دانشنامهٔ مغز انسان

Encyclopedia of the Human Brain......Page 1 Preface......Page 2 Editorial Advisory Board......Page 3 Editor-in-Chief......Page 7 Action Potential, Pages 1-12, John A. White......Page 8 Adolescent Brain Maturation, Pages 13-20, Jay N. Giedd, Elizabeth A. Molloy and Jonathan Blumenthal......Page 20 Aggression, Pages 21-42, Jeffrey L. Saver......Page 28 Aging Brain, Pages 43-57, Lori L. Beason-held and Barry Horwitz......Page 50 Agnosia, Pages 59-70, Jonathan J. Marotta and Marlene Behrmann......Page 65 Agraphia, Pages 71-86, Steven Z. Rapcsak and Pelagie M. Beeson......Page 77 Alcohol Damage to the Brain, Pages 87-98, John W. Olney......Page 93 Alertness, Pages 99-110, Verity J. Brown and Eric M. Bowman......Page 105 Alexia, Pages 111-117, Rhonda B. Friedman......Page 117 Alzheimer's Disease, Neuropsychology of, Pages 119-129, Robin G. Morris and Claire L. Worsley......Page 124 Anger, Pages 131-136, Christopher R. Long and James R. Averill......Page 135 Anomia, Pages 137-143, Lisa Tabor Connor and Loraine K. Obler......Page 141 Anterior Cingulate Cortex, Pages 145-157, B. J. Casey, Nick Yeung and John Fossella......Page 148 Anxiety, Pages 159-180, Eric Vermetten, Dennis S. Charney and J. Douglas Bremner......Page 161 Aphasia, Pages 181-192, Martha Taylor Sarno......Page 183 Apraxia, Pages 193-197, Kenneth M. Heilman and Leslie J. Gonzalez-rothi......Page 195 Area V2, Pages 199-222, Daniel J. Felleman......Page 200 Arousal, Pages 223-236, Richard T. Marrocco and Brent A. Field......Page 224 Artificial Intelligence, Pages 237-250, Derek Partridge......Page 238 Astrocytes, Pages 251-268, Nicole Baumann and Danielle Pham-dinh......Page 252 Attention, Pages 269-284, Shaun P. Vecera and Steven J. Luck......Page 270 Auditory Agnosia, Pages 285-287, Henry A. Buchtel......Page 286 Auditory Cortex, Pages 289-301, Robert J. Zatorre......Page 289 Auditory Perception, Pages 303-320, William A. Yost......Page 302 Autism, Pages 321-342, Eric Courchesne and Karen Pierce......Page 320 Autoimmune Diseases, Pages 343-347, Felix Mor and Irun R. Cohen......Page 342 Axon, Pages 349-365, Kathleen S. Rockland......Page 347 Basal Ganglia, Pages 367-379, Bruce Crosson, Leeza Maron, Anna B. Moore and Laura Grande......Page 364 Behavioral Neurogenetics, Pages 381-392, Frans Sluyter Eco De Geus Gilles Van Luijtelaar Wim E. Crusio......Page 377 Behavioral Neuroimmunology, Pages 393-404, Douglas L. Delahanty and Julie K. Cremeans-smith......Page 389 Behavioral Pharmacology, Pages 405-416, Peter B. Dews......Page 401 Bilingualism, Pages 417-434, Jyotsna Vaid......Page 413 Biofeedback, Pages 435-441, Richard Gevirtz......Page 431 Body Perception Disorders, Pages 443-458, Georg Goldenberg......Page 438 Borna Disease Virus, Pages 459-468, W. Ian Lipkin, Thomas Briese and Mady Hornig......Page 454 Brain Anatomy and Networks, Pages 469-480, M. -marsel Mesulam......Page 464 Brain Damage, Recovery from, Pages 481-491, Paul Bach-y-rita......Page 476 Brain Development, Pages 493-507, Harun K. M. Yusuf and Khaleda Islam......Page 487 Brain Disease, Organic, Pages 509-527, Kenneth Maiese......Page 502 Brain Lesions, Pages 529-544, Matthias Keidel and Philipp Stude......Page 521 Brain Stem, Pages 545-567, William W. Blessing......Page 537 Broca's Area, Pages 569-586, Michelle Crank and Peter T. Fox......Page 560 Cancer Patients, Cognitive Function, Pages 587-593, Christina A. Meyers......Page 578 Catecholamines, Pages 595-602, Arnold J. Friedhoff and Raul Silva......Page 585 Categorization, Pages 603-609, Barbara J. Knowlton......Page 593 Cerebellum, Pages 611-627, Marco Molinari......Page 600 Cerebral Circulation, Pages 629-661, John A. Jane, Jr. , Aaron S. Dumant, Daniel E. Couture, K. Michael Webb, Dilantha B. Ellegala, Hayan Dayoub and Neal F. Kassell......Page 617 Cerebral Cortex, Pages 663-679, David F. Cechetto and Jane C. Topolovec......Page 650 Cerebral Edema, Pages 681-701, David S. Liebeskind......Page 667 Cerebral Palsy, Pages 703-714, Stephanie Watkins and Angela Rosenberg......Page 688 Cerebral White Matter Disorders, Pages 715-731, Christopher M. Filley......Page 700 Cerebrovascular Disease, Pages 733-757, John R. Absher......Page 717 Chemical Neuroanatomy, Pages 759-774, Yuri Koutcherov, Ken W. S. Ashwell and George Paxinos......Page 742 Cingulate Cortex, Pages 775-791, Michael Gabriel, Lauren Burhans, Andrew Talk and Paige Scalf......Page 758 Circadian Rhythms, Pages 793-812, Charles A. Fuller and Patrick M. Fuller......Page 775 Classical Conditioning, Pages 813-827, Robert E. Clark......Page 795 Cognitive Aging, Pages 829-838, Naftali Raz......Page 810 Cognitive Psychology, Overview, Pages 839-853, John F. Kihlstrom and Lillian Park......Page 820 Cognitive Rehabilitation, Pages 855-861, Stephanie A. Kolakowsky-hayner and Jeffrey S. Kreutzer......Page 835 Color Processing and Color Processing Disorders, Pages 1-14, Peter Gouras......Page 842 Color Vision, Pages 15-29, Gerald H. Jacobs......Page 856 Consciousness, Pages 31-35, Michael S. Gazzaniga......Page 871 Conversion Disorders and Somatoform Disorders, Pages 37-49, Richard J. Brown and Maria A. Brown......Page 876 Corpus Callosum, Pages 51-64, Kathleen Baynes......Page 889 Cranial Nerves, Pages 65-81, Ann B. Butler......Page 903 Creativity, Pages 83-87, Mark A. Runco......Page 920 Dementia, Pages 89-100, Alfred W. Kaszniak......Page 925 Depression, Pages 101-113, Esteban V. Cardemil......Page 937 Dopamine, Pages 115-122, Lisa A. Taylor and Ian Creese......Page 950 Dreaming, Pages 123-134, Mario Bertini......Page 958 Dyslexia, Pages 135-146, H. Branch Coslett......Page 970 Electrical Potentials, Pages 147-167, Fernando H. Lopes Da Silva......Page 982 Electroencephalography (EEG), Pages 169-179, Paul L. Nunez......Page 1003 Emotion, Pages 181-191, Ralph Adolphs and Andrea S. Heberlein......Page 1014 Endorphins and their Receptors, Pages 193-200, Catherine Abbadie and Gavril W. Abbadie......Page 1025 Epilepsy, Pages 201-219, Bettina Schmitz......Page 1033 Event-Related Electromagnetic Responses, Pages 221-250, John S. George......Page 1052 Evolution of the Brain, Pages 251-267, Harry J. Jerison......Page 1082 Eye Movements, Pages 269-297, Charles J. Bruce and Harriet R. Friedman......Page 1099 Forebrain, Pages 299-315, Luis Puelles and John Rubenstein......Page 1128 Frontal Lobe, Pages 317-325, Lada A. Kemenoff, Bruce L. Miller and Joel H. Kramer......Page 1145 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Pages 327-351, Robert L. Savoy......Page 1154 GABA, Pages 353-367, Sofie R. Kleppner and Allan J. Tobin......Page 1179 Glial Cell Types, Pages 369-387, Conrad A. Messam, Jean Hou, Nazila Janabi, Maria Chiara Monaco, Maneth Gravell and Eugene O. Major......Page 1194 Hallucinations, Pages 389-397, Jane Epstein, Emily Stern and David Silbersweig......Page 1213 Hand Movements, Pages 399-414, J. Randall Flanagan and Roland S. Johansson......Page 1222 Headaches, Pages 415-428, Seymour Diamond and George J. Urban......Page 1238 Hearing, Pages 429-448, John F. Brugge and Matthew A. Howard......Page 1252 Heuristics, Pages 449-460, Ralph Hertwig and Peter M. Todd......Page 1272 Hindbrain, Pages 461-473, Joel C. Glover......Page 1284 HIV Infection, Neurocognitive Complications of, Pages 475-489, Igor Grant......Page 1297 Homeostatic Mechanisms, Pages 491-504, Pierre-Marie Lledo......Page 1312 Humor and Laughter, Pages 505-516, Jyotsna Vaid......Page 1326 Hydrocephalus, Pages 517-524, Chima Ohaegbulam and Peter Black......Page 1338 Hypothalamus, Pages 525-535, J. Patrick Card and Linda Rinaman......Page 1346 Imaging - Brain Mapping Methods, Pages 537-555, John C. Mazziotta and Richard S. J. Frackowiak......Page 1357 Information Processing, Pages 557-570, Joe L. Martinez, Stephen A. K. Harvey, Adria E. Martinez and Edwin J. Barea-rodriguez.pdf......Page 1376 Inhibition, Pages 571-585, Avishai Henik and Thomas H. Carr......Page 1390 Intelligence, Pages 587-597, Robert J. Sternberg and James C. Kaufman......Page 1405 Ion Channels, Pages 599-615, B. Alexander Yi and Lily Y. Jan......Page 1416 Language Acquisition, Pages 617-629, Helen Tager-flusberg......Page 1433 Language and Lexical Processing, Pages 631-643, Randi C. Martin, Mary R. Newsome and Hoang Vu......Page 1446 Language Disorders, Pages 645-655, David Caplan......Page 1459 Language, Neural Basis of, Pages 657-669, David Caplan......Page 1470 Laterality, Pages 671-683, Joseph B. Hellige......Page 1483 Left-Handedness, Pages 685-694, Stanley Coren......Page 1496 Limbic System, Pages 695-702, Joseph L. Price......Page 1506 Logic and Reasoning, Pages 703-716, Philip N. Johnson-laird......Page 1514 Lyme Encephalopathy, Pages 717-727, Richard F. Kaplan......Page 1528 Magnetic Resonance Imaging [MRI], Pages 729-744, Jeffry R. Alger......Page 1539 Manic–Depressive Illness, Pages 745-757, Edward H. Taylor......Page 1555 Memory Disorders, Organic, Pages 759-772, Andrew R. Mayes......Page 1568 Memory Neurobiology, Pages 783-796, Raymond P. Kesner......Page 1582 Memory, Explicit and Implicit, Pages 773-781, Kathleen B. Mcdermott......Page 1596 Memory, Neuroimaging, Pages 797-816, John Jonides, Tor D. Wager and David T. Badre......Page 1605 Memory, Overview, Pages 817-833, John A. Lucas......Page 1625 Mental Retardation, Pages 1-15, Sandra Cluett Redden Stephen R. Hooper Martha Pope......Page 1642 Mental Workload, Pages 17-27, Raja Parasuraman and Daniel Caggiano......Page 1657 Microglia, Pages 29-41, Guido Stoll Sebastian Jander and Michael Schroeter......Page 1668 Midbrain, Pages 43-68, David M. Waitzman and Douglas L. Oliver......Page 1681 Migraine, Pages 69-80, Margarita Sanchez Del Rio and Stephen Silberstein#......Page 1707 Mild Head Injury, Pages 81-92, Jeffrey T. Barth, Jason R. Freeman and Donna K. Broshek......Page 1719 Modeling Brain Injury-Trauma, Pages 93-102, Helmut L. Laurer, David F. Meaney, Susan S. Margulies and Tracy K. Mcintosh......Page 1731 Mood Disorders, Pages 103-116, Eran Chemerinski and Robert G. Robinson......Page 1741 Motion Processing, Pages 117-135, Preeti Verghese and Brent R. Beutter......Page 1755 Motor Control, Pages 137-157, Steven P. Wise and Reza Shadmehr......Page 1774 Motor Cortex, Pages 159-169, Jon H. Kaas and Iwona Stepniewska......Page 1795 Motor Neuron Disease, Pages 171-181, Philip C. Wong, Donald L. Price and Jeffery Rothstein......Page 1806 Motor Skill, Pages 183-200, Eliot Hazeltine and Richard Ivry......Page 1817 Movement Regulation, Pages 201-210, John F. Soechting and Martha Flanders......Page 1835 Multiple Sclerosis, Pages 211-225, Lorri J. Lobeck......Page 1845 Multisensory Integration, Pages 227-241, Barry E. Stein, Paul J. Laurienti, Mark T. Wallace and Terrence R. Stanford......Page 1860 Music and the Brain, Pages 243-271, David W. Perry......Page 1875 Nausea and Vomiting, Pages 273-289, Robert J. Naylor......Page 1904 Neocortex, Pages 291-303, Jon H. Kaas......Page 1921 Nerve Cells and Memory, Pages 305-312, Peter S. Eriksson......Page 1934 Nervous System, Organization of, Pages 313-371, Jay B. Angevine, Jr.......Page 1942 Neural Networks, Pages 373-383, Paul Sajda......Page 2001 Neural Transplantation, Pages 385-402, Douglas Kondziolka, Elizabeth Tyler-Kabara and Cristian Achim......Page 2012 Neuroanatomy, Pages 403-422, Christopher M. Filley......Page 2030 Neurobehavioral Toxicology, Pages 423-439, Marcia Hillary Ratner, Robert G. Feldman and Roberta F. White......Page 2050 Neurodegenerative Disorders, Pages 441-463, Lee J. Martin......Page 2067 Neurofeedback, Pages 465-477, James R. Evans......Page 2090 Neuroglia, Overview, Pages 479-491, Angus M. Brown and Bruce R. Ransom......Page 2103 Neuroimaging, Pages 493-505, Giorgio Ganis and Stephen M. Kosslyn......Page 2116 Neuron, Pages 507-523, Maryann E. Martone and Mark H. Ellisman......Page 2129 Neuropeptides and Islet Function, Pages 525-540, Bo Ahrén......Page 2146 Neuropharmacology, Pages 541-560, Edward A. Workman......Page 2162 Neuroplasticity, Developmental, Pages 561-578, Daphne Bavelier and Helen Neville......Page 2182 Neuropsychological Assessment, Pages 579-593, Aaron P. Nelson and Meghan M. Searl......Page 2200 Neuropsychological Assessment, Pediatric, Pages 595-600, Lawrence C. Hartlage......Page 2215 Neurotransmitters, Pages 601-611, James H. Schwartz......Page 2221 Nociceptors, Pages 613-624, Lorne M. Mendell......Page 2232 Norepinephrine, Pages 625-646, Candice Drouin and Jean-Pol Tassin......Page 2244 Number Processing and Arithmetic, Pages 647-661, Karen Wynn......Page 2266 Object Perception, Pages 663-676, Pepper Williams......Page 2281 Occipital Lobe, Pages 677-715, Edgar A. Deyoe......Page 2295 Olfaction, Pages 717-727, Richard L. Doty......Page 2334 Opiates, Pages 729-739, Clifford M. Knapp......Page 2345 Oxytocin, Pages 741-749, Hans H. Zingg......Page 2356 Pain and Psychopathology, Pages 763-775, David Fishbain......Page 2365 Pain, Pages 751-761, A. D. Craig......Page 2378 Parkinson's Disease, Pages 777-786, Melvin D. Yahr and Matthew A. Brodsky......Page 2389 Pattern Recognition, Pages 787-795, William R. Uttal......Page 2399 Peptides, Hormones, and the Brain and Spinal Cord, Pages 797-815, Lee J. Martin......Page 2408 Peripheral Nervous System, Pages 817-830, Andrei V. Krassioukov......Page 2427 Phantom Limb Pain, Pages 831-841, Herta Flor......Page 2441 Phineas Gage, Pages 843-857, Malcolm Macmillan......Page 2452 Pick's Disease and Frontotemporal Dementia, Pages 1-9, Andrew Kertesz and David G. Munoz......Page 2467 Prefrontal Cortex, Pages 11-26, Robert J. Morecraft and Edward H. Yeterian......Page 2476 Priming, Pages 27-46, Anthony D. Wagner and Wilma Koutstaal......Page 2492 Prion Diseases, Pages 47-60, Hans A. Kretzschmar......Page 2512 Problem Solving, Pages 61-66, Richard E. Mayer......Page 2526 Prosopagnosia, Pages 67-74, Edward H. F. De Haan......Page 2532 Psychoactive Drugs, Pages 75-82, David E. Presti......Page 2540 Psychoneuroendocrinology, Pages 83-101, Serge Campeau......Page 2548 Psychoneuroimmunology, Pages 103-127, David L. Felten and Mary E. Maida......Page 2567 Psychophysiology, Pages 129-139, David Lykken......Page 2592 Reading Disorders, Developmental, Pages 141-154, Virginia A. Mann......Page 2603 Receptive Field, Pages 155-168, Rajesh P. N. Rao......Page 2617 Recovered Memories, Pages 169-184, Heidi Sivers Jonathan Schooler Jennifer J. Freyd......Page 2631 Reinforcement, Reward, and Punishment, Pages 185-207, Daniel T. Cerutti......Page 2647 Respiration, Pages 209-216, Homayoun Kazemi and Douglas C. Johnson......Page 2670 Retina, Pages 217-235, John E. Dowling......Page 2678 Salience, Pages 237-250, Shih-cheng Yen and Leif H. Finkel......Page 2697 Schizophrenia, Pages 251-262, Lisa T. Eyler Zorrilla and Dilip V. Jeste......Page 2711 Semantic Memory, Pages 263-276, Murray Grossman and Phyllis L. Koenig......Page 2723 Sensory Deprivation, Pages 277-287, Josef P. Rauschecker......Page 2737 Sex Differences in the Human Brain, Pages 289-308, Laura S. Allen and Roger A. Gorski......Page 2748 Sexual Behavior, Pages 309-322, John D. Baldwin and Janice I. Baldwin......Page 2768 Sexual Differentiation, Hormones and, Pages 323-341, Susan L. Zup and Nancy G. Forger......Page 2782 Sexual Dysfunction, Pages 343-354, Lisa Regev, Claudia Avina and William Odonohue......Page 2801 Sexual Function, Pages 355-365, Mark S. George and Jeffrey P. Lorberbaum......Page 2813 Short-Term Memory, Pages 367-381, Giuseppe Vallar......Page 2824 Sleep Disorders, Pages 383-393, Clete A. Kushida......Page 2839 Spatial Cognition, Pages 395-418, Barbara Landau......Page 2850 Spatial Vision, Pages 419-431, Russell L. De Valois and Karen K. De Valois......Page 2874 Speech, Pages 433-448, Keith R. Kluender......Page 2887 Stress - Hormonal and Neural Aspects, Pages 463-474, Bruce Mcewen and Sonia Lupien......Page 2903 Stress, Pages 449-462, D. Jeffrey Newport and Charles B. Nemeroff......Page 2915 Stroke, Pages 475-492, Allyson R. Zazulia......Page 2929 Suicide, Pages 493-501, Beth S. Brodsky and J. John Mann......Page 2947 Superior Colliculus, Pages 503-520, Barry E. Stein, Mark T. Wallace and Terrence R. Stanford......Page 2956 Synapses and Synaptic Transmission and Integration, Pages 521-529, Michel Baudry......Page 2974 Synaptogenesis, Pages 531-544, Frederique Varoqueaux and Nils Brose......Page 2983 Tactile Perception, Pages 545-556, Catherine L. Reed......Page 2997 Taste, Pages 557-567, Michael A. Barry and Marion E. Frank......Page 3009 Temporal Lobes, Pages 569-573, Henry A. Buchtel......Page 3020 Thalamus and Thalamic Damage, Pages 575-597, Chihiro Ohye......Page 3025 Time Passage, Neural Substrates, Pages 599-614, Deborah L. Harrington and Stephen M. Rao......Page 3048 Tourette Syndrome and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder, Pages 615-622, Valsamma Eapen and Mary M. Robertson......Page 3064 Transplantation, Pages 623-634, Timothy J. Collier and John R. Sladek......Page 3072 Unconscious, The, Pages 635-646, John F. Kihlstrom......Page 3084 Unilateral Neglect, Pages 647-660, Eli Wertman and Kenneth M. Heilman......Page 3096 Ventricular System, Pages 661-685, David E. Scott......Page 3110 Vigilance, Pages 687-699, Martin Sarter and John P. Brun......Page 3135 Violence and the Brain, Pages 701-718, Karen E. Anderson and Jonathan M. Silver......Page 3148 Vision - Brain Mechanisms, Pages 719-738, Robert Shapley and Nava Rubin......Page 3166 Visual and Auditory Integration, Pages 739-752, Jennifer M. Groh and Uri Werner-reiss......Page 3186 Visual Cortex, Pages 753-773, Marcello G. P. Rosa......Page 3200 Visual Disorders, Pages 775-789, R. D. Jones and D. Tranel......Page 3221 Visual System Development and Neural Activity, Pages 791-804, A. E. Wiencken-barger and V. A. Casagrande......Page 3236 Wernicke's Area, Pages 805-818, Eleanor M. Saffran......Page 3250 Working Memory, Pages 819-830, Sergio Della Sala and Robert H. Logie......Page 3264 LinkToy : )~......Page 0 Plate 1, Page xv......Page 3276 Plate 2, Page xvi......Page 3277 Plate 3, Page xvii......Page 3278 Plate 4, Page xviii......Page 3279 Plate 5, Page xix......Page 3280 Plate 6, Page xx......Page 3281 Plate 7, Page xxi......Page 3282 Plate 8, Page xxii......Page 3283 Plate 9, Page xxiii......Page 3284 Plate 10, Page xxv......Page 3285 Plate 11, Page xxvi......Page 3286 Plate 12, Page xxvii......Page 3287 Plate 13, Page xxviii......Page 3288 Plate 14, Page xxix......Page 3289