Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture Volume 4

This new edition adds nearly 600 entirely new topics, replaces some 150 obsolete entries, and also provides substantial revisions to hundreds more. Every one of the 5,700+ entries has been reviewed for currency of content and bibliography. An entirely new illustration program features over 100 full-color photographs in addition to hundreds in black-and-white. National statistics have been conveniently tabulated for every one of Latin America's 37 countries. New content addresses research on prehistoric environments and cultures, U.S. Haitian interventions, the consequences of NAFTA and increased Mexican immigration, the troubled aftermaths of Pinochet's Chile and Fujimori's Peru, truth and reconciliation commissions, and the still-contested legacy of the Mexico City massacre of 1968. New leaders like Brazil's Lula da Silva and Venezuela's Hugo Chávez are profiled along with hundreds of other rising figures in politics, letters, and the arts. Newly commissioned master essays synthesize current knowledge on such major regional themes as Democracy in the Americas, Hemispheric Affairs, and the Hispanic Impact on the U.S. Includes full index and table of biographical subjects by profession. Cover Page EDITORIAL BOARD TITLE PAGE - VOLUME 4 ISBN 0684312700 (set) -- 068431444-4 (vol. 4) IN MEMORIAM EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION STAFF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION USING THE ENCYCLOPEDIA Volume 1: A-B file://ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LATIN AMERICAN HISTORY AND CULTURE, SECOND EDITION, Volume 1, AŒB.pdf#page=1Volume 2: C-D file://ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LATIN AMERICAN HISTORY AND CULTURE, SECOND EDITION, Volume 2, C-D.pdf#page=1Volume 3: E-I file://ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LATIN AMERICAN HISTORY AND CULTURE, SECOND EDITION, Volume 3, E-I.pdf#page=1J JAAR, ALFREDO JACOBINISM. JAGAN, CHEDDI JAGAN, JANET JAGUAR. JAGUARIBE GOMES DE MATOS, HE ́ LIO JAGUNC ̧O. JAINA. JALISCO. JAMA-COAQUE. JAMAICA. JAMES, CYRIL LIONEL ROBERT JANGADA. JANITZIO. JAPANESE–LATIN AMERICAN RE-LATIONS. JARA, VI ́ CTOR JARA CORONA, HERIBERTO JARAMILLO ALVARADO, PI ́ O JARAMILLO LEVI, ENRIQUE JA ́ UREGUI, AGUSTI ́ N DE JAURETCHE, ARTURO M. JE ˆ . JECKER BONDS. JEFE POLI ́ TICO. JEREZ, FRANCISCO DE JEREZ, MA ́ XIMO JESUITS. JESUS, CAROLINAMARIA DE JEWS. JI ́ BARO. JIJO ́ N Y CAAMAN ̃ O, JACINTO JIME ́ NEZ, ENRIQUE A. JIME ́ NEZ DE PALACIOS, AURORA JIME ́ NEZDEQUESADA, GONZALO JIME ́ NEZ MORENO, WIGBERTO JIME ́ NEZ OREAMUNO, MANUEL DE JESU ́ S JIME ́ NEZ OREAMUNO, RICARDO JIMENO Y PLANES, RAFAEL JI ́ VAROS. JOA ̃ OIOFPORTUGAL JOA ̃ OIIOFPORTUGAL JOA ̃ O III OF PORTUGAL JOA ̃ O IV OF PORTUGAL JOA ̃ OVOFPORTUGAL JOA ̃ O VI OF PORTUGAL JOA ̃ O PESSOA. JOAQUIM, LEANDRO JOASEIRO DO NORTE. JOBET BU ́ RQUEZ, JULIO CE ́ SAR JOBIM, ANTO ˆ NIO CARLOS ‘‘TOM’’ JOCKEY CLUB. JODOROWSKY, ALEJANDRO JOHN PAUL II, POPE JONESTOWN. JONGO. JOSE ́ I OF PORTUGAL JOURNALISM. JOURNALISM IN MEXICO. JOVELLANOS, SALVADOR JUANA INE ́ S DE LA CRUZ, SOR JUAN DIEGO JUAN FERNA ́ NDEZ ISLANDS. JUAN SANTOS. JUAN Y SANTACILIA, JORGE JUA ́ REZ, BENITO JUA ́ REZ, JOSE ́ JUA ́ REZ, LUIS JUA ́ REZ CELMAN, MIGUEL JUAZEIRO DO NORTE. JUDICIAL SYSTEMS JUDICIARY IN LATIN AMERICA, THE. JUJUY. JULIA ̃ O, CARLOS JULIA ̃ O ARRUDA DE PAULA, FRAN-CISCO JUNI ́ N, BATTLE OF. JUNTA JUNTA DO COME ́ RCIO. JUNTAS PORTUGUESAS. JUNTA SUPREMA DE CARACAS. JURADO, KATY JUSTO, JOSE ́ AGUSTI ́ NPEDRO( JUSTO, JUANB. JUZGADO GENERAL DE INDIOS. K KAGEL, MAURICIO RAU ́ L KAHLO, FRIDA KAMINALJUYU ́ . KAQCHIKEL. KATARISMO. KEARNY, STEPHEN W. KEITH, MINOR COOPER KEMMERER, EDWINWALTER( KENNECOTT COPPER COMPANY. K’ICHE’. KIKAPOO. KINCAID, JAMAICA KINNEY, HENRY L. KINO, EUSEBIO FRANCISCO KIRCHNER, NE ́ STOR KISSINGER, HENRY KISSINGER COMMISSION. KNOROSOV, YURI KNOX–CASTRILLO TREATY (1911). KOELLREUTTER, HANS JOACHIM KONETZKE, RICHARD KORN, ALEJANDRO KO ̈ RNER, EMIL KOSICE, GYULA KOSMOS LINE. KOTOSH. KRAUSISMO. KRAUZE, ENRIQUE KREUTZBERGER, MARIO KRIEGER, EDINO KRIEGER VASENA, ADALBERTO KUBITSCHEK, MA ́ RCIA KUBITSCHEK DE OLIVEIRA, JUS-CELINO KUMATERODRI ́ GUEZ, JESU ́ S KUNA (CUNA). L LABARCA HUBERTSON, AMANDA LABASTIDA Y DA ́ VALOS, PELAGIO ANTONIO DE LABOR MOVEMENTS. LABRADOR RUI ́ Z, ENRIQUE LA BREA Y PARIN ̃ AS. LACALLE HERRERA, LUIS ALBER-TO LACANDONES. LACANDON FOREST. LA CENTINELA. LACERDA, CARLOS FREDERICO WERNECK DE LACERDA, MAURI ́ CIO PAIVA DE LACERDA, OSVALDO LA CIUDADELA. LA DEMOCRACIA. LADINO. LADRO ́ N DE GUEVARA, DIEGO LA ESCALERA, CONSPIRACY OF. LA GALGADA. LAGOA SANTA. LAGOS, RICARDO LAGUERRE, ENRIQUE ARTURO LAGUNA, SANTA CATARINA. LALEAU, LE ́ ON LA LIBERTADORA REVOLUTION. LAMADRID, GREGORIO ARA ́ OZ DE LAMAR, MIRABEAU BUONAPARTE LAMARQUE, LIBERTAD LAMARQUE PONS, JAURE ́ S LAMBADA. LAMBAYEQUE. LAMBITYECO. LAME, MANUEL QUINTI ́ N LAMPIA ̃ O LAM Y CASTILLA, WIFREDO LANDA, DIEGO DE LANDALUZE, VI ́ CTOR PATRICIO DE LANDA ́ ZURI RICKETTS, JUAN LANDI ́ VAR, RAFAEL LAND LAW OF 1850 (BRAZIL). LAND TENURE, BRAZIL. LANDTENURE, SPANISH AMERICA. LANUSSE, ALEJANDRO AGUSTI ́ N LANZA, ALCIDES LA OROYA. LAPA VERMELHA. LA PAZ. LAPLANTE, EDUARDO( LA PLATA. LAPRIDA, FRANCISCO NARCISO DE LA QUEMADA. LARA, AGUSTI ́ N LAREDO BRU, FEDERICO LARKIN, THOMAS LARRAZA ́ BALUGUETO, WOLFGANG LARREA, JUAN LARRETA, ENRIQUE RODRI ́ GUEZ LARS, CLAUDIA. LA SALLE, RENE ́ -ROBERT CAVE-LIER, SIEUR DE LAS CASAS, BARTOLOME ́ DE LA SERENA. LA SERNA, JOSE ́ DE LAS HERAS, JUAN GREGORIO DE LASO, FRANCISCO LASTARRIA, JOSE ́ VICTORINO( LASUE ́ N, FERMI ́ N FRANCISCO DE LAS VEGAS. LATIFUNDIA. LATIN AMERICA. LATIN AMERICAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION (LAFTA). LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES ASSO-CIATION. LATORRE, LORENZO LAUGERUD GARCI ́ A, EUGENIO KJELL LAUTARO LAUTARO, LOGIA DE. LAVALLE, JUAN GALO LAVALLEJA, JUAN ANTONIO LAVALLE URBINA, MARI ́ A LA VENTA. LAVISTA, MARIO LAVRADIO, MARQUE ˆ S DO LAVRADOR DE CANA. LAW OF THE SEA. LEAGUE OF NATIONS. LEAGUE OF UNITED LATIN AMER-ICAN CITIZENS. LEAL, FERNANDO( LEANTE, CE ́ SAR LE BRETO ́ N, TOMA ́ S ALBERTO LECHI ́ N OQUENDO, JUAN LECLERC, CHARLES VICTOR EM-MANUEL LECONTE, MICHEL CINCINNA-TUS LECUONA Y CASADO, ERNESTO LEDUC, PAUL LEEWARD ISLANDS. LEGUI ́ A, AUGUSTO BERNARDINO LEGUIZAMO ́ N, MARTINIANO( LEIGHTON GUZMA ́ N, BERNARDO LELOIR, LUIS F. LEMA ́ CHEZ, QUIRINO. LEMUS, JOSE ́ MARI ́ A LENCA. LENCINAS, CARLOS WA ́ SHINGTON LEN ̃ ERO, VICENTE LENG, ALFONSO LEO XIII, POPE LEO ́ N. LEO ́ N, ALONSO DE LEO ́ N DE LA BARRA, FRANCISCO LEONI, RAU ́ L LEO ́ N-PORTILLA, MIGUEL LEOPOLDINA, EMPRESS LEPE, DIEGO DE LE ́ PERO. LE PLONGEON, AUGUSTUS LERDO DE TEJADA, MIGUEL LERDO DE TEJADA, SEBASTIA ́ N LERMA RIVER. LE ́ RY, JEAN DE LESCOT, E ́ LIE LESSEPS, FERDINAND MARIE, VI-COMTE DE LETELIER DEL SOLAR, ORLANDO LETELIER MADARIAGA, VALEN-TI ́ N LETELIER VALDE ́ S, MIGUEL FRAN-CISCO LETICIA DISPUTE. LETRADOS. LEVENE, RICARDO( LEVINGSTON, ROBERTOMARCELO LEVINSON, LUISAMERCEDES( LEVY, ALEXANDRE LEWIS, ROBERTO LEY, SALVADOR LEY DE LEMAS. LEY IGLESIAS. LEY JUA ́ REZ. LEY LERDO. LEYVA SOLANO, GABRIEL LEZAMA LIMA, JOSE ́ LIAUTAUD, GEORGES LIBERALISM. LIBERAL PARTY (CENTRALAMER-ICA). LIBERATION THEOLOGY. LIBRARIES IN LATIN AMERICA. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, HIS-PANIC DIVISION. LIDA, RAIMUNDO LIENDO Y GOICOECHEA, JOSE ́ AN-TONIO LIHN, ENRIQUE LIMA. LIMA, ALCEUAMOROSO( LIMA, JORGE DE LIMA, TREATY OF (1929). LIMA BARRETO, AFONSO HENRI-QUES DE LIMA CONFERENCE (1847–1848). LIMA E SILVA, LUI ́ S ALVES DE LIMANTOUR, JOSE ́ YVES LINARES, JOSE ́ MARI ́ A LINARES, PEDRO LINARESALCA ́ NTARA, FRANCISCO LINATI, CLAUDIO LINDLEY LO ́ PEZ, NICOLA ́ S LINDO ZELAYA, JUAN LINE OF DEMARCATION (1493). LINHA DURA. LINIERS Y BREMOND, SANTIAGO DE LINS, OSMAN DA COSTA LINS DO REGO, JOSE ́ LINSEED. LIRCAY, BATTLE OF. LISBOA, ANTO ˆ NIO FRANCISCO. LISBOA, JOAQUIMMARQUES( LISBON EARTHQUAKE. LISCANO VELUTINI, JUAN LISPECTOR, CLARICE LITERACY. LITERATURE LIVESTOCK LIVINGSTON CODES. LLAMA. LLANOS (COLOMBIA). LLANOS (VENEZUELA). LLANQUIHUE. LLERAS, LORENZO MARI ́ A LLERAS CAMARGO, ALBERTO LLERAS RESTREPO, CARLOS LLORENS TORRES, LUIS LLORENTEYLAFUENTE, ANSELMO LOAS. LOBO, HE ́ LIO L’OLONNAIS, FRANCIS LOMBARDO TOLEDANO, VICEN-TE LONARDI, EDUARDO LONDON, TREATY OF (1604). LONGINOS MARTI ́ NEZ, JOSE ́ LO ́ PEZ, AMBROSIO LO ́ PEZ, CA ́ NDIDO LO ́ PEZ, CARLOS ANTONIO LO ́ PEZ, ENRIQUE SOLANO LO ́ PEZ, ESTANISLAO LO ́ PEZ, FRANCISCO SOLANO LO ́ PEZ, JOSE ́ HILARIO LO ́ PEZ, NARCISO LO ́ PEZ, VICENTE FIDEL LO ́ PEZ, WILEBALDO LO ́ PEZ ARELLANO, OSWALDO LO ́ PEZ BUCHARDO, CARLOS LO ́ PEZ CAPILLAS, FRANCISCO LO ́ PEZCHA ́ VEZ, JULIO LO ́ PEZ CONTRERAS, ELEA ́ ZAR LO ́ PEZ DE ARTEAGA, SEBASTIA ́ N LO ́ PEZ DE CERRATO, ALONSO LO ́ PEZ DE COGOLLUDO, DIEGO LO ́ PEZ DE LEGAZPI Y GURRU-CHA ́ TEGUI, MIGUEL LO ́ PEZ DEL ROSARIO, ANDRE ́ S. LO ́ PEZ DE QUIROGA, ANTONIO LO ́ PEZ DE ROMAN ̃ A, EDUARDO LO ́ PEZ JORDA ́ N, RICARDO LO ́ PEZ MATEOS, ADOLFO LO ́ PEZMICHELSEN,ALFONSO LO ́ PEZ OBRADOR, MANUEL AND-RE ́ S LO ́ PEZ PORTILLO, JOSE ́ LO ́ PEZ PUMAREJO, ALFONSO LO ́ PEZ REGA, JOSE ́ LO ́ PEZ TARSO, IGNACIO LO ́ PEZTRUJILLO, ALFONSO LO ́ PEZ VALLECILLOS, ITALO LO ́ PEZ VELARDE, RAMO ́ N LO ́ PEZ Y FUENTES, GREGORIO LORENZANA Y BUITRO ́ N, FRAN-CISCO ANTONIO DE LORENZO TROYA, VICTORIANO LORETO. LOSADA, DIEGO DE LOS ALTOS. LOTT, HENRIQUE BATISTA DUF-FLES TEIXEIRA LOUISIANA. LOUISIANA REVOLTOF 1768. LOUVERTURE, TOUSSAINT LOYNAZ, DULCE MARI ́ A LOZADA, MANUEL LOZANO, PEDRO LOZANO DI ́ AZ, JULIO LOZZA, RAU ́ L( LUCAS GARCI ́ A, FERNANDO RO-MEO LUDWIG, DANIEL KEITH LUGONES, LEOPOLDO LUISI, LUISA LUISI, PAULINA LUI ́ S PEREIRA DE SOUSA, WASH-INGTON LUJA ́ N. LUJA ́ N, VIRGIN OF. LULA. LUMBER INDUSTRY. LUNA PIZARRO, FRANCISCO JAV-IER DE LUNA Y ARELLANO, TRISTA ́ N DE LUNDU. LUNFARDO. LUPERO ́ N, GREGORIO LUQUE, HERNANDO DE LUSINCHI, JAIME LUSO-BRAZILIAN. LUTZ, BERTHA MARIA JULIA LUTZENBERGER, JOSE ́ LUZ Y CABALLERO, JOSE ́ DE LA LWA. LYNCH, BENITO LYNCH, ELISA ALICIA LYNCH, MARTA M MACAS, LUIS MACCIO ́ , RO ́ MULO MACEDO, JOAQUIM MANUEL DE MACEHUALLI. MACEIO ́ . MAC ENTYRE, EDUARDO MACEO, ANTONIO MACGREGOR, GREGOR MACHADO, GUSTAVO MACHADO DE ASSIS, JOAQUIM MARIA MACHADO Y MORALES, GERARDO MACHITO MACHU PICCHU. MAC-IVER RODRI ́ GUEZ, ENRIQUE MACULELE ˆ . MADEIRA ISLANDS. MADEIRA-MAMORE ́ RAILROAD. MADEIRA RIVER. MADERO, FRANCISCO INDALECIO MADRAZO, CARLOS A. MADRAZO, ROBERTO( MADRID, TREATY OF (1670). MADRID, TREATY OF (1750). MADRID HURTADO, MIGUEL DE LA MADUREIRA, ANTO ˆ NIO DE SENA MA ̃ EMENININHA. MAGALHA ̃ ES,BENJAMINCONSTANT BOTELHODE. MAGALHA ̃ ES, DOMINGOS JOSE ́ GONC ̧ALVESDE MAGALLANES. MAGAN ̃ A, SERGIO MAGDALENA RIVER. MAGDALENA VALLEY. MAGDALENO, MAURICIO MAGELLAN, FERDINAND MAGELLAN, STRAIT OF. MAGLOIRE, PAUL EUGE`NE MAGOON, CHARLES EDWARD MAHOGANY. MAHUAD, JAMIL MAINE, U.S.S., SINKING OF THE. MAIPO RIVER. MAIPU ́ , BATTLE OF. MAI ́ Z, FIDEL MAIZE. MAJANO, ADOLFOARNOLDO( MALARIA. MALASPINA, ALEJANDRO MALDONADO. MALDONADO, FRANCISCOSEVERO MALDONADO, RODRIGO DE ARIAS MALESPI ́ N, FRANCISCO MALFATTI, ANITA CATARINA MALINALCO. MALINCHE MALLARINO-BIDLACK TREATY. MALLEA, EDUARDO MALOCA. MALONES. MALUF, PAULO SALIM MALVINAS, LAS. MAM. MAMACOCHA. MAMAQUILLA. MAMBISES. MAMBO. MAMELUCO. MAN ̃ ACH Y ROBATO, JORGE MANAGUA. MANAUS. MANCO CAPAC. MANCO INCA MANDAMIENTO. MANDU LADINO MANILA GALLEON. MANIOC. MANLEY, MICHAEL NORMAN MANLEY, NORMAN WASHINGTON MANN, THOMAS CLIFTON MANNING, THOMAS COURTLAND MANRIQUE DE ZU ́ N ̃ IGA, ALVARO MANSILLA, LUCIOVICTORIO( MANSO DE MALDONADO, ANTO-NIO MANSO DE VELASCO, JOSE ́ ANTO-NIO MANTEN ̃ O. MANTILLA, MANUEL FLOREN-CIO MANUELI MANUMISSION. MANZANO, JUANFRANCISCO( MAPOCHO RIVER. MAPUCHE. MAQUILADORAS. MAR, JOSE ́ DE LA MARACAIBO. MARACATU. MARADONA, DIEGO ARMANDO MARAJOARA. MARAJO ́ ISLAND. MARANHA ̃ O. MARANHA ̃ O, ESTADO DO. MARAN ̃ O ́ N RIVER. MARA SALVATRUCHA, LA. MARBLEHEAD PACT (1906). MARCELIN BROTHERS. MARCHA. MARCHA DE LOS CUATRO SUY-OS. MARCH OF THE EMPTY POTS. MAR DEL PLATA. MARECHAL, LEOPOLDO( MARGARITA. MARGIL DE JESU ́ S, ANTONIO MARGINAL, MARGINALIDADE. MARIAI MARIA II MARIACHI. MARIA ́ TEGUI, JOSE ́ CARLOS MARICHAL, JUAN MARIEL BOATLIFT. MARIGHELLA, CARLOS MARIJUANA. MARIMBA. MARINELLO, JUAN MARINHO, ROBERTO MARIN ̃ O, SANTIAGO MARISOL MARKHAM, CLEMENTS ROBERT MARLEY, BOB MA ́ RMOL, JOSE ́ PEDROCRISO ́ LOGO MAROONS (CIMARRONES). MARQUE ́ S, RENE ́ MARQUESADO DEL VALLE DE OAXACA. MA ́ RQUEZ, JOSE ́ IGNACIODE( MA ́ RQUEZ, LEONARDO MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE. MARROQUI ́ N, FRANCISCO MARROQUI ́ N, JOSE ́ MANUEL MARSHALS OF AYACUCHO. MARTI ́ , AGUSTI ́ N FARABUNDO MARTI ́ NEZ, ANTONIO J. MARTINEZ, DENNIS MARTI ́ NEZ, ESTEBAN JOSE ́ MARTI ́ NEZ, JUAN JOSE ́ MARTINEZ, PEDRO MARTI ́ NEZ, TOMA ́ S MARTI ́ NEZ, TOMA ́ S ELOY MARTI ́ NEZ DE HOZ, JOSE ́ ALFRE-DO MARTI ́ NEZ ESTRADA, EZEQUIEL MARTI ́ N FIERRO. MARTINIQUE AND GUADELOUPE. MARTI ́ Y PE ́ REZ, JOSE ́ JULIA ́ N MARTORELL, ANTONIO MARTYR, PETER MARYKNOLL ORDER. MAS CANOSA, JORGE MASCATES. MASFERRER, ALBERTO MASONIC ORDERS. MASSERA, EMILIO EDUARDO MASSERA, JOSE ́ PEDRO MASTRETTA, ́ ANGELES MASTROGIOVANNI, ANTONIO( MATA, EDUARDO MATACAPA ́ N. MATAMOROSY GURIDI, MARIANO MATANZA. MATE ́ . MATIENZO, BENJAMI ́ N MATIENZO, JOSE ́ NICOLA ́ S MATO GROSSO. MATOGROSSODOSUL. MATOS, GREGO ́ RIODE MATTA ECHAURREN, ROBERTO SEBASTIA ́ N ANTONIO MATTO DE TURNER, CLORINDA MAUA ́ , VISCONDE DE MAULE. MAURITS, JOHAN MAURO, HUMBERTO MAXIMILIAN MAXIMO ́ N. MAXIXE. MAYA, THE. MAYAN ALPHABET AND ORTHO-GRAPHY. MAYAN EPIGRAPHY. MAYAN ETHNOHISTORY. MAYAPAN. MAYORAZGO. MAYORGA, SILVIO MAY PACTS (1902). MAZA, MANUELVICENTEDE( MAZATLA ́ N. MAZOMBOS. MAZORCA. MBAYA ́ INDIANS. MCLANE–OCAMPOTREATY(1859). MEAT INDUSTRY. MEDEIROS DA FONSECA, ROMY MARTINS MEDELLI ́ N. MEDELLI ́ N CARTEL. MEDIA ANATA. ME ́ DICI, EMI ́ LIO GARRASTAZU ́ MEDICINAL PLANTS. MEDICINE MEDINA, HUGO MEDINA, JOSE ́ TORIBIO MEDINA ANGARITA, ISAI ́ AS MEIGGS, HENRY MEIRELES, CECI ́ LIA MEIRELES DE LIMA, VI ́ TOR MEJI ́ A, TOMA ́ S MEJI ́ A DEL VALLE Y LLEQUERICA, JOSE ́ JOAQUI ́ N MEJI ́ A GODOY, CARLOS MEJI ́ A VICTORES, OSCAR HUM-BERTO MELE ́ , JUAN N. MELE ́ NDEZ CHAVERRI, CARLOS MELE ́ NDEZ FAMILY. MELGAREJO, MARIANO MELGARES, FACUNDO( MELLA, JULIO ANTONIO MELLA, RAMO ́ N MATI ́ AS MELLO, ZE ́ LIA MARIA CARDOSO DE MELO, CUSTO ́ DIO JOSE ́ DE MELO, JOSE ́ MARI ́ A MELO, LEOPOLDO( MELO E CASTRO, MARTINHO DE MELO FRANCO, AFONSO ARINOS DE MELOFRANCO, AFRA ˆ NIODE( MELO NETO, JOA ̃ O CABRAL DE MELVILLE, THOMAS AND MAR-GARITA. MENCHU ́ TUM, RIGOBERTA MENDES, GILBERTO MENDES FILHO, FRANCISCO (‘‘CHICO’’) ALVES MENDES MACIEL, ANTO ˆ NIO VICENTE. ME ́ NDEZ BALLESTER, MANUEL ME ́ NDEZ FLEITAS, EPIFANIO ME ́ NDEZ MONTENEGRO, JULIO CE ́ SAR ME ́ NDEZ MONTENEGRO, MARIO ME ́ NDEZ PEREIRA, OCTAVIO MENDIBURU, MANUEL DE MENDIETA, SALVADOR MENDIETA YMONTEFUR, CARLOS MENDINUETAYMU ́ ZQUIZ, PEDRO DE MENDOZA. MENDOZA, ANTONIO DE MENDOZA, CARLOS ANTONIO MENDOZA, JAIME MENDOZA, PEDRO DE MENDOZA CAAMAN ̃ O Y SOTO-MAYOR, JOSE ́ ANTONIO DE MENDOZAY LUNA, JUANMANUEL DE MENEM, CARLOS SAU ́ L MENE ́ NDEZ DE AVILE ́ S, PEDRO MENININHA DO GANTOIS, MA ̃ E MENNONITES. MENNONITES IN LATIN AMERICA. MENOCAL, MARIO GARCI ́ A MERA, JUAN LEO ́ N MERCEDARIANS. MERCEDES. MERCOSUR. MERCURIO, EL. MERCURIO PERUANO. MERELLO, TITA MERENGUE. ME ́ RIDA. ME ́ RIDA, CARLOS MERINO CASTRO, JOSE ́ TORIBIO MESA, CARLOS MESADACONSCIE ˆ NCIAEORDENS. MESADA ECLESIA ́ STICA. MESCALA, ISLAND OF. MESILLA, LA. MESOAMERICA. MESSI ́ A DE LA CERDA, PEDRO DE MESSIANIC MOVEMENTS MESTA. MESTIZO. METHUEN, TREATY OF (1703). MEXICANLIBERALAGRARIANPOLI-CIES, NINETEENTH CENTURY. MEXICO MEXICO, CENTRALISM. MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT. MEXICO, GULF OF. MEXICO CITY. MEXICO CITYCONFERENCE(1945). MEXICO, CONSTITUTIONS MEXICO, CONSTITUTIONS: CONS-TITUTION OF 1824. MEXICO, CONSTITUTIONS: CONS-TITUTION OF 1857. MEXICO, CONSTITUTIONS: CONSTI-TUTION OF APATZINGA ́ N(1814). MEXICO, EXPULSION OF THE SPANIARDS. MEXICO, ORGANIZATIONS MEXICO, POLITICAL PARTIES MEXICO STATE. MEXICO,TRUTHCOMMISSIONS. MEXICO, WARS ANDREVOLUTIONS MEXICO, ZAPATISTA ARMY OF NATIONAL LIBERATION. MEYER COSI ́ O, LORENZO MICHELINA, SANTOS MICHELINI, ZELMAR MICHOACA ́ N. MIDDLE EASTERNERS. MIER NORIEGA Y GUERRA, JOSE ́ SERVANDO TERESA DE MIER Y TERA ́ N, MANUEL MIGNONE, FRANCISCO MIGRATION AND MIGRATIONS. MILITARY. MILITARY DICTATORSHIPS MILITARY ORDERS MILITARY QUESTION OF THE 1880S. MILITIAS MILLAS JIME ́ NEZ, JORGE MILLA Y VIDAURRE, JOSE ́ MILLENARIAN MOVEMENTS. MILONGA. MINA. MINAS GERAIS. MINAYLARREA, JAVIER( MINDLIN, JOSE ́ EPHIM MINEIROS. MINING MINISTER OF THE INDIES. MIN ̃ OSO, MINNIE MINTS. 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MONTOYA, JUAN PABLO MONTSERRAT. MONTT ́ A LVAREZ, JORGE MONTT TORRES, MANUEL MONTU ́ FAR, LORENZO MONTU ́ FAR MONTES DE OCA, LORENZO MONTU ́ FAR Y LARREA, JUAN PI ́ O DE MON Y VELARDE, JUAN ANTONIO MOOG, CLODOMIROVIANNA( MOQUEGUA. MORA, FERNANDO DE LA MORA, JOSE ́ MARI ́ A LUIS MORA FERNA ́ NDEZ, JUAN MORAIS, VINI ́ CIUS DE MORAIS BARROS, PRUDENTE JOSE ́ DE MORALES, AGUSTI ́ N MORALES, ARMANDO MORALES, BELTRA ́ N MORALES, EUSEBIO A. MORALES, EVO MORALES, FRANCISCO TOMA ́ S MORALES, MARIOROBERTO( MORALES, MELESIO MORALES BERMU ́ DEZ, REMI-GIO MORALES BERMU ́ DEZ CERRUTI, FRANCISCO MORALES CARRIO ́ N, ARTURO MORALES LEMUS, JOSE ́ MORA OTERO, JOSE ́ ANTONIO MORA PORRA ́ S, JUAN RAFAEL MORA VALVERDE, MANUEL MORAVIANCHURCH. MORAYDELRI ́ O, JOSE ́ MORAZA ́ N, FRANCISCO MORE ́ , BENY MOREAU DE JUSTO, ALICIA MOREIRA DA COSTA RIBEIRO, DELFIM MOREJO ́ N, NANCY MORELOS. 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Every one of the 5,700+ entries has been reviewed for currency of content and bibliography. An entirely new illustration program features over 100 full-color photographs in addition to hundreds in black-and-white. National statistics have been conveniently tabulated for every one of Latin America's 37 countries. New content addresses research on prehistoric environments and cultures, U.S. Haitian interventions, the consequences of NAFTA and increased Mexican immigration, the troubled aftermaths of Pinochet's Chile and Fujimori's Peru, truth and reconciliation commissions, and the still-contested legacy of the Mexico City massacre of 1968. New leaders like Brazil's Lula da Silva and Venezuela's Hugo Ch̀vez are profiled along with hundreds of other rising figures in politics, letters, and the arts. Newly commissioned master essays synthesize current knowledge on such major regional themes as Democracy in the Americas, Hemispheric Affairs, and the Hispanic Impact on the U.S. Includes full index and table of biographical subjects by profession. --publisher description