introduction The Dynamics of Gender and Inclusivity in Access to Renewable and Improved Energy Resources: Paying Attention to Context Approaches for Gendered and Inclusive Research in Renewable Energy Resources Access The Gender Dynamics of Countering Poverty with Clean Energy: Some Recommendations for Expanded Debate Conclusion Cross-References References Affordable and Clean Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Synonyms Definition Introduction Sources and Uses of Affordable Energy Bioenergy Geothermal Hydropower Hydrogen Fuel Cell Ocean Energy Wind Energy Solar Energy Coal Energy Nuclear Energy Affordable Energy and Energy Efficiency Recent Innovation in Technology of Affordable Energy Conclusion References Alternative Energy: Sources and Future Trends Definitions Introduction The SDG-7 and Its Relation to Alternative Energy Alternative Energy and Renewable Energy The Implications of Defining an Energy Source as ``Alternative ́ ́ Alternative Energy Temporally Considered Alternative Energy Systems as Energy Transitions What Do Energy Reports Envisage? Conclusions Cross-References References Analytical Systemization of Structures Appropriable Technical Potential Assessing the Electricity Sector Reform Paradigm Definitions Introduction Overview of Power Sector Reform Paradigm Electricity Sector Reform in OECD Electricity Sector Reform in Non-OECD Asia Electricity Sector Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa Electricity Sector Reform Drivers Implication of Reform Outcomes for Sustainable Development Goal 7 Conclusion Cross-References References Available Energy: Powering the Energetic and Societal Needs of Sustainable Communities Definition Introduction Technical Background and Systemic Limits Energy and Power Fundamental Limits to Energy Conversion Nonrenewable Energy Energy Flows of the Earth System Renewable Energy Sources Competing Land Uses Financing Getting Net Energy Assessing Available Energy for a Region Assessing the Potential Top-Down Assessing the Potential Bottom-Up Outlook Cross-References References Awareness in Consumers About Sustainability B Biocapacity Bioenergy Alternatives for the Disposal of Carbon Oxides Definitions Introduction. The Environmental Challenges of Carbon Dioxide Utilization at Thermal Power Plants Carbon Dioxide Removal with Biofuel Production: Definitions and Causes Identification of Trends in Bioreclamation of Carbon Dioxide Relationship between Clusters of Terms of Carbon Bio-Utilization Examples of Initiatives Being Developed for the Bio-Removal of CO2 Conclusions Cross-References References Biofuel and Biogas Policies: Economic, Regulatory, and Sustainability Challenges Synonyms Definitions Introduction Impact on the Sustainable Development Goals Biofuels and Biogas: Production Cycle and Potential Applications Economic Challenges for Biofuels and Biogas Regulatory Challenges for Biofuels and Biogas Targets and Blending Mandates Infrastructural Development Grid Injection of Biomethane Biofuels and Biogas Sustainability The EU Sustainability Criteria Extra-EU Sustainability Criteria Conclusion Cross-References References Biofuel Development: Institutional Design Across the World Synonyms Definition Introduction Africa and Asia Brazil European Union (EU) India United States of America (USA) Exploring the Institutional Design (ID) of Biofuel Development Cross-References Acknowledgment References Biofuels Promotion Bottom-Up Models Building Energy Modelling Building Thermal Simulation Exuberant Recreational Framework C Carbonization and Pyrolysis Care Carrying Capacity Centralized Versus Decentralized Electrification Pathways Definitions Introduction Overview of Past Electrification Experiences: The United States, Asia, and Latin America The Centralized and Decentralized Electrification Pathways Path Dependence Urban-Rural Divide State-Local Control Carbon-Decarbonization Debate Conclusion Cross-References References Challenges of Reliable Power Supply with an Emphasis on Renewables Definitions Introduction Failure Examples of Reliable Power Supply Worldwide Reliability Evaluation Techniques Reliability of Renewable Energy Distributed Energy Supply Solutions in Improving Reliability Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems Energy Storages Smart Grids Super Grids Future Directions Cross-References References Charcoal and Biochar Citizen Engagement Civilian Use of Nuclear Energy Civilian Uses and Challenges of Nuclear Energy Synonyms Definition Origin and Evolution of Nuclear Energy Enrichment of Uranium Nuclear Energy for Electricity Generation Other Uses of Nuclear Energy Challenges of Nuclear Energy Nuclear Radiation Waste Management Nuclear Energy Safety Protection Laws Conclusion Cross-References References Clean Energy Clean Energy Resources Adoption Clean Energy Solutions and Sustainable Development Definition Sustainable Development and Sustainability The Sustainable Development Goals and Energy The Nexus of Inefficient Energy, Environment, and Human Well-being Renewable Versus Non-renewable Energy Sources and Implications for Sustainability Addressing Disparities in Global Development, Energy Access, and Poverty for Accelerated Sustainable Development at the Grassr... Conclusion Cross-References References Clean Energy Transition or Low-Carbon Transition CO2 Capture Technologies Co-innovation Collaborative Consumption Collaborative Economy Collaborative Process Community Engagement, Customer Engagement, and Changes in Behavior Definitions Introduction Customer Engagement North American Experience Pre-purchase Stage Purchase Stage Use Stage Post-use Stage Dealing with Disengaged Public Role of Community Organizations New Challenges Conclusions Cross-References References Community Renewable Energy Systems Definition Introduction Principles of Community Renewable Energy Systems Definition Sharing of Local Energy Benefits and Barriers Current Status Introduction Social Research Economic Research Technical Research Practical Implementations Future Prospects Cross-References References Community Solar: Strategies and Implementation for Sustainability Definitions Introduction Solar Energy Solar Energy: Technology Landscape Pairing Solar and Storage Technologies Solar Energy: Policy Landscape The Role of Distributed Solar in the Energy System Ascendancy of the ``Economies of Scale ́ ́ Theory Disputing the Dominance of the ``Economies of Scale ́ ́ Rationale Benefits of Distributed Solar to the Electric Grid, Communities, and the Environment Community Solar Capitalizes on the Benefits of Distributed Solar Building a Democratic Energy System with Community-Owned Solar Community Ownership Means More Community Benefits Community Solar Benefits for Those with the Most to Gain Implementation of Community Solar Community Solar Policy in the USA Electricity Market and Utility Type Overview The Governance of Grid Access Many Models of Community Solar Constructing a Successful Community Solar Program Compensation Rates Subscriber Participation Ensuring Equitable Outcomes Conclusions: Great Potential but Many Barriers Cross-References References Consumer Behavior in Building Energy Use Synonyms Definitions Introduction Consumer Behavior Embedded in Different Regulatory Levels: A Policy Framework Household Behavior: One Issue, Several Approaches Social Science Approach Technological and/or Engineering-Based Approach Determinants of Consumer Behavior in Residential Sector Strategies to Inform the Users and Support Behavioral Change Directions for Future Research Cross-References References Control Cooling Demand Creating Resilience, Minimizing Vulnerability of Communities Definitions Introduction Creating Resilience in Communities Risk Assessment Preparation for Impacts Considering the Aftermath of an Impact for Preparation Avoiding the Spread of Vulnerability Robust Energy Technology for Resilient Communities Cost-Benefit Analysis of Vulnerable Systems Outlook Cross-References References Creating Sustainable Business Ventures and Startups Synonyms Definition Introduction Characteristics of an Entrepreneur Role of Startups in SDG 7 MVP (Minimum Viable Product) Lean Startup Method Startup Cell or an Entrepreneurship Cell Incubation Center Startup Policy Design Thinking Business Model Design Market Validation Different Forms of Business Enterprises Startup Challenges Initial Funding for Startup Startup Training Failures of Startup Valuation of Startup Conclusion Cross-References References Crude Oil and Natural Gas: Key to a Sustainable Energy Future Definition Introduction Brief Overview of the Current Energy System Four Key Sectors of the Global Economy Critical to Decarbonization Power Generation Industry Transportation Housing/Buildings What the Oil and Gas Industry Is Doing to Ensure Sustainable Energy Future Technology and Innovation Outreach and Advocacy Programs Conclusion Cross-References References D Demand Response: A Nordic Perspective Definitions Actors and Marketplaces of Demand Response Electricity Retailer Transmission System Operator Distribution System Operator Aggregator Demand Response Resources and Infrastructure A Case Study: Demand Response in the North-European Electricity Market Conclusions Cross-References References Deregulation and Liberalization De-risking Investment in Power Projects Definitions Introduction Risk, Policy, and Project Guarantees Government Guarantee Political Risk Insurance Partial Risk Guarantee (PRG) Partial Credit Guarantee (PCG) Export Credit Guarantee Concept of Risk Analysis and Management Risk Management Process Modelling and Analyses Options Theory Options and Power Projects Who Owns the Risks? Conclusion Cross-References References Development Digital Marketing Digitalization: Enabler of Systemic Energy Efficiency Definitions Introduction Improved Use of Natural Resources Local Level Process Level System Level Accelerators and Inhibitors Cognitive Factors Economic Factors Capability Factors Conclusions and Future Outlook Cross-References References Drivers of Eco-innovation and Leverage Through Sustainable Business Models Definition Drivers of Eco-innovation The Role of Network in Adoption Eco-innovation Leveraging Eco-innovation Through Sustainable Business Models Can Environmental Legislation Push SBM and Eco-innovation? Conclusion Cross-References References E Easily Accessible Energy Eco-efficiency: Concept, Indicators, and Applications Definitions Introduction Origin of the Concept Eco-efficiency Concepts Around the World Eco-efficiency Indicators Applications Conclusion Cross-References References Ecological Footprint Ecological Footprint and Sustainable Development: A Two-Way Approach Synonyms Definitions Introduction Impact on Global Scenarios Current Consumption, Role of Technology, and Sustainability Frameworks on Ecological Footprint Future Directions Cross-References References Economic Development Economic Feasibility Effectiveness of a Price-Based Mechanism: A Comparative Analysis of Price-Based and Quantity-Based Mechanisms Synonyms Definitions Introduction Energy-Only Market Versus the Capacity Market The Peak Load Problem Energy-Only Markets Capacity Market How Do They Differ? The Price-Based Mechanism Advantage of the Price-Based Mechanism Disadvantages of the Price-Based Mechanism The Quantity-Based Mechanism Strategic Reserve Capacity Obligation (CO) or Requirement Capacity Auction Reliability Contracts Advantages of Quantity-Based Mechanism Disadvantage Evaluation of the Capacity Mechanisms Effectiveness of Price-Based Mechanism Capacity Mechanisms and Sustainable Development Goal 7 Conclusion Cross-References References Electric Mobility: A Key Technology to Decarbonize the Economy and Improve Air Quality Definitions Introduction Transportation and Energy Path During the Twentieth Century Evolution of Electric Mobility Architectures of Electric Vehicles Hybrid Plug-In Hybrid Pure Electric Mild Hybrid Reduction of Emissions with Electric Mobility: G2V and V2G Electric Buses Conclusions Cross-References References Electricity Electricity Generation from Renewable Resources Synonyms Definitions Introduction Renewable Resources Solar Resource Solar Energy Technologies Growth in the Solar Industry Threats in the Solar Energy Industry Current State of the Solar Energy Market Opportunities in the Solar Energy Market Outlook for Solar Energy Market Wind Resource Wind Energy Technologies Growth in the Wind Energy Industry Threats in the Wind Industry Current State of the Wind Energy Market Opportunities in the Wind Energy Market Outlook for Wind Energy Market Hydro Resource Hydro Energy Technologies Growth in the Hydropower Industry Threats in the Hydropower Industry Current State of the Hydropower Market Opportunities in the Hydropower Market Outlook for Hydropower Market Bioenergy Resource Bioenergy Technologies Growth in the Bioenergy Industry Threats in the Bioenergy Industry Current State of the Bioenergy Market Opportunities in the Bioenergy Market Outlook for Bioenergy Market Geothermal Resource Geothermal Technologies Growth in the Geothermal Industry Threats in the Geothermal Industry Current State of the Geothermal Market Opportunities in the Geothermal Market Outlook for Geothermal Market General Outlook Cross-References References End Users ́ Need of Knowing Sustainability Information Energetic Metabolism Energy Energy Access Energy- and Non-Energy-Related Benefits in the Retrofit of the Existing Building Stock Definition State of the Art in Energy Building Renovation What Is Meant by Deep Renovation or Deep Retrofit Innovative Deep Retrofit Design Methodology Using Prefabricated Systems Technological and Architectural Requirements in Relation to Building Extension and Comfort Boundary Conditions for the Application of Innovative Deep Retrofit Packages and Solutions Outstanding Examples in Architecture Building Practice Possible Implementation of Deep Renovation at the Urban Scale Final Remarks Acknowledgment References Web References Energy Arrangement Efficacy Energy Arrangement Usefulness Energy Behavior Energy Communities Energy Conservation Energy Conservation Through Behavioral Change Energy Conservation: Concept and Approaches Synonyms Definition Introduction Energy Resources Nonrenewable Energy Resources Renewable Energy Resources The Importance of Energy Conservation Cost and Financial Environmental Protection Energy Security Approaches to Energy Conservation Install CFL Lights Use of Energy-Efficient Appliances Installing or Adding More Insulation Room Temperature Consumer Awareness Use Maximum Daylight Get an Energy Audit Done Drive Less, Walk More, and Carpooling Plant Shady Landscaping Installing the Energy-Efficient Windows The Way Forward Broader Collaboration Research and Development Ongoing Education and Awareness Conclusion Cross-References References Energy Consumption Energy Consumption Reduction Energy Consumption: Strategies to Foster Sustainable Energy Consumption Definition Introduction Major Energy Consumption Streams Strategies to Reduce Energy Consumption Challenges to Optimize Consumption Sustainable Development Goals and Sustainable Energy Consumption Current Progress of SDG 7 Key Issues and Future Directions Cross-References References Energy Cooperatives in the EU and United States: History, Regulations, and Challenges Synonyms Definitions Introduction Determinants of Energy Cooperatives Decentralized Systems Motivations for Joining Support for Environmental Sustainability Trust among Citizens and in the Cooperative Model Organization of Energy Cooperatives Energy Cooperatives in Practice History of Energy Cooperatives in the EU The EU Regulatory Framework Energy Cooperatives in the EU Today History of Energy Cooperatives in the United States The US Regulatory Framework Energy Cooperatives in the US Today Challenges Confronting Energy Cooperatives Knowledge and Legitimacy Decentralized vs. Centralized Systems Financial Mechanisms for Support Staying at the Niche Level Legislative Frameworks Conclusion Cross-References References Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency and Sustainability Synonyms Definition Energy Efficiency Versus Energy Conservation Alternatives to Improve Energy Saving Energy Efficiency Policy and Trend Energy Poverty Energy Efficiency in SDGs The Repercussion of Energy Efficiency Challenges and Strategies Toward Energy Efficiency in Built World Conclusion The Forthcoming Energy Efficiency Cross-References References Energy Generation: Sources, Challenges, and Solutions Definition Objective Energy Crisis Review of Energy Production Energy for Cooking Electrification Toward Universal Access to Energy ESER Strategy Toward Sustainable Energy Renewable Energy Renewable Resource: Wind Energy Renewable Resource: Hydroelectricity Renewable Resource: Biofuel Renewable Resource: Waste as Source of Energy Energy Efficiency Achieving Efficiency in Wind Energy Battery Efficiency Improvement in Nuclear Energy Hydrogen Technologies Challenges for the Future Conclusion and Future Directions Cross-References References Energy Governance and Institutions (International) Synonyms Definitions Introduction History and Conceptual Bases of Global Energy Governance Origins in Global Energy Cooperation Emergence of Global Energy Governance Imperatives and Intersecting Issues of Global Energy Governance Selected Global and Regional Actors Global Organizations and Frameworks United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) United Nations Agencies and Programs World Trade Organization International Financial Institutions and Development Banks Multilateral and Bilateral Political Forums Group of Seven (G7), Group of Eight (G8), and Group of Twenty (G20) Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM) Bilateral Political Forums Non-state International Forums and Initiatives Regional Organizations and Frameworks European Union International Energy Agency Energy Charter (EC) Future Considerations Cross-References References Energy Infrastructure for Sustainable Development Definitions Energy Infrastructure Introduction Need to Revamp Energy Infrastracture Centralized and Decentralized Electrification Pathways Energy Infrastructure and SDG-7 Small Island Developing States Least Developed Countries (LDCs) Landlocked Developing Countries Conclusion Cross-References References Energy Intensity Energy Internet: Cyber-Physical Deployment of Future Distribution Grids Definitions Introduction The Energy Internet: Background Energy Internet and Its Characteristics Definition Characteristics of the Energy Internet Challenges and Future Researches Cross-References References Energy Investigation Energy Management Energy Mix Energy Modelling Energy Modelling for Reaching SDG7 Synonyms Definition Introduction Historical Overview of Energy Modelling Energy System Models Types Integrated Assessment Models Sustainability and Energy System Modelling Energy Modelling and Scenarios Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Conclusion Cross-References References Energy Modelling: Methods and Applications Definitions Introduction Energy Efficiency Energy Modelling The Energy Modelling Process/Areas Energy Models for Policy Evaluation Types of Energy Modelling Building Energy Modelling (BEM) Urban Building Energy Modelling (UBEM) Occupants ́ Behavior in Energy Saving Energy Saving Behavior Models Simulation Programs Using Energy Modelling Cross-References References Energy Nexus in Synergy to SDGs Energy Operational Research Energy Performance Energy Performance Evaluation Based on SDGs Synonyms Definitions Introduction Multiple Benefits of Energy Performance Improvement Air Pollution Mitigation Economic Benefits Social Benefits Health Benefits Ecological Benefits Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development Circular Sustainable Index (CSI) Model Application of CSI to Determine the Energy Sustainability in the Building Sector Developed Economies United States United Kingdom Canada Australia Japan Developing Economies China India South Korea Turkey Iran Calculation of the Sustainability Score of Energy Consumption in the Building Sector of Selected Countries Conclusion Cross-References References Energy Planning and Sustainability Definition Introduction The Principles of Energy Planning Roadmap Toward Efficient Energy Planning State of the Art and Good Practices of Energy Planning Conclusions Cross-References References Energy Policies in the Context of Sustainable Development Definition Why Is It Difficult to Promote Sustainable Energy Policies? How Does Governance Within the State Affect Sustainable Energy Policies? How Does Governance Beyond the State Affect Sustainable Energy Policies? The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change The Energy Charter Treaty The World Trade Organization (WTO) Framework The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Interlinkages Between the International and National Levels Summary Cross-References Acknowledgment References Energy Poverty Energy Preservation Energy Prosumers ́ Role in the Sustainable Energy System Definitions Introduction Energy Prosumers and the Energy System Prosumer Types Prosumer as a Market Actor Prosumer and Energy Types Prosumers ́ Relationship with the Grid Prosumer Activities in the Energy System Enablers and Drivers for Energy Prosumerism Prosumer Influence on Energy System and Sustainability Growing Prosumer Base Impact on the Energy System Energy Prosumerism and Sustainability Conclusions Cross-References References Energy Research and Its Contribution to Sustainable Development Goal 7 Synonyms Definitions Introduction Importance of Energy Research for the 2030 Agenda Energy Research and Its Contribution to SDG 7 Ensure Universal Access to Affordable, Reliable, and Modern Energy Services Increase Substantially the Share of Renewable Energy in the Global Energy Mix Double the Global Rate of Improvement in Energy Efficiency The Way Forward Cross-References References Energy Saving Energy Security Energy Security and Biofuel Definitions Introduction Defining Energy Security Why Is Energy Security with Fossil Fuel Not Sustainable? Biofuels and Energy Security Are Biofuels Really a Solution? Conclusion Cross-References References Energy Security and Sustainable Development Definitions Introduction Energy Security Sustainable Development and Energy Security Energy Security Criteria Energy Security Challenges Climate Change and Transboundary Concerns Insufficient Electricity Supply Energy Security from the Perspective of Both Energy Exporters and Importers Countries Strategies and Recommendations Cross-References References Energy Simulation Energy Sources: Concepts and Their Classifications Definitions Introduction The SDG-7 and Its Relation to Energy Sources Classification of Energy Sources Primary and Secondary Energy Sources Commercial and Noncommercial Energy Sources Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Sources Sources, Resources, and Reserves Brief Overview of the Energy Sources Solar Energy Wind Energy Geothermal Energy Ocean Energy Hydroelectric Energy Biomass Energy Nuclear Energy Fossil Fuels Conclusions Cross-References References Energy Structure Utility Energy Studies Energy Supply System Energy Supply Using Nexus Approach for Attaining Sustainable Development Goal 7 Synonyms Definition Sustainable Development Goal 7: Affordable, Reliable, Sustainable, and Modern Energy for All Energy Nexus in Synergy to Energy Supply Addressing Sustainable Development Goal 7 Paths Forward Conclusions Cross-References References Energy System Energy System Benefits Energy System Services and Their Impact on Sustainability Synonyms Definitions Energy System Services Introduction Scope of Energy System Services Energy System Service Companies (ESCo) Energy Supply Contracting (ESC) Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) Energy Auditors Sustainability and Energy System Services Energy System Service Trends Replacement of Fossil Fuels by Various Sources of Renewable Energy Smart Grid Frequency and Voltage Regulator Ancillary Services Smart Energy Distribution and Management System (SEDMS) Building Operating System Services (BOSS) Hydrogen Power and Renewable Energy Electrical Systems Energy System Services: The Way Forward Cross-References References Energy Systems Thinking Energy Use and Climate Change: History and Foresight Synonyms Definitions Physical Energy Units Energetic Metabolism and Climate Change Definitions and Concepts Climate Change and the Energy Balance of the Earth Introduction Historical Revolutions in Energy Use Natural Revolutions Human Revolutions Current Material and Energy Use Energy Use, Energy Technology, and the Concept of EROEI Value of EROEI Concept to Understand Historical Change in Energy Use Historical Societal and Technology-Specific EROEI Values Conclusion Cross-References Acknowledgment References Energy Use in the Building Sector and Climate Change: Modeling, Developments, and Future Trends Definition Introduction Overview and Fundamentals Climate Change Modeling Building Energy Simulation Fundamentals Modeling Climate Change in the Building Sector Statistical Approaches Building Simulation Approaches Developments and Future Trends Final Remarks Cross-References References Energy Use Intensity Energy-Efficient Technologies in the Apparel Industry: Limitations of Existing Energy Research Definitions Introduction Energy Efficiency in Buildings Need for Energy-Efficient Technologies in Buildings Energy Efficiency Paradox Sustainable Development Goals and Energy Efficiency Research Energy-Efficient Technologies in the Apparel Industry Energy Technologies in the Apparel Industry Building Services Air-Conditioning Lighting Direct Production-Related Ttechnologies Production Machinery Other Technologies Energy Efficiency Enhancement Tools Energy-Efficient Technologies of the Apparel Industry Limitations of the Research on Energy-Efficient Technologies Limitations of the Research on Efficient Technologies Identification Limitations of the Research Approaches on Adoption of Energy-Efficient Technologies Recommendations Conclusion Cross-References References Energy-Saving Measures Energy-Saving Solutions Ensuring Access to Sustainable and Affordable Energy to All Synonyms Definitions Introduction Energy Access: A Global Perspective Energy Poverty in Europe Issues in Developing Economy Sub-Sharan African and Asian Countries Transgressing International Boundaries: Issues, Challenges, and Prospects Challenges in Access to Electricity and Clean Cooking Challenges Due to Lack of Funding Recommendations and Future Suggestions Cross-References References Entrepreneurship Environment Environmental Cooperation Environmental Friendly Environmental Governance: Complexity and Cooperation in the Implementation of the SDGs Synonyms Definitions Introduction The Changing Environmental Problem and International Cooperation Changes in Environmental Governance as a Response Governance Theories and Analytical Frameworks Environmental Governance and the SDGs Environmental Governance: Notes on the Way Forward Cross-References References Environmental Management Environmental Regulation Environmental Sustainability F Financing Renewable Energy Sector (RES) Innovations Definition Introduction Types of Innovative Finance Tax Incentives Capital Subsidies Debt Loan Soft Loan Senior Debt Subordinated Debt Lease Finance Bond Sukuk Equity Financing Channels Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) International Development Association (IDA) Global Environmental Facility (GEF) International Finance Corporation (IFC) Government and Private Sectors Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Banks Corporate Finance Project Finance Mezzanine Finance Pension Fund Sovereign Wealth Funds Conclusion Cross-References References Fossil-Based Energy Frugal Innovation Fuel Poverty: Determining Factors and Addressing Challenges at the Grassroots Synonyms Definition Energy and the Sustainable Development Goals Fuel Poverty and Tailored Interventions The Multidimensionality of the Fuel Poverty Phenomenon Effectively Addressing the Multidimensionality of Fuel Poverty to Leave No One Behind Socializing Fuel Poverty Addressing Underlying Structural Challenges of Fuel Poverty Learning from the Lived-In Experiences of Affected Households Charting a New Pathway to Sustainability to Leave No One Behind Conclusion References Fuel Use and Sustainability Synonyms Definitions Introduction Fossil Fuels Coal Natural Gas Petroleum Crude Oil Gasoline Other Petroleum Liquids Nuclear Fuels Biofuels Summary/Conclusion Cross-References References Future Energy and the Use of Renewables Definitions Introduction The SDG-7 and its Relation to Future Energy Is the Future Renewable? Future Energy Sources What Do Energy Reports Envisage? Conclusions Cross-References References G Gender Empowerment and Community of Practice to Promote Clean Energy Sustainability Definitions Introduction Social, Cultural, Political, Economic, and Environmental Con