دانشنامهٔ علم جداسازی، مجموعهٔ ۱۰ جلدی با نسخهٔ آنلاین

Prepublication Praise:"I think this is a great idea given the dominant position of separation techniques in many areas of science and technology... I am not aware of anything similar on the market.-Professor Shawn Doogan, UNIVERSITY OF EAST LONDON, U.K.I feel that the overall structure is sound. A user wishing to use or research a specific technique may access the information at the level of introduction, background theory or by looking at practical examples.-Professor David Sheehan, UNIVERSITY OF COLLEGE CORK, IRELAND"Given the assurances of breadth of coverage, I believe the project to be viable, exciting and most useful.-Professor Alan Townshend, UNIVERSITY OF HULL, U.K. Front Cover......Page 1 LinkToy : )~......Page 0 Editors......Page 2 Editorial Advisory Board......Page 3 Foreword......Page 4 Preface......Page 5 Introduction......Page 6 Affinity Seperation......Page 8 Centrifugation......Page 22 Chromatography......Page 45 Crystallization......Page 69 Distillation......Page 89 Electrophoresis......Page 108 Extraction......Page 123 Flotation......Page 133 Ion Exchange......Page 161 Mass Spectrometry......Page 179 Membrane Separation......Page 194 Particle Size Seperation......Page 215 Affinity Membranes......Page 231 Affinity Partitioning in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems......Page 237 Biochemical Engineering Aspects of Affinity Separations......Page 248 Covalent Chromatography......Page 254 Dye Ligands......Page 261 Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography......Page 267 Immobilized Boronates/Lectins......Page 275 Immobilized Metal Ion Chromatography......Page 279 Immunoaffinity Chromatography......Page 285 Imprint Polymers......Page 290 Rational Design, Synthesis and Evaluation: Affinity Ligands......Page 299 Theory and Development of Affinity Chromatography......Page 308 Analytical Ultracentrifugation......Page 315 Large-Scale Centrifugation......Page 322 Macromolecular Interactions:Characterization by Analytical Ultracentrifugation......Page 331 Theory of Centrifugation......Page 338 Automation......Page 345 Convective Transport in Chromatographic Media......Page 354 Correlation Chromatography......Page 360 Countercurrent Chromatography and High Speed Countercurrent Chromatography: Instrumentation......Page 367 Detectors: Laser Light Scattering......Page 376 Hydrodynamic Chromatography......Page 381 Liquid Chromatography-Gas Chromatography......Page 395 Paper Chromatography......Page 399 Protein Separation......Page 407 Size Exclusion Chromatography of Polymers......Page 413 Universal Chromatography......Page 421 Column Technology......Page 428 Derivatization......Page 435 Detectors: General (Flame Ionization Detectors and Thermal Conductivity Detectors)......Page 444 Detectors: Mass Spectrometry......Page 449 Detectors: Selective......Page 457 Gas Chromatography-Infrared Spectrometry......Page 465 Gas Chromatography-Ultraviolet......Page 471 Gas-Solid Gas Chromatography......Page 482 Headspace Gas Chromatography......Page 490 High Temperature Gas Chromatography......Page 498 High-Speed Gas Chromatography......Page 506 Historical Development......Page 514 Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry......Page 521 Large-Scale Gas Chromatography......Page 530 Multidimensional Gas Chromatography......Page 537 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography......Page 545 Sampling Systems......Page 551 Theory of Gas Chromatography......Page 559 Column Technology......Page 568 Countercurrent Liquid Chromatography......Page 574 Derivatization......Page 584 Detectors: Electron Spin Resonance......Page 592 Detectors: Evaporative Light Scattering......Page 598 Detectors: Fluorescence Detection......Page 603 Detectors: Infrared......Page 609 Detectors: Mass Spectrometry......Page 617 Detectors: Refractive Index Detectors......Page 624 Detectors: UV/Visible Detection......Page 631 Electrochemically Modulated Liquid Chromatography......Page 637 Electrochromatography......Page 647 Enhanced Fluidity Liquid Chromatography......Page 655 Historical Development......Page 664 Instrumentation......Page 671 Ion Pair Liquid Chromatography......Page 677 Large-Scale Liquid Chromatography......Page 686 Mechanisms: Chiral......Page 692 Mechanisms: Ion Chromatography......Page 697 Mechanisms: Normal Phase......Page 707 Mechanisms: Reversed Phases......Page 712 Mechanisms: Size Exclusion Chromatography......Page 719 Micellar Liquid Chromatography......Page 727 Multidimensional Chromatography......Page 739 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Detectors......Page 748 Partition Chromatography (Liquid-Liquid)......Page 761 Physico-Chemical Measurements......Page 771 Theory of Liquid Chromatography......Page 780 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry Detection......Page 789 Historical Development......Page 799 Instrumentation......Page 803 Large-Scale Supercritical Fluid Chromatography......Page 810 Theory of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography......Page 820 Densitometry and Image Analysis......Page 825 Historical Development......Page 835 Instrumentation......Page 840 Ion Pair Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 848 Layers......Page 854 Mass Spectrometry......Page 861 Modes of Development: Conventional......Page 867 Modes of Development- Forced Flow, Overpressured Layer Chroma......Page 877 Preparative Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 889 Radioactivity Detection......Page 900 Spray Reagents......Page 908 Theory of Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 916 Additives: Molecular Design......Page 932 Biomineralization......Page 941 Control of Crystallizers and Dynamic Behaviour......Page 951 Geocrystallization......Page 962 Melt Crystallization......Page 967 Polymorphism......Page 976 Zone Refining......Page 986 Azeotropic Distillation......Page 991 Batch Distillation......Page 996 Energy Management......Page 1006 Extractive Distillation......Page 1014 Freeze-Drying......Page 1024 High and Low Pressure Distillation......Page 1036 Historical Development......Page 1046 Instrumentation and Control Systems......Page 1051 Laboratory Scale Distillation......Page 1060 Modelling and Simulation......Page 1063 Multicomponent Distillation......Page 1072 Packed Columns: Design and Performance......Page 1082 Pilot Plant Batch Distillation......Page 1099 Sublimation......Page 1114 Theory of Distillation......Page 1118 Tray Columns: Design......Page 1136 Tray Columns: Performance......Page 1141 Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium: Correlation and Prediction......Page 1146 Vapour}Liquid Equilibrium: Theory......Page 1160 Agarose Gels......Page 1170 Capillary Electrophoresis......Page 1177 Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry......Page 1189 Capillary Electrophoresis-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance......Page 1195 Capillary Gel Electrophoresis......Page 1202 Capillary Isoelectric Focusing......Page 1209 Capillary Isotachophoresis......Page 1216 Cellulose Acetate......Page 1223 Deoxyribonucleic Acid, Theory of Techniques for Separation......Page 1228 Detection Techniques: Staining, Autoradiography and Blotting......Page 1234 Detectors for Capillary Electrophoresis......Page 1240 Discontinuous Electrophoresis......Page 1246 Electrochromatography......Page 1251 Immunoelectrophoresis......Page 1258 Isoelectric Focusing......Page 1264 Isotachophoresis......Page 1273 Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography......Page 1281 Microtechnology......Page 1287 Nonaqueous Capillary Electrophoresis......Page 1294 One-dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis......Page 1302 One-dimensional Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis......Page 1310 Porosity Gradient Gels......Page 1316 Proteins, Detection of......Page 1343 Theory of Electrophoresis......Page 1349 Two-dimensional Electrophoresis......Page 1357 Two-dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis......Page 1365 Analytical Extractions......Page 1372 Analytical Inorganic Extractions......Page 1384 Microwave-Assisted Extraction......Page 1391 Multistage Countercurrent Distribution......Page 1400 Solid-Phase Extraction......Page 1407 Solid-Phase Microextraction......Page 1418 Solvent Based Separation......Page 1426 Steam Distillation......Page 1436 Supercritical Fluid Extraction......Page 1444 Ultrasound Extractions......Page 1450 Bubble-Particle Adherence: Synergistic Effect of Reagents......Page 1457 Bubble-Particle Capture......Page 1466 Column Cells......Page 1473 Cyclones for Oil/Water Separations......Page 1482 Dissolved Air......Page 1492 Electrochemistry: Contaminant Ions and Sulfide Mineral Interactions......Page 1496 Flotation Cell Design: Application of Fundamental Principles......Page 1504 Foam Fractionation......Page 1515 Froth Processes and the Design of Column Flotation Cells......Page 1523 Historical Development......Page 1529 Hydrophobic Surface State Flotation......Page 1539 Intensive Cells: Design......Page 1543 Oil and Water Separation......Page 1550 Pre-aeration of Feed......Page 1558 Reagent Adsorption on Phosphates......Page 1564 Catalysis: Organic Ion Exchangers......Page 1574 Historical Development......Page 1579 Inorganic Ion Exchangers......Page 1586 Novel Layered Materials: Phosphates......Page 1597 Novel Layered Materials: Non-Phosphates......Page 1612 Organic Ion Exchangers......Page 1619 Organic Membranes......Page 1634 Surface Complexation Theory: Multispecies Ion Exchange Equilibria......Page 1642 Theory of Ion Exchange......Page 1653 Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry Ion Mobility......Page 1663 Bipolar Membranes and Membrane Processes......Page 1669 Catalytic Membrane Reactors......Page 1679 Concentration Polarization......Page 1686 Dialysis in Medical Separations......Page 1692 Diffusion Dialysis......Page 1699 Donnan Dialysis......Page 1708 Electrodialysis......Page 1715 Filtration......Page 1726 Gas Separations with Polymer Membranes......Page 1734 Liquid Membranes......Page 1748 Membrane Bioseparations......Page 1758 Membrane Preparation......Page 1766 Microfiltration......Page 1776 Pervaporation......Page 1790 Reverse Osmosis......Page 1800 Ultrafiltration......Page 1811 Electrostatic Precipitation......Page 1816 Field Flow Fractionation: Electric Fields......Page 1825 Field Flow Fractionation: Thermal......Page 1829 Hydrocyclones for Particle Size Separation......Page 1833 Sieving/Screening......Page 1840 Split Flow Thin Cell (SPLITT) Separation......Page 1845 Theory and Instrumentation of Field Flow Fractionation......Page 1851 Gas Chromatography......Page 1859 Liquid Chromatography......Page 1866 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 1875 Chromatography......Page 1885 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 1900 Air Liquefacation: Distilation......Page 1907 Airborne Samples: Solid Phase Extraction......Page 1922 Alcohol and Biological Markers of Alcohol Abuse: Gas Chromatography......Page 1933 Aldehydes and Keytones: Gas Chromatography......Page 1943 Gas Chromatography......Page 1950 Liquid Chromatography......Page 1961 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 1968 Allergens in Perfumes: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry......Page 1986 Amines: Gas Chromatography......Page 1994 Gas Chromatography......Page 2002 Liquid Chromatography......Page 2011 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 2024 Amino Acids and Derivatives: Chiral Seperations......Page 2045 Amino Acids and Peptides: Capillary Electrophoresis......Page 2050 Anaesthetic Mixtures: Gas Chromatography......Page 2059 Analytical Applications: Distillation......Page 2066 High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography......Page 2070 Liquid Chromatography......Page 2079 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography......Page 2089 Archeology: Uses of Chromatography in......Page 2095 Art Conservation: Use of Chromatography in......Page 2101 Atmospheric Analysis: Gas Chromatography......Page 2108 Bacteriophages: Seperation of......Page 2114 Bases: Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 2121 Gas Chromatography......Page 2136 Liquid Chromatography......Page 2142 Bile Compounds: Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 2147 Bioanalytical Applications: Solid-Phase Extraction......Page 2154 Biogenic Amines: Gas Chromatography......Page 2158 Biological Systems: Ion Exchange......Page 2168 Biologically Active Compounds and Xenobiotics: Magnetic Affinity Seperations......Page 2175 Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry......Page 2182 Bitumens: Liquid Chromatography......Page 2192 Carbamate Insecticides in Foodstuffs: Chromatography and Immunoassay......Page 2203 Electrophoresis......Page 2213 Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography}Mass Spectrometry......Page 2223 Liquid Chromatography......Page 2236 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 2247 Carotenoid Pigments: Supercritical Fluid Chromatography......Page 2257 Catalyst Studies: Chromatography......Page 2264 Cells and Cell Organells: Field Flow Fractionation......Page 2273 Isolation: Magnetic Techniques......Page 2278 Chelating Ion Exchange Resins......Page 2286 Chemical Warfare Agents: Chromatography......Page 2294 Capillary Electrophoresis......Page 2302 Cellulose and Cellulose Derived Phases......Page 2309 Chiral Derivatization......Page 2325 Countercurrent Chromatography......Page 2336 Crystallization......Page 2341 Cyclodextrins and Other Inclusion Complexation Approaches......Page 2350 Gas Chromatography......Page 2364 Ion-Pair Chromatography......Page 2373 Ligand Exchange Chromatography......Page 2384 Liquid Chromatography......Page 2396 Molecular Imprints as Stationary Phases......Page 2402 Protein Stationary Phases......Page 2412 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography......Page 2421 Synthetic Multiple Interaction (‘Pirkle’) Stationary Phases......Page 2433 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 2441 Citrus Oils: Liquid Chromatography......Page 2456 Capillary Electrophoresis......Page 2469 Electrophoresis......Page 2476 Gel Electrophoresis......Page 2483 Clinical Chemistry: Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 2490 Clinical Diagnosis: Chromatography......Page 2499 Coal: Flotation......Page 2505 Colloids: Field Flow Fractionation......Page 2511 Computer Databases for Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis......Page 2518 Cosmetic and Toiletries: Chromatography......Page 2526 Crude Oil: Liquid Chromatography......Page 2541 Decanter Centrifuges in Pharmaceutical Applications......Page 2547 De-Inking of Waste Paper: Floatation......Page 2552 Overview......Page 2560 Capillary Electrophoresis......Page 2567 Detergent Formulations: Ion Exchange......Page 2576 Liquid Chromatography}Mass Spectrometry......Page 2583 Liquid Chromatography-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Mass Spectrometry......Page 2589 Drugs of Abuse: Solid-Phase Extraction......Page 2596 High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography......Page 2604 Liquid Chromatography......Page 2618 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 2635 Ecdysteroids: Chromatography......Page 2647 Ecologically Safe Ion Exchange Technologies......Page 2660 Electrochemical Ion Exchange......Page 2671 Electrodialysis: Ion Exchange......Page 2681 Flotation......Page 2691 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry......Page 2694 Pressurized Fluid Extraction......Page 2703 Solid-Phase Microextraction......Page 2711 Soxhlet Extraction......Page 2717 Supercritical Fluid Extraction......Page 2725 Chromatography......Page 2737 Liquid Chromatography......Page 2748 Distillation......Page 2755 Gas Chromatography......Page 2760 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 2771 Gas Chromatography......Page 2778 Liquid Chromatography......Page 2783 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 2798 Crystallization......Page 2805 Extraction by Solvent Based Methods......Page 2810 Flame Ionization Detection: Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 2817 Flash Chromatography......Page 2824 Flavours: Gas Chromatography......Page 2830 Foam Countercurrent Chromatography......Page 2838 Liquid Chromatography......Page 2845 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 2854 Food Microorganisms: Buoyant Density Centrifugation......Page 2859 Membrane Separations......Page 2865 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography......Page 2871 Supercritical Fluid Extraction......Page 2876 Capillary Electrophoresis......Page 2878 Liquid Chromatography......Page 2886 Forensic Toxicology: Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 2895 Fragrances: Gas Chromatography......Page 2901 Fuels and Lubricants: Supercritical Chromatography......Page 2910 Fullernes: Liquid Chromatography......Page 2917 Gas Chromatography......Page 2924 Liquid Chromatography......Page 2931 Fused Salts: Electrophoresis......Page 2937 Gas Analysis: Gas Chromatography......Page 2941 Gas Seperation by Metal Complexes: Membrane Seperation......Page 2949 Gene Typing: Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis......Page 2955 Geochemical Analysis: Gas Chromatography and GC-MS......Page 2964 Glycoproteins: Liquid Chromatography......Page 2976 Gold Recovery: Floatation......Page 2981 Gradient Polymer Chromatography: Liquid Chromatography......Page 2991 Gas Chromatography......Page 3000 Solid-Phase Extraction......Page 3007 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 3022 Heroin: Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis......Page 3026 Capillary Zone Electrophoresis......Page 3034 Gas Chromatography......Page 3042 Liquid Chromatography......Page 3048 Hydrodynamic Chromatography: Practical Applications......Page 3055 Hydrogen Recovery Using Inorganic Membranes......Page 3062 Immobilized Boronic Acids: Extraction......Page 3067 Immunoaffinity Extraction......Page 3076 Impregnation Techniques: Thinlayer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 3081 In-Born Metabolic Disorders: Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 3088 Inclusion Complexation: Liquid Chromatography......Page 3095 In-Depth Distribution in Quantitative TLC......Page 3103 Industrial Analytical Applications: Supercritical Fluid Extraction......Page 3110 Inks: Forensic Analysis By Thinlayer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 3117 Gas Chromatography......Page 3126 Solid-Phase Extraction......Page 3134 Capillary Electrophoresis......Page 3144 High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography......Page 3157 Liquid Chromatography......Page 3165 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 3172 Ion Exchange Resins: Characterization of......Page 3188 Ion Exclusion Chromatography: Liquid Chromatography......Page 3196 Ion Flotation......Page 3205 Ion-Conducting Membranes: Membrane Separations......Page 3213 Gas Centrifugation......Page 3220 Liquid Chromatography......Page 3225 Lead and Zinc Ores: Flotation......Page 3233 Gas Chromatography......Page 3237 Liquid Chromatography......Page 3255 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 3271 Liquid Chromatographygas Chromatography......Page 3279 Marine Toxins: Chromatography......Page 3287 Mechanical Techniques: Particle Size Separation......Page 3295 Medicinal Herb Compounds: High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography......Page 3307 Medium-Pressure Liquid Chromatography......Page 3314 Membrane Contactors: Membrane Separations......Page 3321 Hollow-Fibre Membranes......Page 3330 Interfacial Composite Membranes......Page 3337 Phase Inversion Membranes......Page 3349 Metal Analysis: Gas and Liquid Chromatography......Page 3365 Ion Chromatography......Page 3372 Metal Membranes: Membrane Separations......Page 3383 Metal Uptake On Microorganisms and Biomaterials: Ion Exchange......Page 3390 Metalloproteins: Chromatography......Page 3398 Microwave-Assisted Extraction: Environmental Applications......Page 3405 Molecular Imprints for Solid-Phase Extraction......Page 3413 Molecular Recognition Technology in Inorganic Extraction......Page 3418 Multiresidue Methods: Extraction......Page 3427 High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography......Page 3433 Liquid Chromatography......Page 3442 Liquid Chromatography-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance......Page 3452 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography......Page 3463 Supercritical Fluid Extraction......Page 3469 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 3477 Neurotoxins: Chromatography......Page 3500 Nickel and Cobalt Ores: Flotation......Page 3509 Novel Inorganic Materials: Ion Exchange......Page 3519 Centrifugation......Page 3528 Extraction......Page 3535 Liquid Chromatography......Page 3539 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 3554 Occupational Hygiene: Gas Chromatography......Page 3565 Oils, Fats and Waxes: Supercritical Fluid Chromatography......Page 3578 On-Line Sample Preparation: Supercritical Fluid Extraction......Page 3586 Centrifugation......Page 3597 Paints and Coatings: Pyrolysis: Gas Chromatography......Page 3607 Particulate Characterization: Inverse Gas Chromatography......Page 3620 Liquid Chromatography......Page 3626 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 3637 Pervaporation: Membrane Separations......Page 3647 Extraction from Water......Page 3653 Gas Chromatography......Page 3663 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography......Page 3668 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 3680 Gas Chromatography......Page 3689 Liquid Chromatography......Page 3694 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 3701 Basic Drugs: Liquid Chromatography......Page 3712 Capillary Electrophoresis......Page 3719 Chiral Separations: Liquid Chromatography......Page 3725 Chromatographic Separations......Page 3730 Crystallization......Page 3740 Neutral and Acidic Drugs: Liquid Chromatography......Page 3749 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography......Page 3760 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 3765 Liquid Chromatography......Page 3771 Solid-Phase Extraction......Page 3787 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 3794 Gas Chromatography......Page 3807 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 3814 Physicochemical Measurements: Gas Chromatography......Page 3819 Ph-Zone Refining Countercurrent Chromatography......Page 3826 Liquid Chromatography......Page 3843 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 3850 Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Gas Chromatography......Page 3862 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons......Page 3871 Solid-Phase Extraction......Page 3878 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography......Page 3888 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 3892 Polyethers: Liquid Chromatography......Page 3900 Polymer Additives: Supercritical Fluid Chromatography......Page 3912 Field Flow Fractionation......Page 3917 Supercritical Fluid Extraction......Page 3926 Centrifugation......Page 3932 Liquid Chromatography......Page 3940 Porous Graphitic Carbon: Liquid Chromatography......Page 3948 Porous Polymer Complexes for Gas Separations: Membrane Separations......Page 3958 Porous Polymers: Liquid Chromatography......Page 3965 Porphyrins: Liquid Chromatography......Page 3971 Powdered Resins: Continuous Ion Exchange......Page 3984 Preparative Electrophoresis......Page 3992 Preparative Supercritical Fluid Chromatography......Page 3999 Pressurized Fluid Extraction: Non-Environmental Applications......Page 4004 Prostaglandins: Gas Chromatography......Page 4011 Capillary Electrophoresis......Page 4020 Centrifugation......Page 4025 Crystallization......Page 4031 Electrophoresis......Page 4037 Field Flow Fractionation......Page 4042 High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography......Page 4050 Ion Exchange......Page 4058 Proteomics: Electrophoresis......Page 4063 Quantitative Structure-Retention Relationships (Qsrr) in Chromatography......Page 4074 Reactive Distillation......Page 4086 Resins as Biosorbents: Ion Exchange......Page 4093 Restricted-Access Media: Solid-Phase Extraction......Page 4098 Reversed-Flow Gas Chromatography......Page 4102 Ribonucleic Acids: Capillary Electrophoresis......Page 4109 Selectivity Of Imprinted Polymers: Affinity Separation......Page 4115 Liquid Chromatography......Page 4123 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 4128 Sodium Chloride: Crystallization......Page 4138 Solid-Phase Extraction With Cartridges......Page 4146 Solid-Phase Extraction With Discs......Page 4152 Solid-Phase Matrix Dispersion: Extraction......Page 4159 Biomedical Applications......Page 4164 Environmental Applications......Page 4181 Food Technology Applications......Page 4189 Overview......Page 4201 Solvents: Distillation......Page 4210 Sorbent Selection for Solid-Phase Extraction......Page 4215 Space Exploration: Gas Chromatography......Page 4223 Gas Chromatography......Page 4231 Liquid Chromatography and Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 4241 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography......Page 4254 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography......Page 4260 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 4266 Strontium From Nuclear Wastes: Ion Exchange......Page 4272 Sugar Derivatives: Chromatography......Page 4278 Sulfur Compounds: Gas Chromatography......Page 4296 Supercritical Fluid Crystallization......Page 4312 Supercritical Fluid Extraction-Supercritical Fluid Chromatography......Page 4318 Superheated Water Mobile Phases: Liquid Chromatography......Page 4324 Chromatography......Page 4329 Liquid Chromatography......Page 4338 Gas Chromatography......Page 4345 Liquid Chromatography......Page 4354 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 4359 Terpenoids: Liquid Chromatography......Page 4365 The Nuclear Industry: Ion Exchange......Page 4375 Thermally-Coupled Columns: Distillation......Page 4384 Thin-Layer Chromatography - Vibration Spectroscopy......Page 4392 Tobacco Volatiles: Gas Chromatography......Page 4401 Toxicological Analysis: Liquid Chromatography......Page 4409 Trace Elements By Coprecipitation: Extraction......Page 4415 Liquid Chromatography......Page 4423 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 4433 Ultrasound-Assisted Metal Extractions......Page 4442 Veterinary Drugs: Liquid Chromatography......Page 4447 Viruses: Centrifugation......Page 4454 Fat-Soluble: Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 4458 Liquid Chromatography......Page 4464 Water-Soluble: Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 4475 Volatile Organic Compounds in Water: Gas Chromatography......Page 4481 Overview: Ion Exchange......Page 4490 Anion Exchangers: Ion Exchange......Page 4498 Whisky: Distillation......Page 4506 Wine: Gas and Liquid Chromatography......Page 4511 Zeolites: Ion Exchangers......Page 4519 Isolation - Purification of Cells......Page 4524 Isolation - Purification of Drug Metabolites......Page 4530 Isolation - Purification of Enzymes and Proteins......Page 4538 Isolation - Purification of Immunoglobulins......Page 4544 Isolation - Purification of Nucleic Acids......Page 4551 Isolation - Purification of Polysaccharides......Page 4559 Method Development in Affinity Chromatography......Page 4566 Method Development in Capillary Electrophoresis......Page 4572 Method Development in Extraction......Page 4583 Method Development in Flotation......Page 4599 Method Development in Gas Chromatography......Page 4606 Method Development in Liquid Chromatography......Page 4617 Method Development in Solid-Phase Extraction......Page 4627 Method Development in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography......Page 4635 Method Development in Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography......Page 4643 Method Development in Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis......Page 4658 Abbreviations......Page 4664 Analytical Chiral Seperation Methods......Page 4672 Classification and Characterization of Stationary Phases for LC......Page 4676 Characterization of Ion Exchange Chromatographic Stationary Phases......Page 4681 Conversion of Units......Page 4686 Definitions and Symbols for Units......Page 4692 Fundamental Physical Constants......Page 4697 Important Peaks in the Mass Spectra of Common Solvents......Page 4699 Nomenclature and Terminology for Analytical Pyrolysis......Page 4700 Nomenclature - Chromatography......Page 4703 Nomenclature - Liquid-Liquid Distribution......Page 4744 Nomenclature - Non-Linear Chromatography......Page 4763 Nomenclature - Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Extraction......Page 4767 pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions......Page 4772 Properties of Particles, Elements and Nuclides......Page 4774 Solvents for Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry......Page 4788 Statistical Tables......Page 4789 Thin Layer (Planar) Chromatography Detection......Page 4793 Wavelength Scale......Page 4799 Colour Plate 1......Page 4800 Colour Plate 2......Page 4801 Colour Plate 3......Page 4802 Colour Plate 4......Page 4803 Colour Plate 5......Page 4804 Colour Plate 6......Page 4805 Colour Plate 7......Page 4806 Colour Plate 8......Page 4807 Colour Plate 9......Page 4808 Colour Plate 10......Page 4809 Colour Plate 11......Page 4810 Colour Plate 12......Page 4811 Colour Plate 13......Page 4812 Colour Plate 14......Page 4813 Colour Plate 15......Page 4814 Colour Plate 16......Page 4815 Colour Plate 17......Page 4816 Colour Plate 18......Page 4817 Colour Plate 19......Page 4818 Colour Plate 20......Page 4819 Colour Plate 21......Page 4820 Colour Plate 22......Page 4821 Colour Plate 23......Page 4822 Colour Plate 24......Page 4823 Colour Plate 25......Page 4824 Colour Plate 26......Page 4825 Colour Plate 27......Page 4826 Colour Plate 28......Page 4827 Colour Plate 29......Page 4828 Colour Plate 30......Page 4829 Colour Plate 31......Page 4830 Colour Plate 32......Page 4831 Colour Plate 33......Page 4832 Colour Plate 34......Page 4833 Colour Plate 35......Page 4834 Colour Plate 36......Page 4835 Colour Plate 37......Page 4836 Colour Plate 38......Page 4837 Colour Plate 39......Page 4838 Colour Plate 40......Page 4839 Colour Plate 41......Page 4840 Colour Plate 42......Page 4841 Colour Plate 43......Page 4842 Colour Plate 44......Page 4843 Colour Plate 45......Page 4844 Colour Plate 46......Page 4845 Colour Plate 47......Page 4846 Colour Plate 48......Page 4847 Colour Plate 49......Page 4848 Colour Plate 50......Page 4849 Colour Plate 51......Page 4850 Colour Plate 52......Page 4851 Colour Plate 53......Page 4852 Colour Plate 54......Page 4853 Colour Plate 55......Page 4854 Colour Plate 56......Page 4855 Colour Plate 57......Page 4856 Colour Plate 58......Page 4857 Colour Plate 59......Page 4858 Colour Plate 60......Page 4859 Colour Plate 61......Page 4860 Colour Plate 62......Page 4861 Colour Plate 63......Page 4862 Colour Plate 64......Page 4863 Colour Plate 65......Page 4864 Colour Plate 66......Page 4865 Colour Plate 67......Page 4866 Colour Plate 68......Page 4867 Colour Plate 69......Page 4868 Colour Plate 70......Page 4869 Colour Plate 72......Page 4871 Colour Plate 73......Page 4872 Colour Plate 74......Page 4873 Colour Plate 75......Page 4874 Colour Plate 76......Page 4875 Colour Plate 77......Page 4876 Colour Plate 78......Page 4877 Colour Plate 79......Page 4878 Colour Plate 80......Page 4879 Colour Plate 81......Page 4880 Colour Plate 82......Page 4881 Colour Plate 83......Page 4882 Colour Plate 84......Page 4883 Colour Plate 85......Page 4884 Colour Plate 86......Page 4885 Colour Plate 87......Page 4886 Colour Plate 88......Page 4887 Colour Plate 89.. Front Cover 1 LinkToy : )~ -1 Editors 2 Editorial Advisory Board 3 Foreword 4 Preface 5 Introduction 6 Level I - Overviews 8 Affinity Seperation 8 Centrifugation 22 Chromatography 45 Crystallization 69 Distillation 89 Electrophoresis 108 Extraction 123 Flotation 133 Ion Exchange 161 Mass Spectrometry 179 Membrane Separation 194 Particle Size Seperation 215 Level II - Methods and Instrumentation 231 Affinity Separation 231 Affinity Membranes 231 Affinity Partitioning in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems 237 Biochemical Engineering Aspects of Affinity Separations 248 Covalent Chromatography 254 Dye Ligands 261 Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography 267 Immobilized Boronates/Lectins 275 Immobilized Metal Ion Chromatography 279 Immunoaffinity Chromatography 285 Imprint Polymers 290 Rational Design, Synthesis and Evaluation: Affinity Ligands 299 Theory and Development of Affinity Chromatography 308 Centrifugation 315 Analytical Ultracentrifugation 315 Large-Scale Centrifugation 322 Macromolecular Interactions:Characterization by Analytical Ultracentrifugation 331 Theory of Centrifugation 338 Chromatography 345 Automation 345 Convective Transport in Chromatographic Media 354 Correlation Chromatography 360 Countercurrent Chromatography and High Speed Countercurrent Chromatography: Instrumentation 367 Detectors: Laser Light Scattering 376 Hydrodynamic Chromatography 381 Liquid Chromatography-Gas Chromatography 395 Paper Chromatography 399 Protein Separation 407 Size Exclusion Chromatography of Polymers 413 Universal Chromatography 421 Chromatography: Gas 428 Column Technology 428 Derivatization 435 Detectors: General (Flame Ionization Detectors and Thermal Conductivity Detectors) 444 Detectors: Mass Spectrometry 449 Detectors: Selective 457 Gas Chromatography-Infrared Spectrometry 465 Gas Chromatography-Ultraviolet 471 Gas-Solid Gas Chromatography 482 Headspace Gas Chromatography 490 High Temperature Gas Chromatography 498 High-Speed Gas Chromatography 506 Historical Development 514 Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry 521 Large-Scale Gas Chromatography 530 Multidimensional Gas Chromatography 537 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography 545 Sampling Systems 551 Theory of Gas Chromatography 559 Chromatography: Liquid 568 Column Technology 568 Countercurrent Liquid Chromatography 574 Derivatization 584 Detectors: Electron Spin Resonance 592 Detectors: Evaporative Light Scattering 598 Detectors: Fluorescence Detection 603 Detectors: Infrared 609 Detectors: Mass Spectrometry 617 Detectors: Refractive Index Detectors 624 Detectors: UV/Visible Detection 631 Electrochemically Modulated Liquid Chromatography 637 Electrochromatography 647 Enhanced Fluidity Liquid Chromatography 655 Historical Development 664 Instrumentation 671 Ion Pair Liquid Chromatography 677 Large-Scale Liquid Chromatography 686 Mechanisms: Chiral 692 Mechanisms: Ion Chromatography 697 Mechanisms: Normal Phase 707 Mechanisms: Reversed Phases 712 Mechanisms: Size Exclusion Chromatography 719 Micellar Liquid Chromatography 727 Multidimensional Chromatography 739 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Detectors 748 Partition Chromatography (Liquid-Liquid) 761 Physico-Chemical Measurements 771 Theory of Liquid Chromatography 780 Chromatography: Supercritical Fluid 789 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry Detection 789 Historical Development 799 Instrumentation 803 Large-Scale Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 810 Theory of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 820 Chromatography - Thin Layer (Planar) 825 Densitometry and Image Analysis 825 Historical Development 835 Instrumentation 840 Ion Pair Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 848 Layers 854 Mass Spectrometry 861 Modes of Development: Conventional 867 Modes of Development- Forced Flow, Overpressured Layer Chroma 877 Preparative Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 889 Radioactivity Detection 900 Spray Reagents 908 Theory of Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 916 Crystallization 932 Additives: Molecular Design 932 Biomineralization 941 Control of Crystallizers and Dynamic Behaviour 951 Geocrystallization 962 Melt Crystallization 967 Polymorphism 976 Zone Refining 986 Distillation 991 Azeotropic Distillation 991 Batch Distillation 996 Energy Management 1006 Extractive Distillation 1014 Freeze-Drying 1024 High and Low Pressure Distillation 1036 Historical Development 1046 Instrumentation and Control Systems 1051 Laboratory Scale Distillation 1060 Modelling and Simulation 1063 Multicomponent Distillation 1072 Packed Columns: Design and Performance 1082 Pilot Plant Batch Distillation 1099 Sublimation 1114 Theory of Distillation 1118 Tray Columns: Design 1136 Tray Columns: Performance 1141 Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium: Correlation and Prediction 1146 Vapour}Liquid Equilibrium: Theory 1160 Electrophoresis 1170 Agarose Gels 1170 Capillary Electrophoresis 1177 Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry 1189 Capillary Electrophoresis-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 1195 Capillary Gel Electrophoresis 1202 Capillary Isoelectric Focusing 1209 Capillary Isotachophoresis 1216 Cellulose Acetate 1223 Deoxyribonucleic Acid, Theory of Techniques for Separation 1228 Detection Techniques: Staining, Autoradiography and Blotting 1234 Detectors for Capillary Electrophoresis 1240 Discontinuous Electrophoresis 1246 Electrochromatography 1251 Immunoelectrophoresis 1258 Isoelectric Focusing 1264 Isotachophoresis 1273 Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography 1281 Microtechnology 1287 Nonaqueous Capillary Electrophoresis 1294 One-dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis 1302 One-dimensional Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis 1310 Porosity Gradient Gels 1316 Proteins, Detection of 1343 Theory of Electrophoresis 1349 Two-dimensional Electrophoresis 1357 Two-dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis 1365 Extraction 1372 Analytical Extractions 1372 Analytical Inorganic Extractions 1384 Microwave-Assisted Extraction 1391 Multistage Countercurrent Distribution 1400 Solid-Phase Extraction 1407 Solid-Phase Microextraction 1418 Solvent Based Separation 1426 Steam Distillation 1436 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 1444 Ultrasound Extractions 1450 Flotation 1457 Bubble-Particle Adherence: Synergistic Effect of Reagents 1457 Bubble-Particle Capture 1466 Column Cells 1473 Cyclones for Oil/Water Separations 1482 Dissolved Air 1492 Electrochemistry: Contaminant Ions and Sulfide Mineral Interactions 1496 Flotation Cell Design: Application of Fundamental Principles 1504 Foam Fractionation 1515 Froth Processes and the Design of Column Flotation Cells 1523 Historical Development 1529 Hydrophobic Surface State Flotation 1539 Intensive Cells: Design 1543 Oil and Water Separation 1550 Pre-aeration of Feed 1558 Reagent Adsorption on Phosphates 1564 Ion Exchange 1574 Catalysis: Organic Ion Exchangers 1574 Historical Development 1579 Inorganic Ion Exchangers 1586 Novel Layered Materials: Phosphates 1597 Novel Layered Materials: Non-Phosphates 1612 Organic Ion Exchangers 1619 Organic Membranes 1634 Surface Complexation Theory: Multispecies Ion Exchange Equilibria 1642 Theory of Ion Exchange 1653 Mass Spectrometry 1663 Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry Ion Mobility 1663 Membrane Seperations 1669 Bipolar Membranes and Membrane Processes 1669 Catalytic Membrane Reactors 1679 Concentration Polarization 1686 Dialysis in Medical Separations 1692 Diffusion Dialysis 1699 Donnan Dialysis 1708 Electrodialysis 1715 Filtration 1726 Gas Separations with Polymer Membranes 1734 Liquid Membranes 1748 Membrane Bioseparations 1758 Membrane Preparation 1766 Microfiltration 1776 Pervaporation 1790 Reverse Osmosis 1800 Ultrafiltration 1811 Particle Size Seperation 1816 Electrostatic Precipitation 1816 Field Flow Fractionation: Electric Fields 1825 Field Flow Fractionation: Thermal 1829 Hydrocyclones for Particle Size Separation 1833 Sieving/Screening 1840 Split Flow Thin Cell (SPLITT) Separation 1845 Theory and Instrumentation of Field Flow Fractionation 1851 Level III - Practical Applications 1859 Acids 1859 Gas Chromatography 1859 Liquid Chromatography 1866 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 1875 Aflatoxins and Mycotoxins 1885 Chromatography 1885 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 1900 Air Liquefacation: Distilation 1907 Airborne Samples: Solid Phase Extraction 1922 Alcohol and Biological Markers of Alcohol Abuse: Gas Chromatography 1933 Aldehydes and Keytones: Gas Chromatography 1943 Alkaloids 1950 Gas Chromatography 1950 Liquid Chromatography 1961 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 1968 Allergens in Perfumes: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 1986 Amines: Gas Chromatography 1994 Amino Acids 2002 Gas Chromatography 2002 Liquid Chromatography 2011 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 2024 Amino Acids and Derivatives: Chiral Seperations 2045 Amino Acids and Peptides: Capillary Electrophoresis 2050 Anaesthetic Mixtures: Gas Chromatography 2059 Analytical Applications: Distillation 2066 Antibiotics 2070 High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography 2070 Liquid Chromatography 2079 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 2089 Archeology: Uses of Chromatography in 2095 Art Conservation: Use of Chromatography in 2101 Atmospheric Analysis: Gas Chromatography 2108 Bacteriophages: Seperation of 2114 Bases: Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 2121 Bile Acids 2136 Gas Chromatography 2136 Liquid Chromatography 2142 Bile Compounds: Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 2147 Bioanalytical Applications: Solid-Phase Extraction 2154 Biogenic Amines: Gas Chromatography 2158 Biological Systems: Ion Exchange 2168 Biologically Active Compounds and Xenobiotics: Magnetic Affinity Seperations 2175 Biomedical Applications 2182 Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry 2182 Bitumens: Liquid Chromatography 2192 Carbamate Insecticides in Foodstuffs: Chromatography and Immunoassay 2203 Carbohydrates 2213 Electrophoresis 2213 Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography}Mass Spectrometry 2223 Liquid Chromatography 2236 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 2247 Carotenoid Pigments: Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 2257 Catalyst Studies: Chromatography 2264 Cells and Cell Organells: Field Flow Fractionation 2273 Catalyst Studies: Chromatography 2278 Isolation: Magnetic Techniques 2278 Chelating Ion Exchange Resins 2286 Chemical Warfare Agents: Chromatography 2294 Chiral Separations 2302 Capillary Electrophoresis 2302 Cellulose and Cellulose Derived Phases 2309 Chiral Derivatization 2325 Countercurrent Chromatography 2336 Crystallization 2341 Cyclodextrins and Other Inclusion Complexation Approaches 2350 Gas Chromatography 2364 Ion-Pair Chromatography 2373 Ligand Exchange Chromatography 2384 Liquid Chromatography 2396 Molecular Imprints as Stationary Phases 2402 Protein Stationary Phases 2412 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 2421 Synthetic Multiple Interaction (‘Pirkle’) Stationary Phases 2433 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 2441 Citrus Oils: Liquid Chromatography 2456 Clinical Applications 2469 Capillary Electrophoresis 2469 Electrophoresis 2476 Gel Electrophoresis 2483 Clinical Chemistry: Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 2490 Clinical Diagnosis: Chromatography 2499 Coal: Flotation 2505 Colloids: Field Flow Fractionation 2511 Computer Databases for Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis 2518 Cosmetic and Toiletries: Chromatography 2526 Crude Oil: Liquid Chromatography 2541 Decanter Centrifuges in Pharmaceutical Applications 2547 De-Inking of Waste Paper: Floatation 2552 Deoxyribonucleic Acid Profiling 2560 Overview 2560 Capillary Electrophoresis 2567 Detergent Formulations: Ion Exchange 2576 Drugs and Metabolites 2583 Liquid Chromatography}Mass Spectrometry 2583 Liquid Chromatography-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Mass Spectrometry 2589 Drugs of Abuse: Solid-Phase Extraction 2596 Dyes 2604 High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography 2604 Liquid Chromatography 2618 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 2635 Ecdysteroids: Chromatography 2647 Ecologically Safe Ion Exchange Technologies 2660 Electrochemical Ion Exchange 2671 Electrodialysis: Ion Exchange 2681 Environmental Applications 2691 Flotation 2691 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 2694 Pressurized Fluid Extraction 2703 Solid-Phase Microextraction 2711 Soxhlet Extraction 2717 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 2725 Enzymes 2737 Chromatography 2737 Liquid Chromatography 2748 Essential Oils 2755 Distillation 2755 Gas Chromatography 2760 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 2771 Explosives 2778 Gas Chromatography 2778 Liquid Chromatography 2783 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 2798 Fats 2805 Crystallization 2805 Extraction by Solvent Based Methods 2810 Flame Ionization Detection: Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 2817 Flash Chromatography 2824 Flavours: Gas Chromatography 2830 Foam Countercurrent Chromatography 2838 Food Additives 2845 Liquid Chromatography 2845 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 2854 Food Microorganisms: Buoyant Density Centrifugation 2859 Food Technology 2865 Membrane Separations 2865 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 2871 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 2876 Forensic Sciences 2878 Capillary Electrophoresis 2878 Liquid Chromatography 2886 Forensic Toxicology: Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 2895 Fragrances: Gas Chromatography 2901 Fuels and Lubricants: Supercritical Chromatography 2910 Fullernes: Liquid Chromatography 2917 Fungicides 2924 Gas Chromatography 2924 Liquid Chromatography 2931 Fused Salts: Electrophoresis 2937 Gas Analysis: Gas Chromatography 2941 Gas Seperation by Metal Complexes: Membrane Seperation 2949 Gene Typing: Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis 2955 Geochemical Analysis: Gas Chromatography and GC-MS 2964 Glycoproteins: Liquid Chromatography 2976 Gold Recovery: Floatation 2981 Gradient Polymer Chromatography: Liquid Chromatography 2991 Herbicides 3000 Gas Chromatography 3000 Solid-Phase Extraction 3007 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 3022 Heroin: Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis 3026 Humic Substances 3034 Capillary Zone Electrophoresis 3034 Gas Chromatography 3042 Liquid Chromatography 3048 Hydrodynamic Chromatography: Practical Applications 3055 Hydrogen Recovery Using Inorganic Membranes 3062 Immobilized Boronic Acids: Extraction 3067 Immunoaffinity Extraction 3076 Impregnation Techniques: Thinlayer (Planar) Chromatography 3081 In-Born Metabolic Disorders: Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 3088 Inclusion Complexation: Liquid Chromatography 3095 In-Depth Distribution in Quantitative TLC 3103 Industrial Analytical Applications: Supercritical Fluid Extraction 3110 Inks: Forensic Analysis By Thinlayer (Planar) Chromatography 3117 Insecticides 3126 Gas Chromatography 3126 Solid-Phase Extraction 3134 Ion Analysis 3144 Capillary Electrophoresis 3144 High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography 3157 Liquid Chromatography 3165 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 3172 Ion Exchange Resins: Characterization of 3188 Ion Exclusion Chromatography: Liquid Chromatography 3196 Ion Flotation 3205 Ion-Conducting Membranes: Membrane Separations 3213 Isotope Separations 3220 Gas Centrifugation 3220 Liquid Chromatography 3225 Lead and Zinc Ores: Flotation 3233 Lipids 3237 Gas Chromatography 3237 Liquid Chromatography 3255 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 3271 Liquid Chromatographygas Chromatography 3279 Marine Toxins: Chromatography 3287 Mechanical Techniques: Particle Size Separation 3295 Medicinal Herb Compounds: High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography 3307 Medium-Pressure Liquid Chromatography 3314 Membrane Contactors: Membrane Separations 3321 Membrane Preparation 3330 Hollow-Fibre Membranes 3330 Interfacial Composite Membranes 3337 Phase Inversion Membranes 3349 Metal Analysis: Gas and Liquid Chromatography 3365 Metal Complexes 3372 Ion Chromatography 3372 Metal Membranes: Membrane Separations 3383 Metal Uptake On Microorganisms and Biomaterials: Ion Exchange 3390 Metalloproteins: Chromatography 3398 Microwave-Assisted Extraction: Environmental Applications 3405 Molecular Imprints for Solid-Phase Extraction 3413 Molecular Recognition Technology in Inorganic Extraction 3418 Multiresidue Methods: Extraction 3427 Natural Products 3433 High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography 3433 Liquid Chromatography 3442 Liquid Chromatography-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 3452 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 3463 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 3469 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 3477 Neurotoxins: Chromatography 3500 Nickel and Cobalt Ores: Flotation 3509 Novel Inorganic Materials: Ion Exchange 3519 Nucleic Acids 3528 Centrifugation 3528 Extraction 3535 Liquid Chromatography 3539 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 3554 Occupational Hygiene: Gas Chromatography 3565 Oils, Fats and Waxes: Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 3578 On-Line Sample Preparation: Supercritical Fluid Extraction 3586 Organelles 3597 Centrifugation 3597 Paints and Coatings: Pyrolysis: Gas Chromatography 3607 Particulate Characterization: Inverse Gas Chromatography 3620 Peptides and Proteins 3626 Liquid Chromatography 3626 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 3637 Pervaporation: Membrane Separations 3647 Pesticides 3653 Extraction from Water 3653 Gas Chromatography 3663 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 3668 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 3680 Petroleum Products 3689 Gas Chromatography 3689 Liquid Chromatography 3694 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 3701 Pharmaceuticals 3712 Basic Drugs: Liquid Chromatography 3712 Capillary Electrophoresis 3719 Chiral Separations: Liquid Chromatography 3725 Chromatographic Separations 3730 Crystallization 3740 Neutral and Acidic Drugs: Liquid Chromatography 3749 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 3760 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 3765 Phenols 3771 Gas Chromatography 3771 Liquid Chromatography 3771 Solid-Phase Extraction 3787 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 3794 Pheromones 3807 Gas Chromatography 3807 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 3814 Physicochemical Measurements: Gas Chromatography 3819 Ph-Zone Refining Countercurrent Chromatography 3826 Pigments 3843 Liquid Chromatography 3843 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 3850 Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Gas Chromatography 3862 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 3871 Solid-Phase Extraction 3878 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 3888 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 3892 Polyethers: Liquid Chromatography 3900 Polymer Additives: Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 3912 Polymers 3917 Field Flow Fractionation 3917 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 3926 Polysaccharides 3932 Centrifugation 3932 Liquid Chromatography 3940 Porous Graphitic Carbon: Liquid Chromatography 3948 Porous Polymer Complexes for Gas Separations: Membrane Separations 3958 Porous Polymers: Liquid Chromatography 3965 Porphyrins: Liquid Chromatography 3971 Powdered Resins: Continuous Ion Exchange 3984 Preparative Electrophoresis 3992 Preparative Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 3999 Pressurized Fluid Extraction: Non-Environmental Applications 4004 Prostaglandins: Gas Chromatography 4011 Proteins 4020 Capillary Electrophoresis 4020 Centrifugation 4025 Crystallization 4031 Electrophoresis 4037 Field Flow Fractionation 4042 High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography 4050 Ion Exchange 4058 Proteomics: Electrophoresis 4063 Quantitative Structure-Retention Relationships (Qsrr) in Chromatography 4074 Reactive Distillation 4086 Resins as Biosorbents: Ion Exchange 4093 Restricted-Access Media: Solid-Phase Extraction 4098 Reversed-Flow Gas Chromatography 4102 Ribonucleic Acids: Capillary Electrophoresis 4109 Selectivity Of Imprinted Polymers: Affinity Separation 4115 Silver Ion 4123 Liquid Chromatography 4123 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 4128 Sodium Chloride: Crystallization 4138 Solid-Phase Extraction With Cartridges 4146 Solid-Phase Extraction With Discs 4152 Solid-Phase Matrix Dispersion: Extraction 4159 Solid-Phase Microextraction 4164 Biomedical Applications 4164 Environmental Applications 4181 Food Technology Applications 4189 Overview 4201 Solvents: Distillation 4210 Sorbent Selection for Solid-Phase Extraction 4215 Space Exploration: Gas Chromatography 4223 Steroids 4231 Gas Chromatography 4231 Liquid Chromatography and Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 4241 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 4254 Sterols 4260 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 4260 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 4266 Strontium From Nuclear Wastes: Ion Exchange 4272 Sugar Derivatives: Chromatography 4278 Sulfur Compounds: Gas Chromatography 4296 Supercritical Fluid Crystallization 4312 Supercritical Fluid Extraction-Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 4318 Superheated Water Mobile Phases: Liquid Chromatography 4324 Surfactants 4329 Chromatography 4329 Liquid Chromatography 4338 Synthetic Polymers 4345 Gas Chromatography 4345 Liquid Chromatography 4354 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 4359 Terpenoids: Liquid Chromatography 4365 The Nuclear Industry: Ion Exchange 4375 Thermally-Coupled Columns: Distillation 4384 Thin-Layer Chromatography - Vibration Spectroscopy 4392 Tobacco Volatiles: Gas Chromatography 4401 Toxicological Analysis: Liquid Chromatography 4409 Trace Elements By Coprecipitation: Extraction 4415 Triglycerides 4423 Liquid Chromatography 4423 Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 4433 Ultrasound-Assisted Metal Extractions 4442 Veterinary Drugs: Liquid Chromatography 4447 Viruses: Centrifugation 4454 Vitamins 4458 Fat-Soluble: Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 4458 Liquid Chromatography 4464 Water-Soluble: Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 4475 Volatile Organic Compounds in Water: Gas Chromatography 4481 Water Treatment 4490 Overview: Ion Exchange 4490 Anion Exchangers: Ion Exchange 4498 Whisky: Distillation 4506 Wine: Gas and Liquid Chromatography 4511 Zeolites: Ion Exchangers 4519 Appendices 4524 Isolation - Purification of Cells 4524 Isolation - Purification of Drug Metabolites 4530 Isolation - Purification of Enzymes and Proteins 4538 Isolation - Purification of Immunoglobulins 4544 Isolation - Purification of Nucleic Acids 4551 Isolation - Purification of Polysaccharides 4559 Method Development in Affinity Chromatography 4566 Method Development in Capillary Electrophoresis 4572 Method Development in Extraction 4583 Method Development in Flotation 4599 Method Development in Gas Chromatography 4606 Method Development in Liquid Chromatography 4617 Method Development in Solid-Phase Extraction 4627 Method Development in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 4635 Method Development in Thin-Layer (Planar) Chromatography 4643 Method Development in Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis 4658 Abbreviations 4664 Analytical Chiral Seperation Methods 4672 Biological Buffers 4676 Classification and Characterization of Stationary Phases for LC 4676 Characterization of Ion Exchange Chromatographic Stationary Phases 4681 Conversion of Units 4686 Definitions and Symbols for Units 4692 Fundamental Physical Constants 4697 Important Peaks in the Mass Spectra of Common Solvents 4699 Nomenclature and Terminology for Analytical Pyrolysis 4700 Nomenclature - Chromatography 4703 Nomenclature - Liquid-Liquid Distribution 4744 Nomenclature - Non-Linear Chromatography 4763 Nomenclature - Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Extraction 4767 pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions 4772 Properties of Particles, Elements and Nuclides 4774 Solvents for Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry 4788 Statistical Tables 4789 Thin Layer (Planar) Chromatography Detection 4793 Wavelength Scale 4799 Colour Plates 4800 Colour Plate 1 4800 Colour Plate 2 4801 Colour Plate 3 4802 Colour Plate 4 4803 Colour Plate 5 4804 Colour Plate 6 4805 Colour Plate 7 4806 Colour Plate 8 4807 Colour Plate 9 4808 Colour Plate 10 4809 Colour Plate 11 4810 Colour Plate 12 4811 Colour Plate 13 4812 Colour Plate 14 4813 Colour Plate 15 4814 Colour Plate 16 4815 Colour Plate 17 4816 Colour Plate 18 4817 Colour Plate 19 4818 Colour Plate 20 4819 Colour Plate 21 4820 Colour Plate 22 4821 Colour Plate 23 4822 Colour Plate 24 4823 Colour Plate 25 4824 Colour Plate 26 4825 Colour Plate 27 4826 Colour Plate 28 4827 Colour Plate 29 4828 Colour Plate 30 4829 Colour Plate 31 4830 Colour Plate 32 4831 Colour Plate 33 4832 Colour Plate 34 4833 Colour Plate 35 4834 Colour Plate 36 4835 Colour Plate 37 4836 Colour Plate 38 4837 Colour Plate 39 4838 Colour Plate 40 4839 Colour Plate 41 4840 Colour Plate 42 4841 Colour Plate 43 4842 Colour Plate 44 4843 Colour Plate 45 4844 Colour Plate 46 4845 Colour Plate 47 4846 Colour Plate 48 4847 Colour Plate 49 4848 Colour Plate 50 4849 Colour Plate 51 4850 Colour Plate 52 4851 Colour Plate 53 4852 Colour Plate 54 4853 Colour Plate 55 4854 Colour Plate 56 4855 Colour Plate 57 4856 Colour Plate 58 4857 Colour Plate 59 4858 Colour Plate 60 4859 Colour Plate 61 4860 Colour Plate 62 4861 Colour Plate 63 4862 Colour Plate 64 4863 Colour Plate 65 4864 Colour Plate 66 4865 Colour Plate 67 4866 Colour Plate 68 4867 Colour Plate 69 4868 Colour Plate 70 4869 Colour Plate 72 4871 Colour Plate 73 4872 Colour Plate 74 4873 Colour Plate 75 4874 Colour Plate 76 4875 Colour Plate 77 4876 Colour Plate 78 4877 Colour Plate 79 4878 Colour Plate 80 4879 Colour Plate 81 4880 Colour Plate 82 4881 Colour Plate 83 4882 Colour Plate 84 4883 Colour Plate 85 4884 Colour Plate 86 4885 Colour Plate 87 4886 Colour Plate 88 4887 Colour Plate 89 4888 Colour Plate 90 4889 Colour Plate 91 4890 Colour Plate 92 4891 Colour Plate 93 4892 Colour Plate 94 4893 Colour Plate 95 4894 Colour Plate 96 4895 Colour Plate 97 4896 Colour Plate 98 4897 Colour Plate 99 4898 Colour Plate 100 4899 Colour Plate 101 4900 Colour Plate 102 4901 Colour Plate 103 4902 Colour Plate 104 4903 Colour Plate 105 4904 Colour Plate 106 4905 Colour Plate 107 4906 Colour Plate 108 4907 Colour Plate 109 4908 Colour Plate 110 4909 Colour Plate 111 4910 Colour Plate 112 4911 Colour Plate 113 4912 Colour Plate 114 4913 Colour Plate 115 4914 Colour Plate 116 4915 Colour Plate 117 4916 Colour Plate 118 4917 Colour Plate 119 4918 Colour Plate 120 4919 Colour Plate 121 4920 Colour Plate 122 4921 Colour Plate 123 4922 Colour Plate 124 4923 Colour Plate 125 4924 Colour Plate 126 4925 Colour Plate 127 4926 Colour Plate 128 4927 The Encyclopedia of Separation Science is the most comprehensive resource available on the theory, techniques, and applications of separation science. The work presents information on three levels. The first volume contains Level 1, which provides a broad overview of the theory of the 12 main categories of separation techniques. Volumes 2-4 (Level 2) expand coverage with detailed theoretical and technical descriptions of particular techniques. The remaining Volumes 5-9 (Level 3) cover applications of these techniques from the micro to the macro, and also from the analytical laboratory bench to large-scale industrial processes. Volume 10 consists mainly of the index. Initial access to the online version offering extensive hypertext linking and advanced search tools is available with purchase. Ongoing access is maintained for a minimum annual fee.
The Encyclopedia of Separation Science is the first truly comprehensive work covering the whole of separation theory, methods, and techniques. This encyclopedia will be invaluable to researchers and professionals across a wide range of areas in academia and industry.

Enclyclopedia of Separation Science is available online via ScienceDirect offering enhanced features such as extensive cross-referencing and dynamic linking. For more information please (http://www.info.sciencedirect.com/reference_works/works_available/separation/index.shtml click here.)

Key Features
* Written by experts from both academic and industrial settings worldwide
* Includes 544 articles, covering 12 methods of separation:
* Affinity/Biotechnology
* Centrifugation
* Chromatography
* Crystallization
* Distillation
* Electrophoresis
* Extraction
* Flotation
* Ion exchange
* Mass spectrometry
* Membrane separations
* Particle size separation
* Allows easy access to the primary literature with further reading lists in each article
* Provides extensive cross-referencing (hyperlinks in the electronic version)
* Dedicates one entire volume to the detailed index
* Includes many figures and tables illustrating the text and a color plate section in each volume
* Initial access to the innovative online version included with purchase;Ongoing access is maintained for a minimum annual fee The Encyclopedia of Separation Science is the most comprehensive resource available on the theory, techniques, and applications of separation science. The work presents information on three levels. The first volume contains Level 1, which provides a broad overview of the theory of the 12 main categories of separation techniques. Volumes 2-4 (Level 2) expand coverage with detailed theoretical and technical descriptions of particular techniques. The remaining Volumes 5-9 (Level 3) cover applications of these techniques from the micro to the macro, and also from the analytical laboratory bench to large-scale industrial processes. Volume 10 consists mainly of the index. Initial access to the online version offering extensive hypertext linking and advanced search tools is available with purchase. Ongoing access is maintained for a minimum annual fee. The Encyclopedia of Separation Science is the first truly comprehensive work covering the whole of separation theory, methods, and techniques. This encyclopedia will be invaluable to researchers and professionals across a wide range of areas in academia and industry. Enclyclopedia of Separation Science is available online via ScienceDirect offering enhanced features such as extensive cross-referencing and dynamic linking. For more information please (http://www.info.sciencedirect.com/reference_works/works_available/separation/index.shtml click here.) Key Features * Written by experts from both academic and industrial settings worldwide * Includes 544 articles, covering 12 methods of separation: * Affinity/Biotechnology * Centrifugation * Chromatography * Crystallization * Distillation * Electrophoresis * Extraction * Flotation * Ion exchange * Mass spectrometry * Membrane separations * Particle size separation * Allows easy access to the primary literature with further reading lists in each article * Provides extensive cross-referencing (hyperlinks in the electronic version) * Dedicates one entire volume to the detailed index * Includes many figures and tables illustrating the text and a color plate section in each volume * Initial access to the innovative online version included with purchase;Ongoing access is maintained for a minimum annual fee