دانشنامه استرس، مجموعه چهار جلدی، جلدهای ۱-۴، ویرایش دوم

Like the first edition, the second edition of the Encyclopedia of Stress covers nearly every conceivable aspect and ramification of stress including a wide range of related topics such as neuroimmune interactions, cytokines, enzymatic disorders, effects on the cardiovascular system, immunity and inflammation, and physical illnesses. Over the last decade, scientists have presented convincing research showing that psychological stress increases vulnerability to disease. They now understand more clearly that stress may be the thread tying together illnesses that were previously believed to be unrelated. Bone loss, increased abdominal fat, and damaged memory cells in the hippocampus have been linked to elevated cortisol levels. Building on the success of the first edition, this completely revised work surveys the vast amount of research generated in the past five years, resulting in a substantial revision with over 30% new material and over 100 new entries. Expanded sections include Animal Studies, Anxiety and Depression, Drugs, Depression, Disasters, and Psychological and Other Therapies. Also available online via ScienceDirect (2007) - featuring extensive browsing, searching, and internal cross-referencing between articles in the work, plus dynamic linking to journal articles and abstract databases, making navigation flexible and easy. For more information, pricing options and availability visit www.info.sciencedirect.com. * Timely update on the topic of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder taking into account events such as terrorism and middle east wars * Includes expanded coverage on anxiety and depression * Incorporates entries on the advances in our knowledge of immunology, cytokines and cell mediated immunity involved in stress responses and autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Type I diabetes Content: v. 1. Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder -- Acute Stress Response: Experimental -- Acute Trauma Response -- Adenylyl Cyclases and Stress Response -- Adjustment Disorders -- Adolescence -- Adolescent Suicide -- Adrenal Cortex -- Adrenal Insufficiency -- Adrenal Medulla -- Adrenaline -- Adrenocortical Function, Factors Controlling Development Thereof -- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) -- Aerobic Exercise and Stress Reduction -- Affective Disorders -- Aggression -- Aggressive Behavior -- Aging and Adrenocortical Factors -- Aging and Psychological Stress -- Aging and Stress, Biology of -- AIDS -- Airline Accidents -- Alarm Phase and General Adaptation Syndrome -- Alcohol and Stress: Social and Psychological Aspects -- Alcohol, Alcoholism, and Stress: A Psychobiological Perspective -- Aldosterone and Mineralocorticoid Receptors -- Allostasis and Allostatic Load -- Alzheimer's Disease -- Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring -- Amenorrhea -- Amnesia -- Amygdala -- Anatomy of the HPA Axis -- Androgen Action -- Anger -- Angiotensin -- Angiotensin Receptors -- Animal Models (Nonprimate) for Human Stress -- Annexin -- Antibody Response -- Anti-CRF -- Antidepressant Actions on Glucocorticoid Receptors -- Antimineralocorticoid Challenge -- Antipsychotic Drugs and Stress -- Antisocial Disorders -- Anxiety -- Anxiolytics -- Apoptosis -- Arterial Baroreflex -- Arthritis -- Arthritis-Psychological -- Asthma -- Atherosclerosis -- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Stress and -- Autoimmunity -- Autonomic Nervous System -- Autotolerance -- Avoidance -- Behavior Therapy -- Behavior, Overview -- Benzodiazepines -- Bereavement -- Beta-Adrenergic Blockers -- Beta-Endorphin -- Blood Pressure -- Blood-Brain Barrier, Stress and -- Borderline Personality Disorder -- Brain and Brain Regions -- Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) -- Brain Trauma -- Breast Cancer -- Burnout -- Calbindin -- Calcium, Role of -- Calcium-Dependent Neurotoxicity -- Cancer -- Cancer Treatment -- Captivity, Adaptation to -- Captivity, Recovery from -- Cardiovascular System and Stress -- Cardiovascular Disease, Stress and -- Caregivers, Stress and -- Catecholamines -- Central Stress Neurocircuits -- Cerebral Metabolism, Brain Imaging -- Chaperone Proteins and Chaperonopathies -- Chaperonopathies -- Chemical Warfare -- Chernobyl, Stress Effects of -- Child Abuse -- Child Physical Abuse -- Child Sexual Abuse -- Childbirth and Stress -- Childhood Stress -- Cholesterol and Lipoproteins -- Chronic Fatigue Syndrome -- Chronic Social Stress: GR Sensitivity in Leukocytes -- Circadian Clock Genes as Modulators of Sensitivity to Genotoxic Stress -- Circadian Rhythm Effects on Cardiovascular and Other Stress-Related Events -- Circadian Rhythms, Effects of Prenatal Stress in Rodents -- Circadian Rhythms, Genetics of -- Cognition and Stress -- Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy -- Combat Reaction, Chronic -- Combat Stress Reaction -- Combat, Acute Reactions to -- Common Cold and Stress -- Community Studies -- Comorbid Disorders and Stress -- Comparative Anatomy and Physiology -- Concentration Camp Survivors -- Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) -- Conservation of Resources Theory -- Control and Stress -- Coping and Stress: A Lens and Filter Model -- Coping Skills -- Corticosteroid Receptor Genes: Functional Dissection in Mice -- Corticosteroid Receptors -- Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin (Transcortin) -- Corticosteroids and Stress -- Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) -- Corticotropin Releasing Factor Receptor Deficiency in Mice -- Corticotropin Releasing Factor-Binding Protein -- Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Circuitry in the Brain -- Relevance for Affective Disorders and Anxiety -- Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) Family of Neuropeptides -- Role in Inflammation -- Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptors -- Cortisol Awakening Response -- C-Reactive Protein -- Crime Victims -- Crisis Intervention -- Critical Thermal Limits -- Crowding Stress -- Cultural Factors in Stress -- Cultural Transition -- Cushing's Syndrome, Medical Aspects -- Cushing's Syndrome, Neuropsychiatric Aspects -- Cytokines -- Cytokines, Chronic Stress, and Fatigue -- Cytokines, Stress, and Depression -- Cytotoxic Lymphocytes -- Death Anxiety -- Defensive Behaviors -- Demand-Control Model -- Dental Stress -- Depersonalization: Systematic Assessment -- Depression and Coronary Heart Disease -- Depression and Manic-Depressive Illness -- Depression and Stress, Role of n-3 and n-6 Fatty Acids -- Depression Models -- Depression, Immunological Aspects -- Dermatological Conditions -- Desensitization -- Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) -- DEX-CRH Test -- Dhea -- Diabetes, Type 1 -- Diet and Stress, Non-Psychiatric -- Diet and Stress, Psychiatric -- Disaster Syndrome -- Disasters and Mass Violence, Public, Effects of -- Disease, Stress Induced -- Dissociation -- Distress -- Divorce, Children of -- Domestic Violence -- Dopamine, Central -- Drosophila Genes and Anoxia -- Drosophila Studies -- Drug Use and Abuse -- Earthquakes, Stress Effects of -- Eating Disorders and Stress -- Eclampsia and Pre-Eclampsia -- Economic Factors and Stress -- Education Levels and Stress -- Effort-Reward Imbalance Model -- Elder Abuse -- Electrodermal Activity -- Emergency Personnel, Stress in -- Emotional Inhibition -- Emotions: Structure and Adaptive Functions -- Employee Assistance and Counseling -- Endocrine Systems -- Endometriosis -- Enuresis -- Environmental Factors -- Environmental Stress, Effects on Human Performance -- Epilepsy -- Estrogen -- Ethanol and Endogenous Opioids -- Ethnicity, Mental Health -- Evolutionary Origins and Functions of the Stress Response -- Excitatory Amino Acids -- Excitotoxins -- Exercise -- Expression Profiling of Stress Responsive Gene Patterns. v. 2. Familial Patterns of Stress -- Family Therapy -- Fatigue and Stress -- Fear -- Fear and the Amygdala -- Febrile Response -- Feedback Systems -- Feeding Circuitry (and Neurochemistry) -- Fetal Stress -- Fibrinogen and Clotting Factors -- Fibromyalgia -- Fight-or-Flight Response -- Firefighters, Stress in -- Fish, Stress in -- Floods, Stress Effects of -- Food Intake and Stress, Human -- Food Intake and Stress, Non-Human -- Food Shift Effect -- Freud, Sigmund -- GABA (Gamma Aminobutyric Acid) -- Gastrointestinal Effects -- Gender and Stress -- Gene-Environment Interactions in Early Development -- Genetic Factors and Stress -- Genetic Polymorphisms in Stress Response -- Genetic Predispositions to Stressful Conditions -- Genetic Testing and Stress -- Genetic Variation of HPA Axis Activity and Function in Farm Animals -- Ghrelin and Stress Protection -- Glia or Neuroglia -- Glucocorticoid Effects on Memory: the Positive and the Negative -- Glucocorticoid Negative Feedback -- Glucocorticoid Receptor Mutant Mice as Models for Stress-Induced Affective Disorders -- Glucocorticoid Receptor Mutations and Polymorphisms -- Glucocorticoids -- Adverse Effects on the Nervous System -- Glucocorticoids, Effects of Stress on -- Glucocorticoids, Overview -- Glucocorticoids, Role in Stress -- Glucose Transport -- Glycobiology of Stress -- Gonadotropin Secretion, Effects of Stress on -- Graves' Disease (Thyrotoxicosis) -- Grieving -- Group Therapy -- Gulf War Syndrome, Psychological and Chemical Stressors -- Health and Socioeconomic Status -- Health Behavior and Stress -- Heart Disease/Attack -- Heart Failure, Stress Effects -- Heart Rate -- Heat Resistance -- Heat Shock Genes, Human -- Heat Shock Proteins: HSP60 Family Genes -- Heat Shock Response, Overview -- Hemostasis and Stress -- Herpesviruses -- Hippocampal Neurons -- Hippocampus, Corticosteroid Effects on -- Hippocampus, Overview -- Hiroshima Bombing, Stress Effects of -- HIV Infection/AIDS -- Holocaust Survivors, Experiences of -- Holocaust, Stress Effects of -- Homeostasis -- Homosexuality, Stress and -- Hostility -- HPA Alterations in PTSD -- Hurricane Katrina Disaster, Stress Effects of -- 11[beta]-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases -- Hyperreactivity (Cardiovascular) -- Hypertension -- Hyperthermia -- Hyperthyroidism -- Hyperventilation -- Hypnosis -- Hypocortisolism and Stress -- Hypoglycemia -- Hypotension, Hypovolemia, and Septic Shock -- Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis -- Hypothermia -- Hypothyroidism -- Hysteria -- Immobilization Stress -- Immune Cell Distribution, Effects of Stress on -- Immune Function, Stress-Induced Enhancement -- Immune Response -- Immune Suppression -- Immune Surveillance -- Cancer, Effects of Stress on -- Immune System, Aging -- Immunity -- Impact of Terrorism on the Development of Mental Health Symptoms -- Impotence, Stress and -- Impulse Control -- Incest -- Income Levels and Stress -- Indigenous Societies -- Industrialized Societies -- Infection -- Inflammation -- Instinct Theory -- Integrative Medicine (Complementary and Alternative Medicine) -- Interactions Between Stress and Drugs of Abuse -- Job Insecurity: The Health Effects of a Psychosocial Work Stressor -- Kidney Function -- Korean Conflict, Stress Effects of -- Learned Helplessness -- Learning and Memory, Effects of Stress on -- Left Ventricular Mass -- Leishmania, Stress Response in -- Leptin, Adiponectin, Resistin, Ghrelin -- Leukocyte Trafficking and Stress -- Life Events and Health -- Life Events Scale -- Lockerbie Air Crash, Stress Effects of -- Loss Trauma -- Lymph Nodes -- Lymphocytes -- Macrophage Antimycobacterial Activity, Effects of Stress on -- Macrophages -- Major Depressive Disorder -- Male Partner Violence -- Marital Conflict -- Marital Status and Health Problems -- Marriage -- Maternal Deprivation -- Medical Profession and Stress -- Meditation and Stress -- Membrane Glucocorticoid Receptors -- Memory and Stress -- Memory Impairment -- Menopause and Stress -- Menstrual Cycles and Stress -- Mental Stress Testing -- Metabolic Syndrome -- Metabolic Syndrome and Stress -- Metals, Oxidative Stress, and Brain Biology -- Metastasization -- Metyrapone: Basic and Clinical Studies -- Migraine -- Mineralocorticoid Receptor Polymorphisms -- Minorities and Stress -- Mitochondria -- Monoamine Oxidase -- Motor Vehicle Accidents, Stress Effects of -- Mucosal Secretory Immunity, Stress and -- Multi Drug Resistance P Glycoprotein and other Transporters -- Multiple Personality Disorder -- Multiple Sclerosis -- Multiple Trauma -- Musculoskeletal Problems and Stress -- Myopathy -- Natural Killer (NK) Cells -- Negative Affect -- Neighborhood Stress and Health -- Nelson's Syndrome -- Neural Stem Cells -- Neurodegenerative Disorders -- Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children -- Neuroendocrine Systems -- Neurogenesis -- Neuroimaging and Emotion -- Neuroimmunomodulation -- Neuroinflammation -- Neuropeptide Y -- Neuropeptides, Stress-Related -- Neurosis -- Neuroticism, Genetic Mapping of -- Neuroticism Response to Stress, Genetic Mapping of Mice -- Night Shiftwork -- Nightmares -- Nitric Oxide -- Northern Ireland, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in -- Nuclear Warfare, Threat of -- Nutrition. v. 3. Obesity, Stress and -- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder -- Oklahoma City Bombing, Stress Effects of -- Opioids -- Optimism, Pessimism, and Stress -- Orexin -- Organ Transplantation, Stress of -- Oxidative Stress -- Oxidative Stress and Acidosis, Molecular Responses to -- Oxidative Stress and Aging -- Oxytocin -- Pain -- Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia -- Paranoia -- Paraventricular Nucleus -- Parenting, Stress of -- Parkinson's Disease -- Peacekeeping -- Peptides -- Perinatal Dexamethasone -- Persian Gulf War, Stress Effects of -- Personality Processes -- Pharmacological Treatments of Stress -- Pheromones -- Pituitary Regulation, Role of -- Police, Stress in -- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder -- Clinical -- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder -- Neurobiological basis for -- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children -- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Delayed -- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Neurobiology of -- Posttraumatic Therapy -- Pregnancy -- Maternal and Perinatal Stress -- Effects of -- Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder -- Pre-pulse Inhibition -- Pressure, Effects of Extreme High and Low -- Primate Hierarchies and Personality -- Primate Models, Behavioral-lmmunological Interactions -- Primate Models, Cardiovascular Disease -- Primate Models, Overview -- Primates: Rearing and Effects of Stress on Primate CNS Function -- Prison -- Prisoners of War -- Problem-Solving Skills Training -- Prolactin and Stress -- Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) -- Prostaglandins -- Proteases in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotic Cell Organelles -- Proteases in the Eukaryotic Cell Cytosol -- Protein Synthesis -- Proteosome -- Psoriasis -- Psychoanalysis -- Psychological Stressors, Overview -- Psychoneuroimmunology -- Psychosocial Factors and Stress -- Psychosomatic Heart Disease: Role of Sympathetic and Sympathoadrenal Processes -- Psychosomatic Medicine -- Psychotherapy -- Psychotic Disorders -- Quality of Life -- Racial Harassment/Discrimination -- Recovery from Stress -- Reductive Stress -- Reenactment Techniques -- Refugees, Stress in -- Regional Blood Flow, Stress Effects -- Relaxation Techniques -- Religion and Stress -- 9/11, Religion and Stress -- Remodelling of Neuronal Networks by Stress -- Renal and Adrenocortical Actions of Dopamine -- Reproduction, Effects of Social Stress On -- Reproductive Dysfunction in Primates, Behaviorally Induced -- Resistance -- Restraint Stress -- Revenge Fantasies -- Rheumatic Disorders -- Salivary Cortisol -- Salt Appetite -- Schizophrenia -- School Stress and School Refusal Behavior -- School Violence and Bullying -- Seasonal Changes in Stress Responses -- Seasonal Rhythms -- Secretagogue -- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) -- Self-Esteem, Stress, and Emotion -- Selye, Hans -- Sepsis, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, and Glucocorticoid Resistance -- Serotonin -- Serotonin in Stress -- Serotonin Transporter Genetic Modifications -- Sex Differences in Human Stress Response -- Sex Steroids, Response to Stress and Susceptibility to Depression -- Sex-Specific Effects of Early Social Stress in Mammals: A Study in Guinea Pigs -- Sexual Assault -- Sexual Dysfunction -- Sexual Offenders -- Sickle Cell Disease and Stress -- Sleep Loss, Jet Lag, and Shift Work -- Sleep, Sleep Disorders, and Stress -- Smoking and Stress -- Social Capital -- Social Networks and Social Isolation -- Social Status and Stress -- Social Stress, Animal Models of -- Social Support -- Social Support in Trauma -- Somatic Disorders -- Space, Health Risks of -- Spinal Cord Injury, Physical Stress of -- Spinal Cord Injury, Psychological Stress of -- Startle Response -- Steroid Hormone Receptors -- Steroid Hydroxylases -- Strain Differences in Stress Response in Rodents -- Stress and Anxiety: Treatment with 2nd Generation Antipsychotic Drugs -- Stress and CNS Arousal: Genomic Contributions -- Stress Effect of Assisted Reproduction -- Stress Effects, Overview -- Stress Generation -- Stress Hyporesponsive Period -- Stress in University Students -- Stress Induced Anovulation -- Stress Management and Cardiovascular Disease -- Stress Management, CAM Approach -- Stress of Self Esteem -- Stress System Balance Hypothesis -- Stress, Beneficial Effects of -- Stress, Definitions and Concepts of -- Stress, Insulin Resistance, and Type II Diabetes -- Stress, NPY, and Cardiovascular Diseases -- Suicide Terrorism, Genesis of -- Suicide, Biology of -- Suicide, Psychology of -- Suicide, Sociology of -- Surgery and Stress -- Survivor Guilt -- Sympathetic Nervous System -- Synthetic Glucocorticoids -- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus -- Teaching and Stress -- Temperature Effects -- Terrorism -- Thermal Stress -- Thermotolerance, Thermoresistance, and Thermosensitivity -- Three Mile Island, Stress Effects of -- Thymus -- Thyroid Hormones -- Torture -- Transport-Related Stress -- Trans-sexualism -- Trauma and Memory -- Trauma Group Therapy -- Traumatic Stress and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, the Israeli Experience -- Trier Social Stress Test -- Type A Personality, Type B Personality -- Ulceration, Gastric -- Ultradian Rhythms -- Understimulation/Boredom -- Unemployment, Stress, and Health -- Urocortins -- Vaccination -- Vasoactive Peptides -- Vasopressin -- Vietnam Veterans, Postwar Experiences and Health Outcomes -- Violence -- Viral Virulence and Stress -- Viruses and Stress -- Waist-Hip Ratio -- War Stress in the Former Yugoslavia -- War, Suicide and Sacrifice -- War-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Treatment of -- Work-Family Balance -- Workplace Stress. v. 4. Contributors -- Subject Index. Abstract: Covers nearly every conceivable aspect and ramification of stress including a wide range of related topics such as neuroimmune interactions, cytokines, enzymatic disorders, effects on the cardiovascular system, immunity and inflammation, and physical illnesses Like the first edition, the second edition of the Encyclopedia of Stress covers nearly every conceivable aspect and ramification of stress including a wide range of related topics such as neuroimmune interactions, cytokines, enzymatic disorders, effects on the cardiovascular system, immunity and inflammation, and physical illnesses. Over the last decade, scientists have presented convincing research showing that psychological stress increases vulnerability to disease. They now understand more clearly that stress may be the thread tying together illnesses that were previously believed to be unrelated. Bone loss, increased abdominal fat, and damaged memory cells in the hippocampus have been linked to elevated cortisol levels. Building on the success of the first edition, this completely revised work surveys the vast amount of research generated in the past five years, resulting in a substantial revision with over 30% new material and over 100 new entries. Expanded sections include Animal Studies, Anxiety and Depression, Drugs, Depression, Disasters, and Psychological and Other Therapies. Also available online via ScienceDirect (2007) - featuring extensive browsing, searching, and internal cross-referencing between articles in the work, plus dynamic linking to journal articles and abstract databases, making navigation flexible and easy. For more information, pricing options and availability visit (http://www.info.sciencedirect.com) www.info.sciencedirect.com . * Timely update on the topic of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder taking into account events such as terrorism and middle east wars* Includes expanded coverage on anxiety and depression * Incorporates entries on the advances in our knowledge of immunology, cytokines and cell mediated immunity involved in stress responses and autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Type I diabetes "Stress is generally defined as a strain upon a bodily organ or mental power. Depending on its duration and intensity, stress can have short- or long-lasting effects: it has been linked to heart disease, immune deficiency, memory loss, behavioral disorders, and much more. These effects on the individual also have a major impact on health care costs and services, employee productivity, and even violent crime. The Encyclopedia of Stress is the first comprehensive reference source on stressors, the biological mechanisms involved in the stress response, the effects of activating the stress response mechanisms, and the disorders that may arise as a consequence of acute or chronic stress. While other books focus on specific aspects of stress, this three-volume set covers the entire spectrum of topics, with nearly 400 articles in all. In addition to the subjects traditionally associated with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (whereby the brain sends a message to the body to react), the Encyclopedia includes a wide range of related topics such as neuroimmune interactions, cytokines, enzymatic disorders, effects on the cardiovascular system, immunity and inflammation, and physical illnesses. It also goes beyond the biological aspects of stress to cover topics such as stress and behavior, psychiatric and psychosomatic disorders, workplace stress, post-traumatic stress, stress-reduction techniques, and current therapies."--Pub. desc V. 1. A-e -- V. 2. F-n -- V. 3. O-z -- V. 4. Index. Editor-in-chief, George Fink. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.