Encyclopedia of the Black Death

__Encyclopedia of the Black Death__ is the first A-Z encyclopedia to cover the second plague pandemic, balancing medical history and technical matters with historical, cultural, social, and political factors and effects in Europe and the Islamic world from 1347-1770. It also bookends the period with entries on Biblical plagues and the Plague of Justinian, as well as modern-era material regarding related topics, such as the work of Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur, the Third Plague Pandemic of the mid-1800s, and plague in the United States. Unlike previous encyclopedic works about this subject that deal broadly with infectious disease and its social or historical contexts, including the author's own, this interdisciplinary work synthesizes much of the research on the plague and related medical history published in the last decade in accessible, compellingly written entries. Controversial subject areas such as whether "plague" was bubonic plague and the geographic source of plague are treated in a balanced and unbiased manner. Cover 1 Contents 6 List of Entries by Broad Topic 12 Introduction 18 Timeline 22 Abandonment 24 AIDS and Plague 25 al-Asqalani, Ibn Hajar (1372–1449) 26 Alchemy 27 Allah 28 Almanacs 29 al-Manbiji, Muhammad (d. 1383) 30 al-Maqrizi, Muhammad (al-Makrizi; 1363/4–1442) 31 Amulets, Talismans, and Magic 32 Anatomy and Dissection 33 Animals 35 Anticlericalism 37 Anti–Semitism and Anti–Jewish Violence before the Black Death 37 Apocalypse and Apocalypticism 39 Apothecaries 40 Arabic-Persian Medicine and Practitioners 42 Armenian Bole 44 Armies 44 Arrows 45 Ars moriendi (The Art of Dying) 46 Art, Effects of Plague on 47 Articella 50 Astrology 50 Athens, Plague of 51 Avicenna (Abu Ali al-Husayn ibn Abd Allah ibn Sina; 980–1037) 52 Barcelona, Spain 54 Bells 55 Bertrand, Jean-Baptiste (1670–1752) 56 Bezoar Stones 56 Bible 57 Biblical Plagues 59 Bills of Health 60 Bills of Mortality 61 Bimaristans (also Maristans) 63 Bishops and Popes 64 Black Death (1347–1352) 65 Black Death: Debate over the Medical Nature of 69 Black Death: Origins and Early Spread 71 Black Death, Plague, and Pestilence (Terms) 75 Bleeding/Phlebotomy 75 Boccaccio, Giovanni (1313–1375) 76 Books of Hours 77 Borromeo, Federigo (1564–1631) 78 Borromeo, St. Charles (San Carlo; 1538–1484) 79 Boyle, Robert (1627–1691) 79 Broadsheets, Broadsides, and Pamphlets 80 Bubonic Plague 82 Bubonic Plague in North America 84 Bullein, William (d. 1576) 86 Caffa (Kaffa, Feodosiya), Ukraine 88 Cairo, Egypt 88 Canutus (Kanutus) Plague Tract 90 Causes of Plague: Historical Theories 90 Cellites and Alexians 92 Charlatans and Quacks 93 Chaucer, Geoffrey (c. 1340/43–1400) 93 Chauliac, Guy de (Guido de Cauliaco; c. 1300–1367) 94 Children 95 China 97 Chinese Traditional Medicine 98 Christ 100 Chronicles and Annals 102 Churches, Plague 103 Ciompi Revolt 104 Clement VI, Pope (1291/92–1352; r. 1342–1352) 104 Clothing 105 Compendium of Paris 107 Confraternities 107 Consilia and Plague Tracts 108 Constantinople/Istanbul 110 Contagion Theory 111 Cordons Sanitaires 113 Corpse Carriers 115 Corpses 117 Couvin, Simon de (Symon de Covino; c. 1320–1367) 118 Crime and Punishment 118 Dancing Mania 122 Danse Macabre 122 Death, Depictions of 124 Defoe, Daniel (1660–1731) 126 Dekker, Thomas (1570?–1632) 127 De Mertens, Charles (1737–1788) 128 Demographic and Economic Effects of Plague: The Islamic World 129 Demographic Effects of Plague: Europe 1347–1400 131 Demographic Effects of Plague: Europe 1400–1500 133 Demographic Effects of Plague: Europe 1500–1722 134 Demography 136 Demons, Satan, and the Devil 138 Diagnosing Plague 139 Dietary Regimens 141 Diseases, Opportunistic and Subsidiary 141 Disinfection and Fumigation 143 DNA and the Second Plague Pandemic 145 Donne, John (1572–1631) 145 Doors 146 Dublin, Ireland 148 Earthquakes 150 Economic Effects of Plague in Europe 150 Empirics 153 End of Second Plague Pandemic: Theories 154 Epidemic and Pandemic 157 Ex voto 158 Expulsion of Victims 158 Eyam, England (1666) 160 Famine 162 Fernel, Jean (c. 1497–1558) 163 Feudalism and Manorialism 163 Ficino, Marsiglio (1433–1499) 165 Flagellants 166 Fleas 168 Flight 169 Florence, Italy 171 Fracastoro, Girolamo (1478–1553) 172 Friars (Mendicants) 173 Funerals, Catholic 175 Funerals, Muslim 177 Funerals, Protestant 177 Galen and Galenism (129 CE–c. 216) 180 Gentile da Foligno (c. 1275–1348) 182 Germ Theory 183 God the Father 185 Gold 186 Governments, Civil 186 Graunt, John (1620–1674) 188 Gravediggers 188 Gregory the Great, Pope (r. 590–604) 189 Grindal, Edmund (1519–1583) 190 Guilds 191 Health Boards, Magistracies, and Commissions 194 Heaven and Hell 196 Henry VIII, King of England (1491–1547; r. 1509–1547) 197 Hippocrates (c. 460–c. 360 BCE) and the Hippocratic Corpus 197 Hodges, Nathaniel (1629–1688) 198 Hospitals 199 Humoral Theory 201 Hundred Years War (1337–1453) 202 I promessi sposi (1827) 204 Ibn al-Khatib, Lisad-ad Din (1313–1374) 204 Ibn Battuta, Abu Abdullah (1304–1368) 205 Ibn Khatimah, Abu Jafar Ahmed (1323?–1369) 206 Individualism and Individual Liberties 207 Ingrassia, Giovanni Filippo (Gianfilippo; 1510–1580) 208 Islam and Medicine 209 Islamic Civil Responses 210 Islamic Religious Responses 211 Islip, Simon (d. 1366) 212 Issyk Kul, Kyrgystan 213 Jacquerie 214 James I and VI Stuart, King (1566–1625) 214 Jewish Treasure Hoards 215 Jews 216 Jinn 219 Job 220 John of Burgundy (c. 1338–1390; also Johannes de Burgundia, Burdeus, La Barba, Burgoyne) 220 Jonson, Ben (1572–1637) 221 Justinian, Plague of (First Plague Pandemic) 221 Kircher, Athanasius (1602–1680) 224 Kitasato, Shibasaburo (1852–1931) 224 Koch, Robert (1843–1910) 225 Labourers, Ordinance and Statute of 228 Langland, William (c.1325–after 1388) 228 Languages: Vernacular and Latin 229 Lazarettos and Pest Houses 231 Lazarus 233 Leechbooks 234 Leprosy (Hansen's Disease) and Leprosarium 234 Li Muisis, Gilles (Le Muisit; 1271/72–1353) 235 Little Ice Age 236 Lollards 237 London, England 238 London, Great Plague of (1665–1666) 240 London's East Smithfield Plague Cemetery 241 Luther, Martin (1483–1546) 241 Lydgate, John (c. 1370–1450) 242 Malthusianism 244 Marseille, France 245 Mass Graves and Plague Cemeteries 246 Mead, Richard (1673–1754) 249 Mecca 249 Medical Education (1300–1500, Medieval Europe) 250 Medical Education (1500–1700, Early Modern Europe) 251 Medical Humanism 253 Merchants 254 Mercuriale, Girolamo (1530–1606) 256 Metaphors for Plague 257 Miasma Theory 258 Milan, Italy 259 Mongols 260 Monks, Nuns, and Monasteries 262 Moral Legislation 263 Morality Literature, Christian 264 Morbidity, Mortality, and Virulence 266 Moscow, Russia 268 Muhammad the Prophet (570–632) 269 Naples, Italy 272 Narwhal/Unicorn Horn Powder 273 Nashe, Thomas (1567–1601) 274 Nobility 274 Notaries 276 Nurses 277 Paracelsus (1493–1541) and Paracelsianism 280 Parets, Miquel (1610–1661) 281 Paris, France 282 Parish 283 Pasteur, Louis (1822–1895) 284 Pastors, Preachers, and Ministers 285 Peasants 287 Peasants' Revolt, English 289 Pepys, Samuel (1633–1703) 290 Petrarch, Francesco (1304–1374) 291 Physicians 292 Physicians, Court 294 Physicians, Town 295 Pilgrims and Pilgrimage 296 Plague in Europe, 1360–1500 297 Plague in Europe, 1500–1725 299 Plague Memorials 302 Plague Orders and National Authorities 303 Plague Saints 304 Plague Stone 305 "Plagues" in the West, 900–1345 305 Pneumonic Plague 306 Poetry, European 307 Poetry, Islamic 308 Poisoning and Plague Spreading 309 Poverty and Plague 310 Prayer and Fasting 312 Priests 314 Printing 316 Prisoners 317 Processions 318 Prophylaxes 319 Prostitutes 320 Public Health 321 Public Sanitation 323 Purgatives 325 Purgatory 326 Quarantine 328 Rats and Other Plague Carriers 330 Reformation and Protestantism 331 Remedies, External 333 Remedies, Internal 334 Repopulation 335 Rome, Italy 337 St. Januarius (San Gennaro; d. c. 305) 340 St. Michael the Archangel 340 St. Nicholas of Tolentino (1245–1305) 340 St. Roche 341 St. Rosalia 341 St. Sebastian 342 Scientific Revolution 343 Searchers 344 Second Plague Pandemic (1340s–1840s) 344 Septicemic Plague 345 Servants, Household 346 Shakespeare, William (1564–1616) 347 Shutting In 348 Signs of Plague 350 Simond, Paul-Louis (1858–1947) 351 Sin 352 Social Construction of Disease 353 Sumptuary Laws 355 Surgeons/Barbers 356 Sydenham, Thomas (1625–1689) 357 Syrups and Electuaries 358 Ta'un 360 Taxes and Public Finance 360 Tears against the Plague 361 Theriac and Mithridatum 362 Third Plague Pandemic 363 Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) 364 “Three Living Meet Three Dead” 365 Toads 366 Tobacco 366 Transi Tombs 367 Triumph of Death 368 Tumbrels 369 Urine and Uroscopy 370 Valesco de Tarenta (d. after 1426) 372 Van Diemerbroeck, Isbrand (Ysbrand, IJsbrand; 1609–1674) 372 Van Helmont, Joan Baptista (Johannes; Jan; 1579–1644) 373 Venice, Italy 374 Vesalius, Andreas (1514–1564) 375 Vienna, Austria 376 Vinario, Raimondo Chalmel de (Magister Raimundus; Chalmelli; Chalin; d. after 1382) 377 Virgin Mary 377 Virgin Soil Disease 379 Wands 382 Wills and Testaments 382 Witches and Witchcraft 383 Wither, George (1588–1667) 384 Women Medical Practitioners 384 Yeoman Farmers and Gentry 388 Yersin, Alexandre (1863–1943) 389 Yersinia pestis 390 Zodiac Man 392 Glossary 394 A 394 B 394 C 394 D 395 E 395 F 395 G 395 H 395 I 395 L 395 M 395 P 396 R 396 S 396 T 396 V 397 Z 397 Bibliography 398 Index 428 A 428 B 429 C 431 D 433 E 435 F 436 G 436 H 437 I 438 J 439 K 440 L 440 M 441 N 443 O 443 P 443 Q 446 R 446 S 447 T 448 U 449 V 449 W 449 X 450 Y 450 Z 450 This Encyclopedia Provides 300 Interdisciplinary, Cross-referenced Entries That Document The Effect Of The Plague On Western Society Across The Four Centuries Of The Second Plague Pandemic, Balancing Medical History And Technical Matters With Historical, Cultural, Social, And Political Factors. 5050 Abandonment -- Aids And Plague -- Al-asqalani, Ibn Haja (1372-1449) -- Alchemy -- Allah -- Almanacs -- Al-manbiji, Muhammad -- Al-maqrizi, Muhammad (al-makrizi; 1363/4-1442) -- Amulets, Talismans, And Magic -- Anatomy And Dissection -- Animals -- Anticlericalism -- Anti-semitism And Anti-jewish Violence Before The Black Death -- Apocalypse And Apocalypticism -- Apothecaries -- Arabic-persian Medicine And Practitioners -- Armenian Bole -- Armies -- Arrows -- Ars Moriendi (the Art Of Dying) -- Art, Effects Of Plague On -- Articella -- Astrology -- Athens, Plague Of -- Avicenna (abu Ali Al-husayn Ibn Abd Allah Ibn Sina; 980-1037). Barcelona, Spain -- Bells -- Bertrand, Jean Baptiste 1670-1752) -- Bezoar Stones -- Bible -- Biblical Plagues -- Bills Of Health -- Bills Of Mortality -- Bimaristans (also Maristans) -- Bishops And Popes -- Black Death (1347-1352) -- Black Death: Debate Over The Medical Nature Of -- Black Death: Origins And Early Spread -- Black Death, Plague And Pestilence (terms) -- Bleeding/phlebotomy -- Boccaccio, Giovanni (1313-1375) -- Books Of Hours -- Borromeo, Federigo (1564-1631) -- Borromeo St. Charles (san Carlo; 1538-1484) -- Boyle, Robert (1627-1691) -- Broadsheets, Broadsides, And Pamphlets -- Bubonic Plague -- Bubonic Plague In North America -- Bullein, William (d. 1576). Caffa (kaffa, Feodosiya), Ukraine -- Cairo, Egypt -- Canutus (kanutus) Plague Tract -- Cause Of Plagues: Historical Theories -- Cellites And Alexians -- Charlatans And Quacks -- Chaucer, Geoffrey (c. 1340/43-1400) -- Chauliac, Guy De (guido De Cauliaco; C. 1300-1367) -- Children -- China -- Chinese Traditional Medicine -- Christ -- Chronicles And Annals -- Churches, Plague -- Ciompi Revolt -- Clement Vi, Pope (1291/92-1352; R. 1342-1352) -- Clothing -- Compendium Of Paris -- Confraternities -- Consilia And Plague Tracts -- Constantinople/istanbul -- Contagion Theory -- Cordons Sanitaires -- Corpse Carriers -- Corpses -- Couvin, Simon De Symon De Covino; C. 1320-1367) -- Crime And Punishment. Dancing Mania -- Danse Macabre -- Death, Depictions Of -- Defoe, Daniel (1660-1731) -- Dekker, Thomas (1570?-1632 -- De Mertens, Charles (1737-1788) -- Demographic And Economic Effects Of Plague: The Islamic World -- Demographic Effects Of Plague: Europe 1347-1400 -- Demographic Effects Of Plague: Europe 1400-1500 -- Demographic Effects Of Plague: Europe 1500-1722 -- Demography -- Demons, Satan, And The Devil -- Diagnosing Plague -- Dietary Regimens -- Diseases, Opportunistic And Subsidiary -- Disinfection And Fumigation -- Dna And The Second Plague Pandemic -- Donne, John (1572-1631) -- Doors -- Dublin, Ireland -- Earthquakes -- Economic Effects Of Plague In Europe -- Empirics -- End Of Second Plague Pandemic: Theories -- Epidemic And Pandemic -- Ex Voto -- Expulsion Of Victims -- Eyam, England (1666). Famine -- Fernel Jean (c. 1497-1558) -- Feudalism And Manorialism -- Ficino, Marsiglio (1433-1499) -- Flagellants -- Fleas -- Flight -- Florence, Italy -- Fracastoro, Girolamo (1478-1553) -- Friars (mendicants) -- Funerals, Catholic -- Funerals, Muslim -- Funerals, Protestant -- Galen And Galenism (129 Ce-c.216) -- Gentitle De Foligno (c. 1275-1348 -- Germ Theory -- God The Father -- Gold -- Governments, Civil -- Graunt, John (1620-1674) -- Gravediggers -- Gregory The Great, Pope (r. 590-604) -- Grindal, Edmund (1519-1583) -- Guilds -- Health Boards, Magistracies, And Commissions -- Heaven And Hell -- Henry Viii, King Of England (1491-1547; R. 1509-1547) -- Hippocrates (c. 460-c. 360 Bce) And The Hippocratic Corpus -- Hodges, Nathaniel (1629-1688) -- Hospitals -- Humoral Theory -- Hundred Years War (1337-1453). I Promessi Sposi (1827) -- Ibn Al-khatib, Lisad-ad Din (1313-1374) -- I Promessi Sposi (1827) -- Ibn Al-khatib, Lisad-ad Din (1313-1374) -- Ibn Battuta, Abu Abdullah (1304-1368) -- Ibn Khatimah, Abu Jafar Ahmed (1323?-1369) -- Individualism And Individual Liberties -- Ingrassia, Giovanni Filippo (gianfilippo; 1510-1580) -- Islam And Medicine -- Islamic Civil Responses -- Islamic Religious Responses -- Islip, Simon (d. 1366) -- Issyk Kul, Kyrgystan -- Jacquerie -- James I And Vi Stuart, King (1566-1625) -- Jewish Treasure Hoards -- Jews -- Jinn -- Job -- John Of Burgundy (c. 1338-1390); Also Johannes De Burgundia, Burdeus, La Barba, Burgoyne -- Jonson, Ben (1572-1637) -- Justinian, Plague Of (first Plague Pandemic) -- Kircher, Athanasius (1602-1680) -- Kitasato, Shibasaburo (1852-1931) -- Koch, Robert (1843-1910). Labourers, Ordinance And Statute Of -- Langland, William (c. 1325-after 1388) -- Languages: Vernacular And Latin -- Lazarettos And Pest Houses -- Lazarus -- Leechbooks -- Leprosy (hansen's Disease) And Leprosarium -- Li Muisis, Gilles (le Muisit; 1271/72-1553) -- Little Ice Age -- Lollards -- London, England -- London, Great Plague Of (1665-1666) -- London's East Smithfield Plague Cemetery -- Luther, Martin (1483-1546) -- Lydgate, John (c. 1370-1450) -- Malthusianism -- Marseille, France -- Mass Graves And Plague Cemeteries -- Mead, Richard (1673-1754) -- Mecca -- Medical Education (1300-1500, Medieval Europe) -- Medical Education (1500-1700, Early Modern Europe) -- Medical Humanism -- Merchants -- Mercuriale, Girolamo (1530-1606) -- Metaphors For Plague -- Miasma Theory -- Milan, Italy -- Mongols -- Monks, Nuns, And Monasteries -- Moral Legislation -- Mortality Literature, Christian -- Morbidity, Mortality, And Virulence -- Moscow, Russia -- Muhammad The Prophet (570=632). Naples, Italy -- Narwhal/unicorn Horn Powder -- Nashe, Thomas (1567-1601) -- Nobility -- Notaries -- Nurses -- Paracelsus (1493-1541) And Parcelsianism -- Parets, Miquel (1610-1661) -- Paris, France -- Parish -- Pasteur, Louis (1882-1895) -- Pastors, Preachers, And Ministers -- Peasants -- Pesants' Revolt, English -- Pepys, Samuel (1633-1703) -- Petrarch, Francesco (1304-1374) -- Physicians -- Physicians, Court -- Physicians, Town -- Pilgrims And Pilgrimage -- Plague In Europe, 1360-1500 -- Plague In Europe, 1500-1725 -- Plague Memorials -- Plague Orders And National Authorities -- Plague Saints -- Plague Stone -- Plagues In The West, 900-1345 -- Pneumonic Plague -- Poetry, European -- Poetry, Islamic -- Poisoning And Plague Spreading -- Poverty And Plague -- Prayer And Fasting -- Priests -- Printing -- Prisoners -- Processions -- Prophylaxes -- Prostitutes -- Public Health -- Public Sanitation -- Purgatives -- Purgatory -- Quarantine. Rats And Other Plague Carriers -- Reformation And Protestantism -- Remedies, External -- Remedies, Internal -- Repopulation -- Rome, Italy -- St. Januarius (san Gennaro; D. C. 305) -- St. Michael The Archangel -- St. Nicholas Of Tolentino (1245-1305) -- St. Roche -- St. Rosalia -- St. Sebastian -- Scientific Revolution -- Searchers -- Second Plague Pandemic (1340s-1840s) -- Septicemic Plague -- Servants, Household -- Shakespeare, William (1564-1616) -- Shutting In -- Signs Of Plague -- Simond, Paul-louis (1858-1947) -- Sin -- Social Construction Of Disease -- Sumptuary Laws -- Surgeons/barbers -- Sydenham, Thomas (1625-1689) -- Syrups And Electuaries -- Ta'un -- Taxes And Public Finance -- Tears Against The Plague -- Theriac And Mithridatum -- Third Plague Pandemic -- Thirty-years' War (1619-1648) -- Three Living Meet Three Dead -- Toads -- Tobacco -- Transi Tombs -- Triumph Of Death -- Tumbrels. Urine And Uroscopy -- Valesco De Tarenta (d. After 1426) -- Van Diemerbroeck, Isbrand (ysbrand, Ijsbrand; 1609-1674) -- Van Helmont, Joan Baptista (johannes; Jan; 1579-1644) -- Venice, Italy -- Vesalius, Andreas (1514-1565) -- Vienna, Austria -- Vinario, Raimondo Chalmel De (magister Raimundus; Chalmelli; Chalin; D. After 1328) -- Virgin Mary -- Virgin Soil Disease -- Wands -- Wills, And Testaments -- Witches And Witchcraft -- Wither, George (1588-1667) -- Women Medical Practitioners -- Yeoman Farmers And Gentry -- Yersin, Alexandre (1863-1943) -- Yersinia Pestis -- Zodiac Man. Joseph P. Byrne. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 375-404) And Index. This encyclopedia provides 300 interdisciplinary, cross-referenced entries that document the effect of the plague on Western society across the four centuries of the second plague pandemic, balancing medical history and technical matters with historical, cultural, social, and political factors. Encyclopedia of the Black Death is the first AZ encyclopedia to cover the second plague pandemic, balancing medical history and technical matters with historical, cultural, social, and political factors and effects in Europe and the Islamic world from 13471770. It also bookends the period with entries on Biblical plagues and the Plague of Justinian, as well as modern-era material regarding related topics, such as the work of Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur, the Third Plague Pandemic of the mid-1800s, and plague in the United States. Unlike previous encyclopedic works about this subject that deal broadly with infectious disease and its social or historical contexts, including the author's own, this interdisciplinary work synthesizes much of the research on the plague and related medical history published in the last decade in accessible, compellingly written entries. Controversial subject areas such as whether "plague" was bubonic plague and the geographic source of plague are treated in a balanced and unbiased manner. "Encyclopedia of the Black Death" is the first A - Z encyclopaedia to cover the second plague pandemic (1347-1770) balancing medical history with historical, cultural, social, and political factors and effects in Europe and the Islamic world. It also bookends the period with entries on Biblical plagues and the Plague of Justinian, as well as modern-era material regarding related topics, such as the work of Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur, the Third Plague Pandemic of the mid-1800s, and plague in the United States. Unlike previous encyclopaedic works about this subject that deal broadly with infectious disease and its social or historical contexts, this interdisciplinary work synthesizes much of the research on the plague and related medical history published in the last decade in accessible, compellingly written entries. Controversial subject areas such as whether "plague" was bubonic plague and the geographic source of plague are treated in a balanced and impartial manner