Encyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation, 6 Volume Set Vol. 5

The articles in The Encyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation focus on what is currently useful or is likely to be useful in future medicine. They answer the question, "What are the branches of medicine and how does technology assist each of them?" Articles focus on the practice of medicine that is assisted by devices, rather than including, for example, the use of drugs to treat disease. The title is the only resource on the market dealing with the subject in encyclopedic detail. * Accessible to practitioners with a broad range of backgrounds from students to researchers and physicians * Articles cover the latest developments such as nanotechnology, fiber optics, and signal processing VOLUME 5 1 Copyright 4 CONTRIBUTOR LIST 5 PREFACE 15 LIST OF ARTICLES 17 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 21 CONVERSION FACTORS AND UNIT SYMBOLS 31 N 37 NANOPARTICLES 37 NEAR-FIELD MICROSCOPY AND SPECTROSCOPY. 47 NEONATAL MONITORING 47 NERVE CONDUCTION STUDIES. 68 NEUROLOGICAL MONITORS 68 NEUROMUSCULAR STIMULATION. 77 NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 77 NEUTRON BEAM THERAPY 86 NEUROSTIMULATION. 100 NMR. 100 NONIONIZING RADIATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF 100 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING. 108 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 108 NUCLEAR MEDICINE INSTRUMENTATION 126 NUCLEAR MEDICINE, COMPUTERS IN 142 NUTRITION, PARENTERAL 160 NYSTAGMOGRAPHY. 170 O 171 OCULAR FUNDUS REFLECTOMETRY 171 OCULAR MOTILITY RECORDING AND NYSTAGMUS 173 OCULOGRAPHY. 185 OFFICE AUTOMATION SYSTEMS 185 OPTICAL FIBERS IN MEDICINE. 196 OPTICAL SENSORS 196 OPTICAL TWEEZERS 211 ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES. 223 ORTHOPEDIC DEVICES, MATERIALS AND DESIGN. 223 ORTHOPEDIC DEVICES MATERIALS AND DESIGN OF 223 ORTHOPEDICS PROSTHESIS FIXATION FOR 228 ORTHOTICS. 234 OSTEOPOROSIS. 234 OVULATION, DETECTION OF. 234 OXYGEN ANALYZERS 234 OXYGEN SENSORS 245 OXYGEN TOXICITY. 252 P 253 PACEMAKERS 253 PAIN CONTROL BY ELECTROSTIMULATION. 260 PAIN SYNDROMES. 260 PANCREAS, ARTIFICIAL 260 PARENTERAL NUTRITION. 270 PCR. 270 PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY. 270 PERINATAL MONITORING. 270 PERIPHERAL VASCULAR NONINVASIVE MEASUREMENTS 270 PET SCAN. 288 PHANTOM MATERIALS IN RADIOLOGY 288 PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS 305 PHONOCARDIOGRAPHY 314 PHOTOTHERAPY. 327 PHOTOGRAPHY, MEDICAL 327 PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS MODELING 335 PICTURE ARCHIVING AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 367 PIEZOELECTRIC SENSORS 395 PLETHYSMOGRAPHY. 403 PNEUMATIC ANTISHOCK GARMENT. 403 PNEUMOTACHOMETERS 403 POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION 416 POLYMERIC MATERIALS 423 POLYMERS. 428 PRODUCT LIABILITY. 428 PROSTHESES, VISUAL. 428 PROSTHESIS FIXATION, ORTHOPEDIC. 428 POROUS MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 428 POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY 442 PROSTATE SEED IMPLANTS 454 PTCA. 465 PULMONARY MECHANICS. 465 PULMONARY PHYSIOLOGY 465 PUMPS, INFUSION. 478 Q 479 QUALITY CONTROL, X-RAY. 479 QUALITY-OF-LIFE MEASURES, CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF 479 R 491 RADIATION DETECTORS. 491 RADIATION DOSE PLANNING, COMPUTER-AIDED 491 RADIATION DOSIMETRY FOR ONCOLOGY 501 RADIATION DOSIMETRY, THREE-DIMENSIONAL 517 RADIATION, EFFECTS OF. 536 RADIATION PROTECTION INSTRUMENTATION 536 RADIATION THERAPY, INTENSITY MODULATED 556 RADIATION THERAPY SIMULATOR 561 RADIATION THERAPY TREATMENT PLANNING, MONTE CARLO CALCULATIONS IN 570 RADIATION THERAPY, QUALITY ASSURANCE IN 578 RADIATION, ULTRAVIOLET. 585 RADIOACTIVE DECAY. 585 RADIOACTIVE SEED IMPLANTATION. 585 RADIOIMMUNODETECTION. 585 RADIOISOTOPE IMAGING EQUIPMENT. 585 RADIOLOGY INFORMATION SYSTEMS 585 RADIOLOGY, PHANTOM MATERIALS. 595 RADIOMETRY. 595 RADIONUCLIDE PRODUCTION AND RADIOACTIVE DECAY 595 RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL DOSIMETRY 601 RADIOSURGERY, STEREOTACTIC 610 RADIOTHERAPY ACCESSORIES 621 VOLUME 5......Page 1 Copyright......Page 4 CONTRIBUTOR LIST......Page 5 PREFACE......Page 15 LIST OF ARTICLES......Page 17 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS......Page 21 CONVERSION FACTORS AND UNIT SYMBOLS......Page 31 NANOPARTICLES......Page 37 NEONATAL MONITORING......Page 47 NEUROLOGICAL MONITORS......Page 68 NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS......Page 77 NEUTRON BEAM THERAPY......Page 86 NONIONIZING RADIATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF......Page 100 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY......Page 108 NUCLEAR MEDICINE INSTRUMENTATION......Page 126 NUCLEAR MEDICINE, COMPUTERS IN......Page 142 NUTRITION, PARENTERAL......Page 160 NYSTAGMOGRAPHY.......Page 170 OCULAR FUNDUS REFLECTOMETRY......Page 171 OCULAR MOTILITY RECORDING AND NYSTAGMUS......Page 173 OFFICE AUTOMATION SYSTEMS......Page 185 OPTICAL SENSORS......Page 196 OPTICAL TWEEZERS......Page 211 ORTHOPEDIC DEVICES MATERIALS AND DESIGN OF......Page 223 ORTHOPEDICS PROSTHESIS FIXATION FOR......Page 228 OXYGEN ANALYZERS......Page 234 OXYGEN SENSORS......Page 245 OXYGEN TOXICITY.......Page 252 PACEMAKERS......Page 253 PANCREAS, ARTIFICIAL......Page 260 PERIPHERAL VASCULAR NONINVASIVE MEASUREMENTS......Page 270 PHANTOM MATERIALS IN RADIOLOGY......Page 288 PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS......Page 305 PHONOCARDIOGRAPHY......Page 314 PHOTOGRAPHY, MEDICAL......Page 327 PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS MODELING......Page 335 PICTURE ARCHIVING AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS......Page 367 PIEZOELECTRIC SENSORS......Page 395 PNEUMOTACHOMETERS......Page 403 POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION......Page 416 POLYMERIC MATERIALS......Page 423 POROUS MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS......Page 428 POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY......Page 442 PROSTATE SEED IMPLANTS......Page 454 PULMONARY PHYSIOLOGY......Page 465 PUMPS, INFUSION.......Page 478 QUALITY-OF-LIFE MEASURES, CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF......Page 479 RADIATION DOSE PLANNING, COMPUTER-AIDED......Page 491 RADIATION DOSIMETRY FOR ONCOLOGY......Page 501 RADIATION DOSIMETRY, THREE-DIMENSIONAL......Page 517 RADIATION PROTECTION INSTRUMENTATION......Page 536 RADIATION THERAPY, INTENSITY MODULATED......Page 556 RADIATION THERAPY SIMULATOR......Page 561 RADIATION THERAPY TREATMENT PLANNING, MONTE CARLO CALCULATIONS IN......Page 570 RADIATION THERAPY, QUALITY ASSURANCE IN......Page 578 RADIOLOGY INFORMATION SYSTEMS......Page 585 RADIONUCLIDE PRODUCTION AND RADIOACTIVE DECAY......Page 595 RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL DOSIMETRY......Page 601 RADIOSURGERY, STEREOTACTIC......Page 610 RADIOTHERAPY ACCESSORIES......Page 621