Encyclopedia of political theory. Vol.3 P-Z

For a free 30-day online trial to this title, visit www.sagepub.com/freetrial How do we arrange our collective affairs? Why do we live together in the ways we do? How ought we to live together? All humans think about the world they live in, its history and future, and the ideals by which they want to live in relation to others. How we think today decisively influences the world of tomorrow. This encyclopedia attempts to bring greater clarity and understanding to political debate. Drawing together a team of international scholars, the Encyclopedia of Political Theory examines the ideas of the major political theorists from before Plato to our own times; the main schools of political thought; the concepts and issues that have captured the imagination and attention of political theorists; and some of the main institutions and practices inspired by political thought. With more than 450 entries, these three volumes provide a quick, one-stop source to key topics in the field. Key Features Examines the global landscape of all the key theories and the theorists behind them Includes specific lists of entries that deal with constitutional thought and democratic thought Refers to distinctive norms and features of various governments, legal systems, and societies Devotes large parts to the history of ideas about government, ethics, and society Provides a chronology of political theory to help readers see how a given theorist, school, or issue fits into the bigger historical picture Key Themes Ancient Thought Applied Ethics Biographies Comparative Theory Constitutional Thought Critical Theory Democratic Thought Early Modern Thought International Theory Justice Liberal Theory Medieval Thought Modern Theory Power and Authority Religious Thought Self and Community This work is designed to serve as a reference source for anyone interested in the roots of contemporary political theory. It will be a welcome addition to any academic or public library. Cover 1 Editorial Board 3 Copyright 5 Contents 6 List of Entries 8 Reader’s Guide 14 About the Editor 22 Contributors 24 Preface 32 Introduction 34 Entries 36 A 36 Abortion 36 Absolutism 37 Accountability 38 Affirmative Action 40 African Socialism 44 Agency 46 Agonism 48 Al-Farabi, Abu Nasr (c. 870–950 CE) 48 Alienation 50 American Founding 52 American Pragmatism 57 American Revolution 62 Analytical Marxism 66 Anarchism 69 Anarchy 72 Ancestral Tradition (Mos Maiorum) 75 Ancien Régime 77 Ancient Constitutionalism 78 Ancient Democracy 80 Animal Ethics 81 Animality 85 Anti-Foundationalism 88 Antigone 91 Apocalyptic Ideas 92 Aquinas, Thomas (1225–1274 CE) 95 Arendt, Hannah (1906–1975) 99 Aristocracy 102 Aristotelianism 106 Aristotle (384-322 BCE) 113 Asian Values 118 Assembly 120 Augustine (354–430 CE) 123 Augustinianism 127 Authority 135 Autonomy 136 Averroism 140 B 142 Barbarians 142 Basic Structure 143 Beccaria, Cesare (1738–1794) 145 Becoming 146 Behavioralism 147 Bentham, Jeremy (1748–1832) 149 Berlin, Isaiah (1909–1997) 156 Biblical Prophets 158 Biopolitics 159 Bodin, Jean (1529–1596) 161 Body 164 Body Politic 168 British Idealism 172 Buddhist Political Thought 175 Bureaucracy 177 Burke, Edmund (c. 1729–1797) 179 Byzantine Political Thought 183 Calhoun, John Caldwell (1782–1850) 188 C 188 Caliphate 189 Canon Law 191 Change 194 Chinese Legalism 196 Chinese Liberalism 198 Chinese Revolutionary Thought 202 Chivalry 205 Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106–43 BCE) 209 Ciceronianism 212 Citizenship 215 City-State 219 Civic Humanism 226 Civic Republicanism 228 Civil Disobedience 235 Civil Law 238 Civil Religion 240 Civil Rights 241 Civil Society 245 Class 248 Classical Political Economy 252 Clausewitz, Carl von (1780–1831) 256 Climate Change 258 Collective Responsibility 261 Collingwood, Robin George (1889–1943) 262 Colonialism 263 Commerce 267 Commercial Society 271 Common Good 272 Common Law 279 Commonwealthmen 282 Communitarianism 284 Community 291 Comparative Political Theory 295 Compound Democracy 296 Conciliarism 301 Condorcet, Marquis de (1743–1794) 304 Confucianism 305 Consent 313 Conservatism 317 Constant, Benjamin (1767–1830) 321 Constitutionalism 323 Constitutional Patriotism 330 Constructivism 332 Contractualism 336 Corporation Theory 340 Corporatism 341 Corruption 343 Cosmopolitan Democracy 347 Cosmopolitanism 350 Cosmopolitics 357 Counsel 361 Counter-Enlightenment 363 Counter-Reformation 366 Crimes Against Humanity 368 Critical Theory 369 Critique 376 Culture 379 Cynics 381 D 384 Dahl, Robert (1915– ) 384 Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) 385 Deliberative Democracy 387 de Maistre, Joseph Marie (1753–1821) 391 Democracy 392 Democratic Peace 396 Democratization 397 Dependency Theory 405 de Pizan, Christine (1364–c. 1430) 407 Desire 407 Deterr itorialization 411 Development 412 Dewey, John (1859–1952) 416 Dicey, Albert Venn (1835–1922) 419 Difference Theories 421 Disagreement 427 Discourse 428 Disenchantment 432 Dissent 433 Divine Right of Kings 434 Domination 435 Douglass, Frederick (1818–1895) 437 Durk heim, Émile (1858–1917) 438 E 444 Ecological Debt 444 Egalitarianism 445 Elite Theory 448 Emancipation 449 Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803–1882) 451 Empire 452 Empirical Theory 459 Empiricism 459 Encyclopédie 463 End of Ide ology 464 English School 465 Enlightenment 467 Enthusiasm 474 Environmentalism 476 Equality 480 Equality of Opportunity 487 Equity 490 Essentialism 492 Euergetism 493 Eugenics 496 Evangelicalism 498 Event 500 Evolution 502 Exception 504 Existentialism 505 Explanation 513 Exploitation 516 F 522 Fabianism 522 Face 523 Faction 525 Fair Trade 526 Fanon, Frantz (1925–1961) 527 Fascism 529 Federalism 531 Feminism 534 Ferguson, Adam (1723–1816) 541 Feudalism 543 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762–1814) 547 Filangieri, Gaetano (1752–1788) 549 Force 549 Foucault, Michel (1926–1984) 551 Freemasonry 558 Freire, Paulo (1921–1997) 559 Freud, Sigmund (1856–1939) 561 Friendship 564 Functionalism 567 Fundamentalism 571 G 576 Game Theory 576 Gandhi, Mohandas (1869–1948) 579 Gender 583 Genealogy 584 General Will 586 Global Civil Society 588 Globalization 590 Global Justice 594 Governance 598 Gramsci, Antonio (1891–1937) 602 Green, Thomas Hill (1836–1882) 606 Green Political Theory 608 Grotius, Hugo (1583–1645) 614 Guicc iardini, Francesco (1483–1540) 619 Guild Socialism 620 H 622 Habermas, Jürgen (1929– ) 622 Happiness 629 Hart, H. L. A. (1907–1992) 632 Hate Speech 633 Hayek, Friedrich von (1899–1992) 634 Hegel, Georg Wilh elm Friedrich (1770–1831) 636 Hegelians 643 Hegemony 646 Hermeneutics 650 Herodotus (c. 480–429 BCE) 654 Hierocratic Arguments 655 Hindu Political Thought 663 Historical Understanding 670 Historic Injustice 673 Historicism 675 Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679) 679 Hobhouse, Leonard Trelawny (1864–1929) 685 Household 686 Humanism 694 Human Rights 697 Humboldt, Wilh elm von (1767–1835) 701 Hume, David (1711–1776) 702 Hybridity 707 I 710 n Ibn (1332–1406)Khaldu 710 Ideal Type 712 Identit y 713 Ideology 717 Imaginary, The 720 Immanence 722 Imperialism 723 Indian Politi cal Thought 725 Instit uti onalism 734 Instrumentalism 737 Intergenerati onal Justi ce 738 Interpreti ve Theory 742 Interventi on 745 Islamic Modernism 747 Islamic Politi cal Philosophy 748 Islamism 755 J 760 Jacobinism 760 Japanese Political Thought 761 Judicial Review 765 Jurisprudence 767 Justice, Theories of 768 Justice in Medieval Thought 775 Just War Theory 779 K 786 Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804) 786 Kautilya 790 Kautsky, Karl (1854–1938) 792 Keynes, John Maynard (1883–1946) 795 Kierkegaard, Søren (1813–1855) 797 Kingship 798 Kyoto School 806 L 810 Latin American Marxism 810 Lawgivers 814 Law of Nations 818 Legitimacy 820 Lenin and the Russian Revolution 824 Levell ers 829 Liberalism 830 Liberalism, Contemporary 837 Liberation Theology 844 Libertarianism 845 Liberty 854 Life 857 Lincoln, Abraham (1809–1865) 861 Locke, John (1632–1704) 862 M 870 Machiavelli, Niccolò (1469–1527) 870 Mahatma Gandhi 876 Maine, Henry Sumn er (1822–1888) 876 Mandeville, Bernard de (1670–1733) 877 Mann ers 878 Maoism 882 Market 885 Marshall, T. H. (1893–1981) 886 Marsilius of Padua (c. 1275/80–1342/3) 888 Maruyama Masao (1914–1996) 890 Marx, Karl (1818–1883) 891 Marxism 898 Mass Psychology 906 May Fourth Movement 907 Mazzini, Giusepp e (1805–1872) 908 Mead, George Herbert (1863–1931) 910 Mercantilism 911 Metapolitics 913 Methodological Individualism 915 Micropolitics 918 Mill, John Stuart (1806–1873) 920 Millenarianism 927 Mirror of Princes’ Genre 928 Modernization Theory 930 Modus Vivendi 934 Mohism 935 Monarchomachs 936 Montesquieu, Baron de (1689–1755) 938 Multiculturalism 942 Multiplicity 946 Multitude 947 Mythic Narrative 949 Myths 950 N 954 Narrative 954 Nationalism 955 Naturalism 962 Natural Law 966 Natural Rights 972 Negative Dialectics 976 Negativity 977 Neoclassical Economics 981 Neo-Confucianism 986 Neoconservatism 989 Neo-Kantianism 991 Neo-Platonism 992 Neo-Republicanism 996 Network 999 New Left 1001 New Liberalism 1003 New Right 1005 Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1844–1900) 1007 Nihilism 1014 Nonviolence 1015 O 1018 Oaths 1018 Oligarchy 1019 Ontology 1023 Organization Theory 1026 Orientalism 1032 Other 1034 P 1038 Pacifism 1038 Pain 1042 Paine, Thomas (1737–1809) 1042 Pan-Africanism 1046 Paradigm 1048 Pareto, Vilfredo (1848–1923) 1049 Pareto-Opt imality 1050 Parliament 1051 Participatory Democracy 1053 Passions 1054 People, The 1056 Performativity 1060 Perpetual Peace 1061 Pessimism 1063 Phenomenology 1067 Philosopher King 1071 Philosophes 1073 Philosophical Radicals 1076 Philosophy of Social Sciences 1080 Physiocracy 1087 Place 1089 Plato (427–347 BCE) 1092 Pleasure 1098 Pluralism 1100 Political Participation 1103 Political Perfectionism 1108 Politics of Recognition 1111 Polybius (c. 200–118 BCE) 1113 Popp er, Karl (1902–1994) 1114 Pornography 1116 Positive Theory 1117 Positivism 1118 Postcolonialism 1122 Postmaterialism 1130 Postmodernism 1131 Power 1133 Prisoner’s Dilemma 1136 Progressivism 1137 Property 1141 Protagoras (c. 490–420 BCE) 1144 Psychoanalysis 1145 Public Choice Theory 1149 Public Goods 1153 Public Reason 1154 Public Sphere 1154 Publius 1158 Pufendorf, Samuel von (1632–1694) 1160 Punishment 1162 Pythagoreanism 1163 Q 1166 Queer 1166 R 1168 Race Theory 1168 Radical Democracy 1176 Radical Enlightenment 1180 Rational Choice Theory 1184 Rationality 1193 Rawls, John (1921–2002) 1196 Realism 1203 Reason of State 1209 Rebellion (Medieval) 1211 Reformation 1212 Regulation Theory 1216 Renan, Ernest (1823–1892) 1218 Representation 1220 Representative Democracy 1223 Repressive Tolerance 1225 Republicanism 1226 Revolution 1230 Rights 1232 Robespierr e, Maximilien (1758–1794) 1238 Roman Commonwealth 1240 Roman Law 1243 Romanticism 1247 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712–1778) 1253 Rule of Law 1261 S 1266 Schiller, Friedrich (1759–1805) 1266 Schmitt, Carl (1888–1985) 1268 Scholasticism 1269 Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788–1860) 1270 Schumpeter, Joseph (1883–1950) 1272 Science of Politics 1274 Scientific Realism 1275 Scottish Enlightenment 1279 Secess ion 1283 Sen, Amartya (1933– ) 1284 Separation of Powers 1286 Shari‘ a 1288 Sidgwick, Henry (1838–1900) 1290 Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph (1748–1836) 1293 Simmel, Georg (1858–1918) 1297 Singularity 1297 Slavery in Greek and Early Christian Thought 1301 Slavery in the United States 1304 Smith, Adam (1723–1790) 1309 Sociability 1315 Social Capital 1317 Social Constructivism 1319 Social Contract Theory 1322 Social Darwinism 1328 Socialism 1330 Social Movements 1337 Sophists 1338 Sorel, Georges (1847–1922) 1342 Sovereignty 1343 Sparta 1346 Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903) 1349 Spinoza, Baruch (1632–1677) 1350 Standing Armies 1354 State 1355 State of Nature 1361 Strauss , Leo (1899–1973) 1365 Structuralism 1367 Structure 1370 Subaltern 1374 Subject 1375 Sustainable Development 1378 Symbolic, The 1380 Systems Theory 1381 T 1384 Tacitus (c. 56/7 CE–c. 117 CE or Late r) 1384 Taoist Political Thought 1385 Temporality 1386 Terrorism 1388 Theate r: Antiquity and Middle Ages 1389 Theology 1393 Theories of Justice 1396 Thomism 1396 Thoreau, Henry David (1817–1862) 1403 Thucydides (c. 470–396 BCE) 1404 Tocqueville , Ale xis de (1805–1859) 1406 Tole ration 1410 Ferdinand Tönnies (1855–1936) 1413 Totalitarianism 1414 Totality 1418 Transitional Justice 1419 Tyrannicide 1421 Tyranny 1422 U 1426 Universality 1426 Universal Monarchy 1427 Utopianism 1428 V 1432 Value-Free Social Science 1432 Violence 1433 Virtual 1437 Virtue 1439 Vitoria, Francisco de (1485–1546) 1442 Voltaire (1694–1778) 1444 W 1448 Weber, Max (1864–1920) 1448 Weil, Simone (1909–1943) 1454 Welfare State 1455 Whiteness 1457 William of Ockham (c. 1285–1347) 1459 Wollstonecraft, Mary (1759–1797) 1460 Women’s Suffrage 1462 World-Systems Theory 1464 Wyclif, John (c. 1327–1384) 1468 Wyclifism 1469 Appendix A - Chronologyof Political Theory 1472 Appendix B - Web Resources 1476 Index 1478 For a free 30-day online trial to this title, visit (http://www.sagepub.com/freetrial) www.sagepub.com/freetrial How do we arrange our collective affairs? Why do we live together in the ways we do? How ought we to live together? All humans think about the world they live in, its history and future, and the ideals by which they want to live in relation to others. How we think today decisively influences the world of tomorrow. This encyclopedia attempts to bring greater clarity and understanding to political debate. Drawing together a team of international scholars, the Encyclopedia of Political Theory examines the ideas of the major political theorists from before Plato to our own times; the main schools of political thought; the concepts and issues that have captured the imagination and attention of political theorists; and some of the main institutions and practices inspired by political thought. With more than 450 entries, these three volumes provide a quick, one-stop source to key topics in the field. Key Features Examines the global landscape of all the key theories and the theorists behind them Includes specific lists of entries that deal with constitutional thought and democratic thought Refers to distinctive norms and features of various governments, legal systems, and societies Devotes large parts to the history of ideas about government, ethics, and society Provides a chronology of political theory to help readers see how a given theorist, school, or issue fits into the bigger historical picture Key Themes Ancient Thought Applied Ethics Biographies Comparative Theory Constitutional Thought Critical Theory Democratic Thought Early Modern Thought International Theory Justice Liberal Theory Medieval Thought Modern Theory Power and Authority Religious Thought Self and Community This work is designed to serve as a reference source for anyone interested in the roots of contemporary political theory. It will be a welcome addition to any academic or public library. This work serves as a reference source for anyone interested in the roots of contemporary political theory. It examines the global landscape of all the key theories & the theorists behind them, presenting the theories in the context needed to understand both strengths & weaknesses