Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture Volume 1

This, the second edition of the Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, is a monumental work and represents the best of scholarship on Latin America. Based on the landmark first edition published in 1996, the second edition incorporates new material in substantial ways. It includes 568 new entries, expanding the total number of articles to 5824. One hundred and fifty-five articles have been replaced and 403 were substantially revised. More than 4,000 bibliographies were updated and 537 entries were partially revisedand had bibliographic updates. Of the 3322 biographies, 366 are new and the rest have been revised, replaced, or updated. Debuting in this edition are eight new ‘‘Mega Essays,’’ authored by renowned specialists and treating such important themes as ‘‘Democracy,’’ ‘‘Economic Development,’’ ‘‘Hispanics in the United States,’’ and ‘‘Race and Ethnicity’’ in articles of up to 10,000 words. This edition has been careful to include Spanish and Portuguese-language sources as much as possible, since the vast bulk of knowledge about the region is produced by Latin Americans themselves. It also includes many more LatinAmerican authors—about a quarter of the total new contributors—many of whom initially wrote their entries in their respective languages.Other new features are an extensive chronology that is useful in placing events, processes, and people into their appropriate temporal contexts; a thematic outline of subjects with a separate table of biographical subjects by profession; maps for all Latin American countries; a new and revitalized selection of photos and illustrations; and six full-color photo essays presented as an insert in each volume. Cover Page EDITORIAL BOARD TITLE PAGE - VOLUME 1 ISBN 0684312700 (set) -- 068431441X (vol. 1) IN MEMORIAM EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION STAFF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION USING THE ENCYCLOPEDIA LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS A ABADÍA MÉNDEZ, MIGUEL ABAD Y QUEIPO, MANUEL ABAJ TAKALIK. ABALOS, JOSÉDE. ABASCAL Y SOUZA, JOSÉ FERNANDO ABASOLO, MARIANO ABBAD Y LASIERRA, ÍÑIGO ABC COUNTRIES. ABENTE Y LAGO, VICTORINO( ABERTURA. ABIPÓN PEOPLE. ABOLITION OF SLAVERY. ABRANCHES, GIRALDO JOSÉDE. ABREU, DIEGO DE ABRIL, XAVIER ACÁCARAYÁCAVALRY. ACADEMIA DE LA LENGUA Y CULTURA GUARANÍ. ACADEMIA DE SAN CARLOS. ACADEMIA LITERARIA DE QUERÉTARO. ACADEMIAS. ACAPULCO. ACARAY RIVER. ACEVAL, BENJAMÍN ACEVEDO DÍAZ, EDUARDO INÉS ACEVEDO HERNÁNDEZ, ANTONIO ACHÁ, JOSÉMARÍA ACHÉ. ACONCAGUA. ACORDADA. ACORDADA, REVOLT OF. ACOSTA, CECILIO ACOSTA, JOSÉDE ACOSTA, TOMÁS ACOSTA GARCÍA, JULIO( ACOSTA LEÓN, ÁNGEL ACOSTA ÑU, BATTLE OF. ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS). ACRE. ACUERDO. ADAMS, GRANTLEY HERBERT ADAMS–ONÍS TREATY (1819). ADDITIONAL ACT OF 1834. ADELANTADO. ADELANTADO OF THE SOUTH SEA. ADEM CHAHÍN, JOSÉ ADEM CHAHÍN, JULIÁN ADMIRABLE CAMPAIGN. ADONIAS FILHO. AFRANCESADO. AFRICA, CUBAN INTERVENTION IN. AFRICA, PORTUGUESE. AFRICAN-BRAZILIAN CULTURAL AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS. AFRICAN–BRAZILIAN EMIGRATION TO AFRICA. AFRICAN BRAZILIANS, COLOR TERMINOLOGY. AFRICAN-LATIN AMERICAN RELA-TIONS. AFRICAN–LATIN AMERICAN RELI-GIONS AFRICANS IN HISPANIC AMERICA. AGACE INDIANS. AGIOTISTA. AGRAMONTE Y LOYNAZ, IGNACIO AGRARIAN REFORM. AGREGADO. AGRESTE. AGRICULTURE. AGUARDIENTE DE PISCO. AGUASCALIENTES, CONVENTION OF. AGUAYO, MARQUÉS DE AGUAYO, SERGIO AGÜERO ROCHA, FERNANDO( AGÜEYBANA II AGUIAR, ADONIAS AGUILAR, JERÓNIMO DE AGUILAR, MARTÍN DE AGUILAR, ROSARIO FIALLOS DE AGUILAR VARGAS, CÁNDIDO AGUILERA MALTA, DEMETRIO AGUIRRE, ATANASIO AGUIRRE, JUAN FRANCISCO DE AGUIRRE, JULIÁN AGUIRRE, LOPE DE AGUIRRE, NATANIEL AGUIRRE CERDA, PEDRO AGUIRRE Y SALINAS, OSMÍN AGUSTÍN, JOSÉ AGUSTINI, DELMIRA AHUIZOTE, EL. AIDS. AIZENBERG, ROBERTO ALAGOAS. ALAKALUF. ALAMÁN, LUCAS ALAMBERT, ZULEIKA ALAMO, BATTLEOF THE. ALARCÓN, MARTÍN DE ALASKA. ALBÁN, LAUREANO ALBERDI, JUAN BAUTISTA ALBERNI, PEDRO DE ALBERRO, FRANCISCO DE. ALBERTO, JOÃO ALBIZU CAMPOS, PEDRO ALBUQUERQUE. ALBUQUERQUE, ANTÔNIO FRANCISCO DE PAULA ALBUQUERQUE, MATIAS DE ALCABALAS. ALCALDE. ALCALDE MAYOR. ALCARAZ, JOSÉANTONIO ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES. ALCORIZA, LUIS ALCORTA, DIEGO ALDAMA Y GONZÁLEZ, IGNACIO DE ALDAMA Y GONZÁLEZ, JUAN DE ALDANA, JOSÉMARIA ALDEIAS. ALEGRE, FRANCISCO JAVIER ALEGRÍA, CIRO ALEGRÍA, CLARIBEL ALEGRÍA, FERNANDO ALEIJADINHO ALEM, LEANDRO N. ALEMÁN VALDÉS, MIGUEL ALENCAR, JOSÉ MARTINIANO DE ALESSANDRI PALMA, ARTURO( ALESSANDRI RODRÍGUEZ, JORGE ALEXANDER, EDWARD PORTER ALEXANDER VI, POPE ALEXIS, JACQUES STÉPHEN ALFARO, RICARDO JOAQUÍN ALFARO DELGADO, JOSÉELOY ALFARO SIQUEIROS, DAVID ALFONSÍN, RAÚL RICARDO( ALGARROBO. ALGUACIL MAYOR. ALHÓNDIGA. ALIANZA CÍVICA. ALLENDE, IGNACIO ALLENDE, ISABEL ALLENDE GOSSENS, SALVADOR ALLENDE-SARÓN, PEDRO HUM-BERTO ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS. ALMAFUERTE ALMAGRO, DIEGO DE ALMAZÁN, JUAN ANDRÉU ALMEIDA, JOSÉ AMÉRICO DE ALMEIDA, LUIS DE. ALMEIDA, MANUEL ANTÔNIO DE ALMEIDA JÚNIOR, JOSÉ FERRAZ DE ALMOJARIFAZGO. ALMONTE, JUAN NEPOMUCENO ALOMÍA ROBLES, DANIEL ALONSO, AMADO ALONSO, MANUEL A. ALONSO, MARIANO ROQUE ALONSO, RAÚL ALOU, FELIPE ROJAS ALPACA. ALSINA, ADOLFO ALSINA, VALENTÍN ALSOGARAY, ÁLVARO ALTAMIRANO, IGNACIO MANUEL ALTAR DE SACRIFICIOS. ALTEPETL. ALTIPLANO. ALTUN HA. ALURISTA ALVA IXTLILXOCHITL, FERNANDO ALVARADO, ANTONIO ALVARADO, LISANDRO ALVARADO, MARÍA JESÚS ALVARADO, SALVADOR ALVARADO TEZOZOMOC, DON HERNANDO ALVARADO XICOTENCATL, LEO-NOR ALVARADO Y MESÍA, PEDRO DE ÁLVAREZ, JUAN ALVAREZ, JULIA ÁLVAREZ, LUIS HÉCTOR ÁLVAREZ, MANUEL ÁLVAREZ ARMELLINO, GREGORIO CONRADO( ÁLVAREZBRAVO, LOLA ÁLVAREZ BRAVO, MANUEL ÁLVAREZ DE PINEDA, ALONSO ÁLVAREZ GARDEAZÁBAL, GUS-TAVO ALVAREZ MARTÍNEZ, GUSTAVO ÁLVAREZ PONCE DE LEÓN, GRI-SELDA ALVEAR, CARLOS MARÍA DE ALVEAR, MARCELOTORCUATODE ALVES, FRANCISCO ALVES BRANCO, MANUEL ALVES BRANCOTARIFF. ÁLZAGA, MARTÍN DE ALZATE Y RAMÍREZ, JOSÉANTO-NIO DE AMADO, JORGE AMADOR, MANUEL E. AMADOR GUERRERO, MANUEL AMAPÁ. AMAPALA, TREATIESOF(1895,1907). AMARAL, ANTÔNIO JOSÉAZE-VEDO DO AMARAL, TARSILA DO AMARANTH. AMAR Y BORBÓN, ANTONIO AMAT Y JUNIENT, MANUEL DE AMAUTA. AMAZONAS. AMAZON BASIN, ARCHAEOLOGY. AMAZON PACT (1978). AMAZON REGION. AMAZON RIVER. AMBROGI, ARTURO AMEGHINO, FLORENTINO AMÉLIA, EMPRESS AMENÁBAR, JUAN AMERICA. AMERICAN ATLANTIC AND PACI-FIC SHIP CANAL COMPANY. AMERICANOS. AMERICAN REVOLUTION, INFLU-ENCE OF. AMERICAS, THE. AMERICODEFIGUEREIDOEMELO, PEDRO AMÉZAGA, JUAN JOSÉDE AMORIM, ENRIQUE AMORIM, PEDRO AMPARO, WRIT OF. AMPÍES, JUAN DE AMPUDIA Y GRIMAREST, PEDRO DE AMUNÁTEGUI ALDUNATE, MIG-UEL LUIS ANÁHUAC. ANARCHISM ANDANARCHOSYNDI-CALISM. ANAYA, PEDRO MARÍA DE ANAYA, RUDOLFO ANCASH. ANCHIETA, JOSÉDE ANCHORENA, TOMÁSMANUELDE ANCÓN, TREATY OF (1883). ANDAGOYA, PASCUAL DE ANDEAN PACT. ANDERSON IMBERT, ENRIQUE ANDES. ANDRADA, ANTÔNIO CARLOS RIBEIRO DE AND MARTIM FRAN-CISCO RIBEIRO DE. ANDRADA, JOSÉBONIFÁCIO DE ANDRADE, CARLOS DRUMMOND DE ANDRADE, GOMES FREIRE DE ANDRADE, JORGE ANDRADE, MÁRIO DE ANDRADE, OLEGARIO VICTOR ANDRADE, OSWALD DE ANDRADE, ROBERTO ANDREONI, JOÃO ANTÔNIO ANDRESOTE. ANDREVE, GUILLERMO ANDUEZA PALACIO, RAIMUNDO ANGEL, ALBALUCÍA ÁNGELES, FELIPE ANGEL FALLS. ANGELIS, PEDRO DE ÂNGELO, IVAN ANGOLA. ANGOSTURA, CONGRESS OF. ANGUILLA. ANHANGUERA. ANÍSIO, CHICO. ANNALS OF THE CAKCHIQUELS. ANTARCTICA. ANTARCTIC FRANCE. ANTEQUERA. ANTEQUERA Y CASTRO, JOSÉDE ANTHROPOLOGY. ANTICLERICALISM. ANTIGUA. ANTIGUA (LA ANTIGUA GUATE-MALA). ANTILLES. ANTIOQUIA. ANTOFAGASTA. ANTONIL, ANDRÉJOÃO. ANTÔNIO CONSELHEIRO. ANTUÑANO, ESTEVAN DE ANTÚNEZ, NEMESIO ANZA, JUAN BAUTISTA DE ANZALDÚA, GLORIA ANZOÁTEGUI, JOSÉANTONIO APACHES. APALACHEE. APARICIO, LUIS APOLINAR APONTE-LEDÉE, RAFAEL APPLEYARD, JOSÉLUIS APRA/APRISMO. APURÍMAC. ARAB-LATIN AMERICAN RELA-TIONS. ARACAJU. ARADA, BATTLE OF. ARAGON. ARAGUAIA RIVER. ARAMAYO FAMILY. ARAMBURU, PEDRO EUGENIO ARANA, FELIPE DE ARANA, FRANCISCO J. ARANA, JULIO CÉSAR ARANA OSORIO, CARLOS ARANGO, DÉBORA ARANGO Y PARREÑO, FRANCISCO DE ARANHA, OSWALDO ARAU, ALFONSO ARAUCANA, LA. ARAUCANIANS. ARAUJO, ARTURO ARAUJO, JUAN DE ARAÚJO LIMA, MARQUIS OF OLIN-DA, PEDRO DE ARAWAKS. ARBENZ GUZMÁN, JACOBO ARBITRISTAS. ARBOLEDA, CARLOS ARBOLEDA, JULIO ARCE, ANICETO ARCE, MANUEL JOSÉ ARCE CASTAÑO, BAYARDO ARCHAEOASTRONOMY. ARCHAEOLOGY. ARCHILA, ANDRÉS ARCHITECTURE ARCINIEGA, CLAUDIO DE ARCINIEGAS, GERMÁN ARCOS, SANTIAGO ARDEN QUIN, CARMELO ARDÉVOL, JOSÉ ARENA. ARENALES, JUAN ANTONIO ÁLVA-REZ DE ARENAS, REINALDO ARENAS CONSPIRACY. AREQUIPA. ARÉVALO BERMEJO, JUAN JOSÉ ARÉVALO MARTÍNEZ, RAFAEL ARGENTINA AT L A N T I C OCEAN ARGENTINA, CIVIL CODE. ARGENTINA, COMMERCIALCODE. ARGENTINA, CONSTITUTIONS. ARGENTINA, FEDERALIST PACTS (1831, 1852). ARGENTINA, GEOGRAPHY. ARGENTINA, MOVEMENTS ARGENTINA, ORGANIZATIONS ARGENTINA, POLITICAL PARTIES ARGENTINA, TRUTH COMMIS-SIONS. ARGENTINA, UNIVERSITY REFORM. ARGENTINE CONFEDERATION. ARGUEDAS, ALCIDES ARGUEDAS, JOSÉMARÍA( ARGÜELLES, HUGO ARGÜELLO, LEONARDO ARGÜELLO, SANTIAGO ARGÜELLOMORA, MANUEL ARIAS, ARTURO ARIAS, DESIDERIO ARIASCALDERÓN, RICARDO( ARIAS DE ÁVILA, PEDRO. ARIAS DE SAAVEDRA, HERNANDO ARIAS MADRID, ARNULFO ARIAS MADRID, HARMODIO ARIAS SÁNCHEZ, OSCAR ARICA. ARIDJIS, HOMERO ARIEL. ARIELISMO. ARISMENDI, JUAN BAUTISTA ARISMENDI, RODNEY ARISTA, MARIANO ARISTIDE, JEAN-BERTRAND ARIZONA. ARLT, ROBERTO ARMADA DEL MAR DEL SUR. ARMED FORCES. ARMENDÁRIZ, JOSÉDE ARMENDÁRIZ, PEDRO ARMIJO, MANUEL ARNAZ, DESI ARNS, PAULO EVARISTO AROSEMENA, FLORENCIO HARMODIO AROSEMENA, JUAN DEMÓSTENES AROSEMENA, JUSTO AROSEMENA, PABLO AROSEMENA GÓMEZ, OTTO AROSEMENA MONROY, CARLOS JULIO AROSEMENA QUINZADA, ALBACÍADES ARRAES DE ALENCAR, MIGUEL ARRAU, CLAUDIO LEÓN ARREOLA, JUAN JOSÉ ARRIAGA, PONCIANO ARRIERO. ARRIETA, JOSÉAGUSTÍN ARRIETA, PEDRO DE ARRIVÍ, FRANCISCO ARRON, HENCK A. E. ARROYO ASENCIO. ARROYO DEL RÍO, CARLOS ALBERTO ARROYO GRANDE, BATTLE OF. ARRUFAT, ANTÓN ART ARTEAGA, ROSALÍA ARTIGAS. ARTIGAS, JOSÉ GERVASIO ARUBA. ARZÁNS ORSÚA Y VELA, BARTOLOMÉ ARZE, JOSÉANTONIO ASADO. ASCASUBI, HILARIO ASIANS IN LATIN AMERICA. ASIENTO. ASOCIACIÓN CRISTIANA FEMENINA (YWCA). ASOCIACIÓN DE MAYO. ASPERO. ASPÍLLAGA FAMILY. ASSEMBLY OF NOTABLES. ASSIS, JOAQUIM MARIA MACHADO DE. ASSUNÇĂO, LEILAH ASTRONOMY. ASTURIAS, MIGUEL ÁNGEL ASUAR, JOSÉVICENTE ASUNCIÓN. ASYLUM. ATACAMA DESERT. ATACAMES. ATAHUALPA ATAHUALPA(JUANSANTOS) ATAIDE, TRISTÃO DE. ATENEO DE LA JUVENTUD (ATHENAEUM OF YOUTH). ATENEO DEL URUGUAY. ATL, DR. ATLANTIC CHARTER. ATLANTIC ISLANDS, MIGRANTS FROM. ATUSPARIA REVOLT. AUCHMUTY, SAMUEL AUDIENCIA. AUDIENCIA DE LOS CONFINES. AUGUSTINIANS. AURY, LOUIS-MICHEL AUSTIN, MOSES AUSTIN, STEPHEN FULLER AUTO, AUTO SACRAMENTAL. AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY. AUTO RACING. AVALOS, PACT OF (1820). AVELLANEDA, NICOLÁS AVERÍA. AVIATION. ÁVILA, ALONSO DE ÁVILA, JULIO ENRIQUE ÁVILA, PEDRO ARIAS DE ÁVILA CAMACHO, MANUEL AVILÉS, GABRIEL AVIO. AXAYACATL AYACUCHO. AYACUCHO, BATTLE OF. AYACUCHO, MARSHALS OF. AYALA, ELIGIO AYALA, EUSEBIO AYALA, JOSÉDE LA CRUZ AYCINENA, JUAN FERMÍN DE AYCINENA, MARIANO DE AYCINENA, PEDRO DE AYCINENA PIÑOL, JUAN JOSÉDE AYLLU. AYLWINAZÓCAR, PATRICIO AYMARA. AYMARA (LANGUAGE). AYOLAS, JUAN DE AYORA CUEVA, ISIDRO AZAR, HÉCTOR AZARA, FÉLIX DE AZCAPOTZALCO. AZCÁRATE Y LEZAMA, JUAN FRANCISCO DE AZCÁRRAGA MILMO, EMILIO AZCONA HOYO, JOSÉSIMÓN AZCUÉNAGA, MIGUEL DE AZEVEDO, ALUÍSIO AZEVEDO, FERNANDO DE AZEVEDO, THALES DE AZORES. AZTEC CALENDAR STONE. AZTECS. AZTLÁN. AZUELA, MARIANO B BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY. BACA FLOR, CARLOS BACHARÉIS. BACHATA. BACHELET, MICHELLE BACHILLER Y MORALES, ANTONIO BACKUS AND JOHNSTON. BÁEZ, BUENAVENTURA BÁEZ, CECILIO BAHAMAS, COMMONWEALTH OF THE. ATLANTIC OCEAN BAHIA. BAHÍA. BAHÍA, ISLAS DE. BAHÍA BLANCA. BAIÃO. BAJA CALIFORNIA. BAJÍO. BAKER, LORENZO DOW BALAGUER, JOAQUÍN BALAIADA. BALBÁS, JERÓNIMO DE BALBÍN, RICARDO BALBOA, VASCONÚÑEZ DE BALBUENA, BERNARDO DE BALCARCE, MARIANO BALDOMIR, ALFREDO BALDORIOTY DE CASTRO, RAMÓN BALLAGAS Y CUBEÑAS, EMILIO BALLET FOLKLÓRICO DE MÉXICO. BALL GAME, PRE-COLUMBIAN. BALLIVIÁN, JOSÉ BALMACEDA FERNÁNDEZ, JOSÉ MANUEL( BALSAS RIVER. BALSEIRO, JOSÉ AGUSTÍN BALTA, JOSÉ BALTIMORE INCIDENT. BANANA INDUSTRY. BANANEROS. BANCO COMERCIAL Y AGRÍCOLA (ECUADOR). BANCO DE AVÍO. BANCO DE LA REPÚBLICA (COLOMBIA). BANCO DE LONDRES Y MÉXICO. BANCO DE MÉXICO. BANCO DE SAN CARLOS (POTOSÍ). BANCO DE SAN CARLOS (SPAIN). BANCO DO BRASIL. BANDA DE PÍFANOS. BANDA ORIENTAL. BANDEIRA, MANUEL CARNEIRO DE SOUZA BANDEIRAS. BANDITRY. BANKING BANK NATIONALIZATION. BANZER SUÁREZ, HUGO BAPTISTA, MARIANO BAQUEDANO, MANUEL BAQUERIZO MORENO, ALFREDO BAQUIANO. BAQUÍJANO Y CARRILLO DE CÓRDOBA, JOSÉ DE BARAGUA, PROTEST OF. BARALT, RAFAEL MARÍA BARBADOS. BARBERO, ANDRÉS BARBOSA, DOMINGOS CALDAS BARBOSA, FRANCISCO VILLELA BARBOSA DE OLIVEIRA, RUI BARBOSA-LIMA, CARLOS BARBOSA Y ALCALÁ, JOSÉ CELSO BARBUDA. BARCO VARGAS, VIRGILIO BAREIRO, CÁNDIDO BARILOCHE. BARING BROTHERS. BARNET, MIGUEL( BARNOLA, PEDRO PABLO BARRACAS. BARRADAS, FRANCISCA VÍVEROS. BARRADAS, RAFAEL BARRAGÁN MORFIN, LUIS BARRANCABERMEJA. BARRANCA YACO. BARRANQUILLA. BARREDA, GABINO BARREDA Y LAOS, FELIPE BARREIRO, ANTONIO BARRERA, ISAAC J. BARRERA BARERRA, EULALIA BE-ATRIZ BARRETO, PAULO. BARRETO DE MENEZES, TOBIAS JR. BARRETT, RAFAEL BARRIENTOS ORTUŃO, RENÉ BARRILLAS, MANUEL LISANDRO BARRIOS, AGUSTÍN BARRIOS, EDUARDO BARRIOS, GERARDO BARRIOS, GONZALO BARRIOS, JUSTO RUFINO BARRIOS DE CHAMORRO, VIO-LETA BARROS, ADHEMAR DE BARROS, JOÃODE BARROS ARANA, DIEGO BARROSO, ARY BARROSO, GUSTAVO DODT BARROW, ERROL WALTON BARRUNDIA, JOSÉ FRANCISCO BARRUNDIA, JUAN BASADRE, JORGE BASALDÚA, HECTOR BASEBALL. BASEL, TREATY OF (1795). BASES ORGÁNICAS. BASQUES IN LATIN AMERICA. BASSOLS, NARCISO BASSO MAGLIO, VICENTE BASTIDAS, RODRIGO DE BASURTO, LUIS BATÁN GRANDE. BATISTA, CÍCERO ROMÃO BATISTA Y ZALDÍVAR, FULGENCIO BATLLE, LORENZO BATLLE BERRES, LUIS CONRADO BATLLE Y ORDÓŃEZ, JOSÉ BATLLISMO. BATON ROUGE, BATTLE OF. BATRES JUARROS, LUIS BATRES MONTÚFAR, JOSÉ BAUXITE INDUSTRY. BAUZÁ, MARIO BAYLY LETTS, JAIME BAY OF PIGS INVASION. BAZAINE, FRANÇOIS ACHILLE BAZÁN, JUAN GREGORIO BEAGLE CHANNEL DISPUTE. BEALS, CARLETON BEANS. BEAR FLAG REVOLT. BECAN. BECERRA-SCHMIDT, GUSTAVO BECKMAN REVOLT. BEDOYA, ALFONSO BEDOYA DE MOLINA, DOLORES BEDOYA REYES, LUIS BEDREGAL DE CONITZER, YOLAN-DA BÉJAR, HÉCTOR BELALCÁZAR, SEBASTIÁNDE( BÉLANCE, RENÉ BELAÚNDE, VÍCTOR ANDRÉS BELAÚNDE TERRY, FERNANDO BELÉM. BELÉN, CATAMARCA. BELÉN CONSPIRACY. BELGIAN COLONIZATION COM-PANY. BELGRANO, MANUEL BELIZE. BELLEGARDE, LUIS DANTE` S BELLI, GIOCONDA BELLINATI, PAULO BELLO, ANDRÉS BELLY, FÉLIX BELMOPAN. BELO HORIZONTE. BELTRÁN, LOLA BELTRÁN, LUIS BELTRÁN, LUIS (SAINT) BELTRÁN, MANUELA BELTRÁN, PEDRO BELTRÁN, WASHINGTON BELZU, MANUEL ISIDORO BEMBERG, MARÍA LUISA BEMBERG, OTTO BENALCÁZAR, SEBASTIÁN DE. BENAVENTE, TORIBIO DE. BENAVIDES, ALONSO DE BENAVIDES, OSCAR RAIMUNDO BENEDETTI, MARIO BENEDICTINES. BENÍTEZ, GREGORIO BENÍTEZ, JAIME BENÍTEZ ZENTENO, RAÚL BENNETT, MARSHALL BENSON, NETTIE LEE BENT’S FORT. BERBEO, JUAN FRANCISCO BERENGUER, AMANDA BERESFORD, WILLIAM CARR BERGAŃO Y VILLEGAS, SIMÓN BERGES, JOSÉ BERMAN, SABINA BERMEJO, ILDEFONSO BERMEJO RIVER. BERMÚDEZ, JOSÉFRANCISCO BERMÚDEZ VARELA, ENRIQUE BERNAL JIMÉNEZ, MIGUEL BERNAL Y GARCÍA PIMENTEL, IGNACIO BERNARDES, ARTUR DA SILVA BERNI, ANTONIO BERRETA, TOMÁS BERRÍO, PEDRO JUSTO BERRO, CARLOS BERTONI, MOISÉS BERTRAND, FRANCISCO BERUTI, ANTONIO LUIS BERUTTI, ARTURO BETANCES Y ALACÁN, RAMÓN EMETERIO BETANCOURT, RÓMULO BETANCOURT CISNEROS, GASPAR BETANCUR CUARTAS, BELISARIO BETHANCOURT, PEDRO DE SAN JOSÉDE BETHLEHEMITES. BIANCO, JOSÉ BICALHO OSWALD, HENRIQUE CARLOS BIDLACK TREATY(TREATY OF NEW GRANADA, 1846). BIENAL DE SÃO PAULO. BIGAUD, WILSON BIGNONE, REYNALDO BIG STICK POLICY. BILAC, OLAVO BILBAO BARQUÍN, FRANCISCO BILLINGHURST, GUILLERMO ENRIQUE BIMINI. BINGHAM, HIRAM BÍO-BÍO RIVER . BIOY CASARES, ADOLFO( BIRD, VERE CORNWALL BISHOP, MAURICE BLACK CARIBS. BLACK LEGEND, THE. BLACK PEOPLES. BLAINE, JAMES GILLESPIE BLANCO, ANDRÉS ELOY BLANCO, JOSÉFÉLIX BLANCO, JUAN BLANCO ACEVEDO, EDUARDO BLANCO ENCALADA, MANUEL BLANCO FOMBONA, RUFINO BLANCO GALDÓS, HUGO BLANCO GALINDO, CARLOS BLANDENGUES. BLANES, JUAN MANUEL BLEST GANA, ALBERTO BLOQUEO DE 1902, EL. BLUE BOOK. BLUEFIELDS. BOAL, AUGUSTO BOBADILLA, FRANCISCODE(?– BOBO, ROSALVO BOCAIÚVA, QUINTINO BODEGA Y QUADRA, JUAN FRANCISCO DE LA BOERO, FELIPE BOFF, LEONARDO BOGGIANI, GUIDO( BOGOTÁ, SANTA FE DE. BOGOTÁ, SANTA FE DE: THE AUDIENCIA. BOGOTÁCONFERENCE (1948). BOGOTAZO. BÓIA-FRIA. BOISO–LANZA PACT (1973). BOLAÑO, ROBERTO BOLAÑOS, CÉSAR BOLAÑOS, LUIS DE BOLEADORAS. BOLERO. BOLÍVAR, SIMÓN BOLIVIA BOLIVIA, AGRARIAN REFORM. BOLIVIA, CONSTITUTIONS BOLIVIA, ORGANIZATIONS BOLIVIA, POLITICAL PARTIES BOLOGNESI, FRANCISCO BOLTON, HERBERT EUGENE BOMBAL, MARÍA LUISA BONAMPAK. BONAPARTE, JOSEPH BONFIM, NOSSO SENHOR DO. BONIFAZ ASCASUBI, NEPTALÍ BONIFAZ NUÑO, RUBÉN BONILLA, POLICARPO BONILLA CHIRINOS, MANUEL BONNET, STEDE BONNY, ANNE BONPLAND, AIMÉJACQUES BORAH, WOODROW( BORBA GATO, MANUEL DE BORDABERRY, JUANMARÍA( BORDERLANDS, THE. BORGE, TOMÁS BORGES, JACOBO( BORGES, JORGE LUIS BORGES DE MEDEIROS, ANTÔNIO AUGUSTO BORJA CEVALLOS, RODRIGO( BORJA Y ARAGÓN, FRANCISCO DE BORNO, JOSEPH LOUIS E. ANTOINE FRANÇOIS BORRERO Y CORTÁZAR, ANTONIO BOSCH GAVIÑO, JUAN BOSSA NOVA. BOSTON FRUIT COMPANY. BOTA DE POTRO. BOTERO, FERNANDO BOUCHARD, HIPÓLITO( BOULLOSA, CARMEN BOUNDARY DISPUTES BOURBON REFORMS. BOUTERSE, DESI BOVES, JOSÉTOMÁS BOX, PELHAM HORTON BOXER, CHARLES RALPH BOYACÁ, BATTLE OF. BOYER, JEAN-PIERRE BOZZO, LAURA BRACERO. BRADEN, SPRUILLE BRADEN COPPER COMPANY. BRAGANÇA, HOUSE OF. BRAMUGLIA, JUAN ATILIO BRAÑAS GUERRA, CÉSAR BRANDÃO, IGNÁCIO DE LOYOLA BRANNON DE SAMAYOA CHIN-CHILLA, CARMEN BRASÍLIA. BRÁS PEREIRA GOMES, WENCE-SLAU BRASSEUR DE BOURBOURG, CHARLES ÉTIENNE( BRATHWAITE, EDWARD KAMAU BRAVO, CLAUDIO BRAVO, LEONARDO BRAVO, MARIO BRAVO, NICOLÁS BRAY, ARTURO BRAZ, WENCESLAU. BRAZIL PACIFIC OCEAN ATLANTIC OCEAN ATLANTIC OCEAN BRAZIL, AMNESTY ACT (1979). BRAZIL, CIVIL CODE. BRAZIL, CONSTITUTIONS. BRAZIL, COUNCIL OF STATE. BRAZIL, ECONOMIC MIRACLE (1968– 1974). BRAZIL, ELECTORAL REFORM LEGISLATION. BRAZIL, THE EMPIRE (FIRST). BRAZIL, THE EMPIRE (SECOND). BRAZIL, GEOGRAPHY. BRAZILIAN ACADEMY OF LETTERS. BRAZILIAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCE (FEB). BRAZILIAN HIGHLANDS. BRAZIL, INDEPENDENCE MOVE-MENTS. BRAZIL, LIBERAL MOVEMENTS. BRAZIL, NATIONAL SECURITY DOC-TRINE. BRAZIL, NATIONAL SECURITY LAW. BRAZIL, NEW REPUBLIC. BRAZILNUT INDUSTRY. BRAZIL, ORGANIZATIONS BRAZIL, POLITICAL PARTIES BRAZIL, POPULIST REPUBLIC, 1945–1964. BRAZIL, THE REGENCY. BRAZIL, REVOLUTIONS BRAZILIAN TRUTH COMMISSION. BRAZIL, VICEROYS OF. BRAZILWOOD. BRECHERET, VÍTOR BRENNER, ANITA BRESSER PEREIRA, LUIZ CARLOS BRIERRE, JEAN-FERNAND BRIÓN, LUIS BRITISH HONDURAS. BRITISH IN ARGENTINA. BRITISH INVASIONS, RÍO DE LA PLATA. BRITISH–LATIN AMERICAN RELA-TIONS. BRIZOLA, LEONEL BRIZUELA, FRANCISCO BROQUA, ALFONSO BROTHERHOODS. BROUWER, LEO BROWN, WILLIAM BRULL, MARIANO BRUM, BALTASAR BRUNET, MARTA BRYAN-CHAMORRO TREATY (1914). BRYCE ECHENIQUE, ALFREDO BUARQUE, CHICO BUCARAM, ABDALÁ BUCARAM ELMHALIN, ASAAD( BUCARELI CONFERENCES. BUCARELI Y URSÚA, ANTONIO MARÍA BUCARELI Y URSÚA, FRANCISCO DE PAULA BUCCANEERS AND PRIVATEERS. BUDDHISM. BUENAVENTURA. BUENA VISTA, BATTLE OF. BUENA VISTA SOCIAL CLUB. BUENOS AIRES. BUENOS AIRES CONFERENCES. BULAS CUADRAGESIMALES. BULAS DE SANTA CRUZADA. BULLFIGHTING. BULNES, FRANCISCO BULNES PINTO, GONZALO BULNES PRIETO, MANUEL BUMBA-MEU-BOI. BUNAU-VARILLA, PHILIPPE JEAN BUNGE, ALEJANDRO BUNGE, AUGUSTO( BUNGE, CARLOS OCTAVIO BUÑUEL, LUIS BURGOS, JULIA DE BURGOS, LAWS OF. BURLEMARX, ROBERTO( BURNHAM, LINDEN FORBES SAMPSON BUSCH BECERRA, GERMÁN BUSTAMANTE, ANASTASIO BUSTAMANTE, CARLOS MARÍA DE BUSTAMANTE, WILLIAM ALEXANDER BUSTAMANTE Y GUERRA, JOSÉ BUSTAMANTE Y RIVERO, JOSÉLUIS BUSTOS, HERMENEGILDO BUSTOS, JUAN BAUTISTA BUTANTÃ INSTITUTE. BUTLER, SMEDLEY DARLINGTON Color Plates: ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT This new edition adds nearly 600 entirely new topics, replaces some 150 obsolete entries, and also provides substantial revisions to hundreds more. Every one of the 5,700+ entries has been reviewed for currency of content and bibliography. An entirely new illustration program features over 100 full-color photographs in addition to hundreds in black-and-white. National statistics have been conveniently tabulated for every one of Latin America's 37 countries. New content addresses research on prehistoric environments and cultures, U.S. Haitian interventions, the consequences of NAFTA and increased Mexican immigration, the troubled aftermaths of Pinochet's Chile and Fujimori's Peru, truth and reconciliation commissions, and the still-contested legacy of the Mexico City massacre of 1968. New leaders like Brazil's Lula da Silva and Venezuela's Hugo Ch̀vez are profiled along with hundreds of other rising figures in politics, letters, and the arts. Newly commissioned master essays synthesize current knowledge on such major regional themes as Democracy in the Americas, Hemispheric Affairs, and the Hispanic Impact on the U.S. Includes full index and table of biographical subjects by profession. --publisher description This new edition adds nearly 600 entirely new topics, replaces some 150 obsolete entries, and also provides substantial revisions to hundreds more. Every one of the 5,700+ entries has been reviewed for currency of content and bibliography. An entirely new illustration program features over 100 full-color photographs in addition to hundreds in black-and-white. National statistics have been conveniently tabulated for every one of Latin America's 37 countries. New content addresses research on prehistoric environments and cultures, U.S. Haitian interventions, the consequences of NAFTA and increased Mexican immigration, the troubled aftermaths of Pinochet's Chile and Fujimori's Peru, truth and reconciliation commissions, and the still-contested legacy of the Mexico City massacre of 1968. New leaders like Brazil's Lula da Silva and Venezuela's Hugo Chávez are profiled along with hundreds of other rising figures in politics, letters, and the arts. Newly commissioned master essays synthesize current knowledge on such major regional themes as Democracy in the Americas, Hemispheric Affairs, and the Hispanic Impact on the U.S. Includes full index and table of biographical subjects by profession.