دانشنامه درگیری‌های قومی مدرن، ویرایش دوم: [۲ جلد]

An indispensable reference that will help students understand the major ethnic conflicts that dominate the headlines and shape the modern world. Since World War II, significant conflicts have most often taken the form of acts of violence between ethnic or national communities inside individual states. This two-volume work uses case studies to explore some four dozen of those conflicts, making it an ideal first-stop reference for students and others who wish to quickly gain an understanding of ethnic struggles. Content from the first edition is updated and new entries on recent conflicts have been added. The set's geographical range, which encompasses nearly every continent, is matched by the diversity of the conflicts explored. These include internal conflicts such as those experienced by African Americans in the United States and Muslims in France, as well as separatist movements of groups like the Chechens in Russia and Bosnians in Yugoslavia. Headline-making conflicts—for example, those in Mali and Syria—are covered as well. The book is organized alphabetically by country and region. Each essay begins with a timeline and then explores the historical background, evolution, efforts to manage, and significance of the conflict. Suggestions for follow-up research and appendices of relevant, primary source materials are also included. Presents comprehensive coverage of ethnic conflicts that enables readers to comprehend recent events around the world Contains updates and revisions to the first edition and new entries on more current conflicts Features cases that are both relevant and topical, covering the vast majority of the conflicts that are spilling blood, affecting policies, and shaping the contemporary world Includes primary documents that support the text, allowing students to use hard evidence in their research Supports the National Geography Standards by examining cultural mosaics and conflict Cover Title Copyright Contents Acknowledgments Introduction Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Politics Organizing the Study The Expanding World of Ethnopolitics The Multiplication of Multinational States The Age of Globalization and Mass Migration The Changing Face of Conflict Ethnic Conflict in the 21st Century Notes Volume 1 Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Nagorno-Karabakh: A Not So “Frozen” Conflict Timeline Historical Background The Conflict Management of the Conflict Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendices Bolivia: A History of Struggle: From Anticolonial Resistance to Progressive Extractivism in the Morales Era Timeline Historical Background The Bolivian National Revolution Military Rule The Conflict Neoliberal Period: A Period of Conflict and New Forms of Governance Resource-Based Struggles in Bolivia Management of the Conflict The Rise of Morales and New Forms of Governance Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendix Bosnia-Herzegovina: The Deconstruction of a State and the Birth and Growing Pangs of Bosnia-Herzegovina Timeline Historical Background From Independence to Communist Rule: 1918–1945 Postwar Yugoslavia: Disintegration of a Multinational State The Conflict Management of the Conflict Third-Party Peacemaking State Making, International Tutelage, and Political Stalemate Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendix Canada: The Nationalism Movement in Quebec Timeline Nationalism In Quebec Historical Background The Conflict Management of the Conflict Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendices Central Europe: The Romany: A Stateless Minority in a World of States Timeline Historical Background The Romany under Communist Rule The Conflict The Romany after the Fall of Communism Management of the Conflict The Romany in a “Europe without Borders” Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendix China: Ethnic Conflict in the World’s Largest Multinational State Timeline Historical Background The Conflict Tibet The “Liberation” of Tibet The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Management of the Conflict Managing the Tibetan Conflict The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendices Cyprus: Turkish Cyprus: The Dynamics of a Frozen Conflict Timeline Historical Background The Conflict Management of the Conflict The Internal Political Dynamics: Nation-Building External Actors and Internal Political Dynamics Dynamics at the Society Level Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendix Czechoslovakia and the Czech and Slovak Republics: The Peaceful Breakup of a State and Life after the Velvet Divorce Timeline Historical Background The Origins of Czechoslovakia Czech-Slovak Conflict: The Formative Years The Conflict Management of the Conflict The Velvet Divorce Life from the Velvet Divorce to EU Membership EU Entry and Czech and Slovak Politics, 2004–2014 Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendices East Timor (Timor-Leste): The Birth of a New State Timeline Historical Background The Conflict Management of the Conflict Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendices France: Ethnic Conflict and the Problem of Corsica Timeline Historical Background Building the French State and Nation Corsica The Rise of Corsican Ethnic Consciousness The Conflict Management of the Conflict Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendices France: The “Foreigner” Issue Timeline Historical Backround The Emergence of the Foreigner Issue The Conflict Management of the Conflict Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendix Georgia: Separatism in Abkhazia and South Ossetia Timeline Historical Background Conflict in Abkhazia and South Ossetia The Conflict The Breakaway Republics The 2008 South Ossetian War Management of the Conflict Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendices Germany: The Foreign Worker Issue Timeline Historical Background The Conflict Management of the Conflict Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendix Guatemala: Mayas and the Guatemalan Civil War Timeline Mayas and the Guatemalan Civil War Historical Background The Conflict Management of the Conflict Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendices India: Ethnic Conflict and Nation-Building in a Multiethnic State Timeline Historical Background The Conflict Management of the Conflict Evolution of Ethnic Politics The Conflict in the Punjab Conflict in the Northeast and Kashmir Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendix Iraq: The Progress of the Kurdish Movement in Iraq Timeline Historical Background The Conflict World War I–World War II The Struggle Continues: From the Postwar Era to the First Gulf War Management of the Conlflict The First Gulf War and the Emergence of a De Facto Kurdistan in Iraq The American Invasion and Federal Autonomy for Iraqi Kurdistan Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendices Ivory Coast: Conflict and the Politics of Belonging in Côte d’Ivoire Timeline Historical Background The Conflict Management of the Conflict Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendices Kenya: Kenya’s Legacy of Violent Ethnic Politics and the 2007–2008 Postelection Crisis Timeline Historical Background Colonial Legacies Decolonization and the Kenyatta Years The Moi Years and the Return to Multipartyism The Unfulfilled Promises of Kibaki’s Administration The Conflict Management of the Conflict Significance Notes Suggested Reading Appendix Summary Kosovo: The Conflicts in Kosovo and the Limits of Third-Party Conflict Management Timeline Historical Background The Conflict Management of the Conflict NATO Intervention: Problem Management and Problem Making Third-Party State Building: Seeking a Strategy The “War after the War” Macedonia: The Conflict Spreads 2004: Ethnic Cleansing, Round II Independence, “the Least Bad Option” Significance Notes Suggested Reading Appendices Lebanon: The Lebanon Civil War, 1975–1990 Timeline Historical Background Creation of the Grand Liban The Institutionalization of Confessional Politics Postindependence Challenges to Lebanon’s Stability The Conflict Management of the Conflict Military Intervention Political Intervention Dynamics Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendices Malaysia: The Malay-Chinese Conflict Timeline Historical Background The Chinese under British Rule The Transition to Independence The Early Years of Independence, 1957–1989 1969–2000 The Conflict 2000–Present Management of the Conflict Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendix Mali: The Mali Crisis Timeline Historical Background The Conflict Management of the Conflict Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendix Mexico: The Zapatista Rebellion in Chiapas Timeline Historical Background The Colonial Era and Beyond Revolution, Indians, and National Identity Political Economy of the Late 20th Century The Conflict Management of the Conflict Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendices Volume 2 The Middle East: The Arab-Jewish Struggle for Palestine to 1948 Timeline Historical Background The Conflict Management of the Conflict The Paris Peace Conference and the British Mandate The First Partition Plan and the Arab Revolt Mandate’s End The United Nations and the Birth of Israel Significance Suggested Readings Appendices The Middle East: The Question of Palestine Timeline Historical Background The Conflict Management of the Conflict Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendices The Middle East: Christians in the Middle East Timeline Historical Background The Conflict Management of the Conflict Lebanon Syria Iraq Egypt Palestinian Christians Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendix The Middle East: The Kurds’ Struggle for Kurdistan Timeline Historical Background Turkey Iraq Iran Syria Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendices Myanmar (Burma): The Karen Conflict Timeline Historical Background The Conflict Management of the Conflict Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendix Nigeria: Ethnic Conflict in Multinational West Africa Timeline Historical Background The Conflict The First Republic and the Biafran War Management of the Conflict Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendices Russia and the Northern Caucasus: The Continuing Unrest Timeline Historical Background The Conflict Management of the Conflict Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendix Rwanda: Hutu-Tutsi Conflict and Genocide in Central Africa Timeline Historical Background The Conflict Management of the Conflict Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendices Spain: Nationalism without Contentious Conflict: The New Basque Normal Timeline Historical Background From Regionalism to Nationalism The Conflict Political Transition and Beyond Management of the Conflict Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendix Sri Lanka: Tamil-Sinhalese Conflict in India’s Backyard Timeline Historical Background The Conflict The July Riots in Colombo and Their Aftermath Management of the Conflict Interventionist Peacemaking Constructing a Durable Conflict Conflict Resolution Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendix Sudan: Ethnic Conflict in the Sudan and the Tumultuous Birth of a New Nation Timeline Historical Background The Conflict Management of the Conflict Darfur South Sudan Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendices United Kingdom: The Making of British Race Relations Timeline Historical Background The Conflict Management of the Conflict Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendices United Kingdom: The Irish Question and the Partition of Ireland Timeline Historical Background The Conflict Management of the Conflict Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendices United Kingdom: The Conflict in Ulster Timeline Historical Background The Conflict Management of the Conflict Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendices United Kingdom: Nationalism in Scotland Timeline Historical Background The Conflict Management of the Conflict Recent Developments Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendices United Kingdom: The Decline and Revival of Welsh Nationalism Timeline Historical Background The Conflict Management of the Conflict Recent Developments Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendices United States: The Struggle for Survival and Equality of the First Americans Timeline Historical Background From Wardship to the Reservations Reservations and Forced Assimilation Belated Citizenship Restoration The Conflict The Struggle for Constitutional Rights and Economic Progress The Leadership Struggle Within Management of the Conflict 20th-Century Accommodations and Achievements A New Century, New Agenda Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendices United States: Racial Violence in the United States: 1900–1919 Timeline Historical Background Racial Violence and Black Victimization: Before World War I Racial Violence and Black Counterviolence: During and after World War I The Conflict Management of the Conflict The Role of State and Local Government Response to the Conflict in the Black Community Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendices United States: Race and the Civil Rights Struggle in Post–World War II America Timeline Historical Background Reconstruction The Great Migration and the First Civil Rights Movement The Great Depression and World War II The Conflict Management of the Conflict Subsequent Developments Significance Note Suggested Readings Appendices United States: The United States–Puerto Rico Relationship Timeline Historical Background The Conflict Management of the Conflict Significance Suggested Readings Appendices Western Sahara: Ethnic Conflict and the 20th Century’s Last Colonial War Timeline Historical Background The Conflict Management of the Conflict Significance Notes Suggested Readings Appendix About the Editor and Contributors The Editor The Contributors Index Since World War II, significant conflicts have most often taken the form of acts of violence between ethnic or national communities inside individual states. This two-volume work uses case studies to explore some four dozen of those conflicts, making it an ideal first-stop reference for students and others who wish to quickly gain an understanding of ethnic struggles. Content from the first edition is updated and new entries on recent conflicts have been added. The set's geographical range, which encompasses nearly every continent, is matched by the diversity of the conflicts explored. These include internal conflicts such as those experienced by African Americans in the United States and Muslims in France, as well as separatist movements of groups like the Chechens in Russia and Bosnians in Yugoslavia. Headline-making conflicts-for example, those in Mali and Syria-are covered as well. The book is organized alphabetically by country and region. Each essay begins with a timeline and then explores the historical background, evolution, efforts to manage, and significance of the conflict.0Suggestions for follow-up research and appendices of relevant, primary source materials are also included