Encyclopedia of global warming. 2, Energy resources - Organization of petroleum exporting countries

Publisher’s Note......Page 10 Contributors......Page 12 Abbreviations and Acronyms......Page 16 Common Units of Measure......Page 18 Volume 1......Page 24 Volume 2......Page 26 Volume 3......Page 28 Volume 1......Page 32 Volume 2......Page 34 Volume 3......Page 36 Chemistry and geochemistry......Page 40 Economics, industries, and products......Page 41 Environmentalism, conservation, and ecosystems......Page 42 Laws, treaties, and protocols......Page 43 Meteorology and atmospheric sciences......Page 44 Oceanography......Page 45 Organizations and agencies......Page 46 Popular culture and society......Page 47 Water resources......Page 48 Editor’s Introduction......Page 52 Volume 1: Abrupt climate change – Energy Policy Act of 1992 ......Page 4 Abrupt climate change......Page 54 Adiabatic processes......Page 56 Aerosols......Page 58 Radiative Forcing by Tropospheric Aerosol......Page 60 Agassiz, Louis......Page 62 Agenda 21......Page 64 A Defining Moment in History......Page 65 Agriculture and agricultural land......Page 66 Agroforestry......Page 69 Air conditioning and air-cooling technology......Page 70 Air pollution and pollutants: anthropogenic......Page 73 Sample Air Pollutants Regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency......Page 76 Air pollution and pollutants: natural......Page 77 Major Natural Air Pollutants......Page 78 Air pollution history......Page 81 Air quality standards and measurement......Page 84 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Criteria Pollutants......Page 86 Air travel......Page 88 Albedo feedback......Page 91 Alkalinity......Page 93 Alliance of Small Island States......Page 94 Amazon deforestation......Page 96 American Association for the Advancement of Science......Page 99 American Association of Petroleum Geologists Policy Statement......Page 100 American Astronomical Society......Page 101 American Enterprise Institute......Page 102 American Geophysical Union......Page 103 American Institute of Physics......Page 104 American Meteorological Society......Page 105 Amphibians......Page 106 Animal husbandry practices......Page 108 Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol......Page 110 Annex B Nations......Page 111 Antarctic Treaty......Page 112 The Antarctic Treaty......Page 113 Antarctica: threats and responses......Page 114 Map of Antarctica......Page 116 Anthropogenic climate change......Page 118 Global Anthropogenic GHG Emissions, 2004......Page 119 Anthropogeomorphology......Page 122 Aral Sea desiccation......Page 125 Arctic......Page 128 Map of the Arctic Circle......Page 130 Arctic peoples......Page 132 Arctic seafloor claims......Page 135 Arrhenius, Gustaf......Page 137 Arrhenius, Svante August......Page 139 Asia-Pacific Partnership......Page 141 Asthma......Page 143 Atlantic heat conveyor......Page 144 Atlantic multidecadal oscillation......Page 145 Atmosphere......Page 147 Atmospheric chemistry......Page 151 Global Sulfur Emissions by Source and Latitude......Page 154 Atmospheric dynamics......Page 155 Atmospheric structure and evolution......Page 159 Composition of Air and of Volcanic Gases......Page 160 Glacial and Interglacial Periods......Page 162 Map of Australia......Page 163 Automobile technology......Page 165 Average weather......Page 168 Axelrod, Daniel......Page 169 Map of Bangladesh......Page 171 Barrier islands......Page 174 Basel Convention......Page 175 Preamble to the Basel Convention......Page 177 Baseline emissions......Page 178 Bayesian method......Page 179 Benefits of climate policy......Page 181 Bennett, Hugh Hammond......Page 183 Berlin Mandate......Page 184 Berlin Mandate......Page 185 Biodiversity......Page 186 Bioethics......Page 189 Biofuels......Page 191 Biofuel Energy Balances......Page 192 Biotechnology......Page 193 Brazil......Page 197 Map of Brazil......Page 198 Brundtland Commission and Report......Page 199 Brundtland Report......Page 200 Budongo Forest Project......Page 201 Building decay......Page 203 Byrd-Hagel Resolution......Page 205 The Byrd-Hagel Resolution......Page 206 California......Page 208 Map of California......Page 209 Canada......Page 211 Map of Canada......Page 212 Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society......Page 213 Canaries in the coal mine......Page 214 Carbon cycle......Page 216 The Carbon Cycle......Page 217 Carbon dioxide......Page 219 U.S. Anthropogenic GHG Emissions, 2006......Page 220 Carbon dioxide equivalent......Page 221 Carbon dioxide fertilization......Page 222 Carbon footprint......Page 224 Global Annual Carbon Emissions by Sector, 2000......Page 225 Average Carbon Footprints Around the World......Page 226 Carbon 4 plants......Page 228 Carbon isotopes......Page 229 Carbon monoxide......Page 230 Carbon taxes......Page 232 Carbon 3 plants......Page 233 Carbonaceous aerosols......Page 234 Carson, Rachel......Page 236 “A Fable for Tomorrow”......Page 237 Catalytic converters......Page 238 Catastrophist-cornucopian debate......Page 239 Cato Institute......Page 240 Cement and concrete......Page 241 Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change......Page 243 Certified emissions reduction......Page 245 Charcoal......Page 246 Pyrolysis, Charcoal, and Climate Change......Page 247 Chemical industry......Page 248 China, People’s Republic of......Page 252 Map of China......Page 253 Chlorofluorocarbons and related compounds......Page 256 Cities for Climate Protection......Page 258 The Five Milestones......Page 259 Civilization and the environment......Page 261 Clathrates......Page 264 Clean Air Acts, U.S.......Page 265 Time Line of U.S. Clean Air Acts......Page 266 Clean development mechanism......Page 268 Clean energy......Page 271 Climate and the climate system......Page 273 Climate change......Page 275 Climate Change Science Program, U.S.......Page 278 Climate engineering......Page 279 Climate feedback......Page 281 Climate lag......Page 284 Climate models and modeling......Page 285 Climate prediction and projection......Page 287 Climate Project......Page 290 Sources of Climate Reconstruction Data......Page 292 Climate sensitivity......Page 293 Climate variability......Page 295 Climate zones......Page 297 Climatology......Page 299 Clouds and cloud feedback......Page 300 Types of Clouds......Page 301 Coal......Page 303 Coal Consumption Increase During the Industrial Revolution......Page 304 Coastal impacts of global climate change......Page 306 Coastline changes......Page 308 Collapse......Page 310 The Metaphor of Easter Island......Page 311 Colorado River transformation......Page 312 Competitive Enterprise Institute......Page 314 Composting......Page 315 Conservation and preservation......Page 317 Conservatism......Page 320 Major Conservative Think Tanks and Climatological Organizations......Page 321 Conspiracy theories......Page 322 Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research......Page 324 Continental climate......Page 326 Contrails......Page 328 Convention on Biological Diversity......Page 330 Objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity......Page 331 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species......Page 332 Species Protected by the CITES......Page 333 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution......Page 334 Fundamental Principles of the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution......Page 336 Cooler Heads Coalition......Page 337 Coriolis effect......Page 338 Cosmic rays......Page 339 Cryosphere......Page 340 Damages: market and nonmarket......Page 343 Dating methods......Page 344 Day After Tomorrow, The......Page 346 Deforestation......Page 348 Deglaciation......Page 350 Desalination of seawater......Page 352 Desertification......Page 355 Desertification of Africa......Page 357 Deserts......Page 358 Deserts and Climate Change......Page 359 Dew point......Page 360 Diatoms......Page 361 Diseases......Page 363 Displaced persons and refugees......Page 367 Dolphins and porpoises......Page 369 Downscaling......Page 371 Drought......Page 372 A Time Line of Historic Droughts......Page 373 Dust storms......Page 376 Earth history......Page 378 Earth’s Orbit Around the Sun......Page 382 Earth structure and development......Page 384 Earth’s Interior......Page 385 Earth Summits......Page 386 Earthquakes......Page 389 Easter Island......Page 391 Eastern Europe......Page 393 Ranking Eastern European Corruption......Page 394 Ecocentrism vs. technocentrism......Page 396 Ecological impact of global climate change......Page 398 Economics of global climate change......Page 401 Economics of Climate Change Mitigation......Page 402 Ecosystems......Page 405 Ecoterrorism......Page 409 Time Line of Ecoterror Incidents......Page 410 Education about global climate change......Page 411 8.2ka event......Page 415 Ekman transport and pumping......Page 416 El Niño-Southern Oscillation......Page 418 1998 El Niño Development: Humidity Anomaly Measured by UARS-MLS at 10-12 Kilometers......Page 419 Elton, Charles Sutherland......Page 421 Emiliani, Cesare......Page 423 Emission scenario......Page 424 Emissions standards......Page 425 Employment......Page 427 Endangered and threatened species......Page 431 Energy efficiency......Page 435 Energy from waste......Page 436 Energy Policy Act of 1992......Page 439 Title XVI: Global Climate Change......Page 440 Volume 2: Energy Resources – Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ......Page 444 Energy resources......Page 486 Engineers Australia......Page 489 Environmental economics......Page 490 Environmental law......Page 493 Environmental movement......Page 495 Estuaries......Page 498 Ethanol......Page 500 Europe and the European Union......Page 502 Evapotranspiration......Page 506 Extinctions and mass extinctions......Page 508 The Big Five Mass Extinction Events......Page 510 Extreme weather events......Page 511 Years of Greatest Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE)......Page 512 Faculae......Page 514 Falsifiability rule......Page 515 Famine......Page 517 Fire......Page 520 Fishing industry, fisheries, and fish farming......Page 522 Top Ten Inland Fishing Nations......Page 523 Flood barriers, movable......Page 525 Floods and flooding......Page 527 Florida......Page 529 Fog......Page 532 The FAO Mandate......Page 533 Forcing mechanisms......Page 535 Forestry and forest management......Page 537 Forests......Page 539 Fossil fuel emissions......Page 542 Annual Global CO2 Emissions from Burning Fossil Fuels......Page 543 Fossil fuel reserves......Page 544 World Proved Fossil Fuel Reserves, 2003......Page 545 Fossil fuels......Page 546 France......Page 548 Fraser Institute......Page 550 Freshwater......Page 551 Friends of Science Society......Page 553 Friends of the Earth......Page 554 Fronts......Page 556 Fuels, alternative......Page 558 Gaia hypothesis......Page 562 Gasoline prices......Page 563 Average U.S. Midgrade Gasoline Prices, 1995-2008......Page 564 General circulation models......Page 566 Geographical information systems......Page 567 Geoid......Page 569 Geological Society of America......Page 571 George C. Marshall Institute......Page 572 Geothermal energy......Page 573 Germany......Page 576 Glacial Lake Agassiz......Page 578 Glaciations......Page 580 Glaciers......Page 582 Glaciation Time Line......Page 585 Glacken, Clarence J.......Page 586 Global climate......Page 588 Global Climate Coalition......Page 592 Global dimming......Page 593 Global economy......Page 595 Global energy balance......Page 598 Global Environment Facility......Page 599 Global monitoring......Page 601 Deviations in Mean Global Surface Temperature......Page 605 Global Warming Potentials of Major Greenhouse Gases......Page 606 Gore, Al......Page 607 Things Fall Apart......Page 608 Greenhouse effect......Page 609 Greenhouse Gas Protocol......Page 610 Greenhouse gases......Page 611 Greenhouse Effect......Page 612 Greening Earth Society......Page 615 Greenland ice cap......Page 616 Greenpeace......Page 619 Ground ice......Page 621 Groundwater......Page 622 Groundwater Movement: Influent and Effluent Streams......Page 623 Group of 77 and China......Page 624 Gulf Stream......Page 626 Gyres......Page 628 Earth’s Major Gyres......Page 629 Hadley circulation......Page 631 Halocarbons......Page 632 Halons......Page 634 Global Deaths Due to Climate-Related Disasters, 1900-1999......Page 636 Heartland Institute......Page 639 Heat content......Page 640 Heat vs. temperature......Page 641 Heritage Foundation......Page 642 Heterotrophic respiration......Page 643 High global warming potential......Page 644 High Park Group......Page 645 Hockey stick graph......Page 646 Holocene climate......Page 649 Holocene Climate Time Line......Page 650 Hubbert’s peak......Page 652 Human behavior change......Page 655 Human migration......Page 657 Humidity......Page 659 Hybrid automobiles......Page 661 Hydroelectricity......Page 663 Hydrogen power......Page 666 Hydrologic cycle......Page 668 Hydrosphere......Page 670 Ice cores......Page 673 Ice-out studies......Page 675 Ice shelves......Page 676 Inconvenient Truth, An......Page 678 India......Page 681 Industrial ecology......Page 684 Industrial emission controls......Page 686 Industrial greenhouse emissions......Page 689 Contribution of Anthropogenic GHG Emissions to Earth’s Greenhouse Effect......Page 690 Industrial Revolution......Page 692 Information Council on the Environment......Page 695 Institute for Trade, Standards, and Sustainable Development......Page 696 Intergenerational equity......Page 697 Interglacials......Page 698 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change......Page 699 Intergovernmental Panel on Forests......Page 704 International agreements and cooperation......Page 705 GHG and CO2 Emissions, by Nation......Page 706 International Atomic Energy Agency......Page 707 International Council for Science......Page 709 International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme......Page 710 International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change......Page 712 International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis......Page 714 International Policy Network......Page 715 International Union for Conservation of Nature......Page 716 International waters......Page 717 Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone......Page 719 Invasive exotic species......Page 721 Iran......Page 724 Islands......Page 726 Isostasy......Page 728 Italy......Page 730 Japan......Page 733 Jet stream......Page 737 Journalism and journalistic ethics......Page 739 Kilimanjaro......Page 741 Kyoto lands......Page 743 Kyoto mechanisms......Page 745 Kyoto Protocol......Page 748 Emissions Trading......Page 750 Lamb, Hubert Horace......Page 754 Land use and reclamation......Page 755 La Niña......Page 758 Latent heat flux......Page 760 Levees......Page 761 Level of scientific understanding......Page 763 Liberalism......Page 765 Locke on Property......Page 766 Libertarianism......Page 767 Major Libertarian Think Tanks and Climatological Organizations......Page 768 Lichens......Page 770 Limits to Growth, The......Page 771 Ecological Footprint......Page 772 Lithosphere......Page 773 Little Ice Age......Page 775 Louisiana coast......Page 778 Maldives......Page 781 Malthus, Thomas Robert......Page 783 Manabe, Syukuro......Page 785 Mangroves......Page 786 Marginal seas......Page 788 Maritime climate......Page 789 Marsh, George Perkins......Page 790 Mass balance......Page 792 Mauna Loa Record......Page 793 Mean sea level......Page 794 Media......Page 795 Medieval Warm Period......Page 799 Mediterranean climate......Page 801 Mediterranean Sea......Page 802 Megacities......Page 804 Meridional overturning circulation......Page 806 Mesosphere......Page 808 Meteorology......Page 809 Methane......Page 811 Global Methane Emissions by Sector, 2000......Page 813 Mexico......Page 814 Microwave sounding units......Page 817 Middle East......Page 819 Milankovic, Milutin......Page 822 Military implications of global warming......Page 824 Minerals and mining......Page 828 Modes of climate variability......Page 830 Mold spores......Page 832 Monsoons......Page 834 Montreal Protocol......Page 836 Preamble to the Montreal Protocol......Page 838 Motor vehicles......Page 840 Mount Pinatubo......Page 842 National Center for Policy Analysis......Page 845 National Research Council......Page 847 Natural Resources Stewardship Project......Page 848 Netherlands......Page 849 New Orleans......Page 851 Nitrogen cycle......Page 853 Nitrous oxide......Page 856 Global Nitrous Oxide Emissions by Sector, 2000......Page 857 Noctilucent clouds......Page 858 Nongovernmental organizations......Page 860 Nonlinear processes......Page 862 North Atlantic Oscillation......Page 863 North Korea......Page 865 Northwest Passage......Page 867 Nuclear energy......Page 869 Nuclear winter......Page 873 Ocean acidification......Page 875 Ocean-atmosphere coupling......Page 876 Ocean dynamics......Page 878 Ocean life......Page 881 Offsetting......Page 884 Oil industry......Page 886 Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine......Page 891 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries......Page 893 Volume 3: Oxygen, atmospheric – Younger Dryas ......Page 898 Oxygen, atmospheric......Page 940 Ozone......Page 942 Paleoclimates and paleoclimate change......Page 946 Particulates......Page 949 Peer review......Page 950 Penguins......Page 952 Perfluorocarbons......Page 953 Permafrost......Page 954 Pesticides and pest management......Page 955 Petroleum hydrocarbons in the ocean......Page 957 pH......Page 959 The pH Scale......Page 960 Phosphorus cycle......Page 961 Photosynthesis......Page 963 Pinchot, Gifford......Page 966 Planetary atmospheres and evolution......Page 967 Planetary Atmospheres: Comparative Data......Page 969 Plankton......Page 971 Plate tectonics......Page 972 Earth’s Tectonic Plates and Mid-Ocean Ridges......Page 973 Pleistocene climate......Page 975 Poland......Page 978 Polar bears......Page 981 Polar climate......Page 983 Polar stratospheric clouds......Page 985 Polar vortex......Page 986 Pollen analysis......Page 987 Polluter pays principle......Page 989 Popular culture......Page 990 Population growth......Page 993 World and Urban Population Growth, 1950-2020......Page 994 Portfolio analysis......Page 996 Poverty......Page 997 Precautionary approach......Page 999 Preindustrial society......Page 1000 Pseudoscience and junk science......Page 1002 Radiative forcing......Page 1006 Rainfall patterns......Page 1007 Ramsar Convention......Page 1009 The List of Wetlands of International Importance......Page 1010 Reason Public Policy Institute......Page 1011 Reefs......Page 1012 Parts of a Reef......Page 1013 Regional, local, and microclimates......Page 1015 Religious Right......Page 1018 Renewable energy......Page 1020 Reservoirs, pools, and stocks......Page 1022 Residence time......Page 1023 Response time......Page 1024 Revelle, Roger......Page 1026 Rowland, F. Sherwood......Page 1027 Rural air quality......Page 1028 Costs of Rural and Urban Air Quality Degradation by Motor Vehicles, 2000......Page 1029 Russian Federation......Page 1030 Sahara Desert......Page 1035 Sahel drought......Page 1036 Saltwater intrusion......Page 1038 Saudi Arabia......Page 1041 “Foreword to Historical Geography”......Page 1045 Schumacher, E. F.......Page 1046 Solving the Problem of Production......Page 1047 Science and Public Policy Institute......Page 1048 Scientific Alliance......Page 1049 Scientific credentials......Page 1050 Scientific proof......Page 1052 Sea ice......Page 1053 Sea-level change......Page 1055 Trend of Sea Level Change (1993-2008)......Page 1056 Estimated Global Mean Sea-Level Rise, 1870-2008......Page 1057 Sea sediments......Page 1058 Sea surface temperatures......Page 1059 Deviations in Mean Global Sea Surface Temperature......Page 1060 Seasonal changes......Page 1061 Rainfall Patterns in Tauranga, New Zealand, 1898-2008......Page 1062 Second Assessment Report......Page 1063 Security......Page 1064 Sequestration......Page 1067 U.S. GHG Sequestration, 1990-2007......Page 1068 Siberian river diversion proposal......Page 1069 Proposed Siberian River Diversion Route......Page 1070 Sierra Club......Page 1071 Sinks......Page 1073 Skeptics......Page 1074 Skin cancer......Page 1076 Slab-ocean model......Page 1078 Soil erosion......Page 1080 Solar cycle......Page 1082 Solar energy......Page 1084 SourceWatch......Page 1085 South Africa......Page 1087 South Korea......Page 1089 Speculative fiction......Page 1091 Stockholm Declaration......Page 1093 Storm surges......Page 1096 Stratigraphy Commission of the Geological Society of London......Page 1098 Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice......Page 1100 Sulfate aerosols......Page 1101 Sulfur cycle......Page 1103 Sulfur hexafluoride......Page 1104 Sun......Page 1105 Facts About the Sun......Page 1106 Sun protection......Page 1107 Sunspots......Page 1109 Sustainable development......Page 1111 Global GHG Emissions by Sector, 2000......Page 1113 Technological change......Page 1115 Thermocline......Page 1117 Thermohaline circulation......Page 1118 Thermosphere......Page 1120 Thoreau, Henry David......Page 1122 Generosity at the Roots......Page 1123 Thunderstorms......Page 1124 Tidal power......Page 1126 Enhanced Fujita Tornado Intensity Scale......Page 1128 Major GHGs......Page 1130 Transportation......Page 1132 Tree-planting programs......Page 1133 Tree rings......Page 1136 Tropical climate......Page 1137 Tropical storms......Page 1139 Anatomy of a Hurricane......Page 1140 Storm Classifications......Page 1141 Troposphere......Page 1142 The Troposphere at a Glance......Page 1143 Tsunamis......Page 1144 Tundra......Page 1146 Tuvalu......Page 1148 V ......Page 1150 Ultraviolet radiation......Page 1152 Union of Concerned Scientists......Page 1154 United Kingdom......Page 1156 United Nations Climate Change Conference......Page 1159 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development......Page 1161 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment......Page 1164 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea......Page 1165 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification......Page 1168 United Nations Division for Sustainable Development......Page 1170 United Nations Environment Programme......Page 1171 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change......Page 1173 Principles of the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change......Page 1175 United States......Page 1176 U.S. GHG Emissions by Sector, 2004......Page 1177 U.S. GHG Emissions, 1990-2007......Page 1178 Urban heat island......Page 1179 U.S. and European politics......Page 1181 U.S. Climate Action Report, 2002......Page 1183 U.S. energy policy......Page 1185 U.S. legislation......Page 1189 Enacted U.S. Legislation Relating Directly to Climate Change......Page 1190 Proposed U.S. Legislation Relating Directly to Climate Change......Page 1191 Venice......Page 1194 Volatile organic compounds......Page 1196 U.S. VOC Emissions by Source Sector......Page 1197 Volcanoes......Page 1198 Walker, Gilbert......Page 1201 Walker circulation......Page 1202 Water quality......Page 1203 Water resources, North American......Page 1207 Water rights......Page 1210 Water vapor......Page 1212 Wave power......Page 1214 Weather forecasting......Page 1215 Weather vs. climate......Page 1217 Top Weather, Water, and Climate Events of the Twentieth Century......Page 1218 Wegener, Alfred......Page 1220 Western Fuels Association......Page 1222 Wetlands......Page 1223 WGII LESS scenarios......Page 1225 Whales......Page 1227 Wind power......Page 1228 World Bank......Page 1230 World Health Organization......Page 1233 World Heritage Sites......Page 1234 World Heritage Site Distribution......Page 1235 World Meteorological Organization......Page 1236 World Trade Organization......Page 1237 Younger Dryas......Page 1238 Appendixes......Page 1240 Biographical Dictionary of Key Figures in Global Warming......Page 1242 FICTION......Page 1251 FILMS......Page 1259 Time Line......Page 1269 Glossary......Page 1278 General Studies and Reference Works......Page 1294 Astronomy and Astronomical Influenceson Climate......Page 1295 Cultural Studies of Climate and Environmental Change......Page 1296 Ecology and Environmental Science......Page 1297 Energy Resources, Policy, and Technology......Page 1299 International Law and Agreements......Page 1300 Modeling......Page 1302 Paleoclimatology and Climate History......Page 1303 Political Studies and Critiques......Page 1304 Public Policy Studies and Recommendations......Page 1305 Regional and National Studies......Page 1307 Research and Scientific Reports on Climate Change......Page 1308 Weather and Meteorology......Page 1310 Web Sites......Page 1312 A ......Page 1318 B......Page 1320 C ......Page 1321 D ......Page 1325 E ......Page 1326 F ......Page 1328 G ......Page 1329 H ......Page 1331 I ......Page 1332 K ......Page 1334 L ......Page 1335 M ......Page 1336 N ......Page 1337 O ......Page 1339 P ......Page 1340 R ......Page 1342 S ......Page 1343 T ......Page 1346 U ......Page 1347 V ......Page 1348 W ......Page 1349 Z ......Page 1350 Publisher’s Note 10 Contributors 12 Abbreviations and Acronyms 16 Common Units of Measure 18 List of Tables, Maps, and Sidebars 24 Volume 1 24 Volume 2 26 Volume 3 28 Complete Table of Contents 32 Volume 1 32 Volume 2 34 Volume 3 36 Categorized List of Contents 40 Animals 40 Arctic and Antarctic 40 Astronomy 40 Chemistry and geochemistry 40 Climatic events and epochs 41 Conferences and meetings 41 Cryology and glaciology 41 Diseases and health effects 41 Economics, industries, and products 41 Energy 42 Environmentalism, conservation, and ecosystems 42 Ethics, human rights, and social justice 43 Fossil fuels 43 Geology and geography 43 Laws, treaties, and protocols 43 Meteorology and atmospheric sciences 44 Nations and peoples 45 Oceanography 45 Organizations and agencies 46 Physics and geophysics 47 Plants and vegetation 47 Pollution and waste 47 Popular culture and society 47 Science and technology 48 Transportation 48 Water resources 48 Editor’s Introduction 52 Volume 1: Abrupt climate change – Energy Policy Act of 1992 4 A 54 Abrupt climate change 54 Adiabatic processes 56 Advancement of Sound Science Center 58 Aerosols 58 Radiative Forcing by Tropospheric Aerosol 60 Agassiz, Louis 62 Agenda 21 64 A Defining Moment in History 65 Agriculture and agricultural land 66 Agroforestry 69 Air conditioning and air-cooling technology 70 Air pollution and pollutants: anthropogenic 73 Sample Air Pollutants Regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 76 Air pollution and pollutants: natural 77 Major Natural Air Pollutants 78 Air pollution history 81 Air quality standards and measurement 84 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Criteria Pollutants 86 Air travel 88 Albedo feedback 91 Alkalinity 93 Alleroed oscillation 94 Alliance of Small Island States 94 Amazon deforestation 96 American Association for the Advancement of Science 99 American Association of Petroleum Geologists 100 American Association of Petroleum Geologists Policy Statement 100 American Astronomical Society 101 American Chemical Society 102 American Enterprise Institute 102 American Geophysical Union 103 “Human Impacts on Climate Change” 104 American Institute of Physics 104 American Meteorological Society 105 American Physical Society 106 Amphibians 106 Animal husbandry practices 108 Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol 110 Annex B Nations 111 Antarctic Treaty 112 The Antarctic Treaty 113 Antarctica: threats and responses 114 Map of Antarctica 116 Anthropogenic climate change 118 Global Anthropogenic GHG Emissions, 2004 119 Anthropogeomorphology 122 Aral Sea desiccation 125 Arctic 128 Map of the Arctic Circle 130 Arctic peoples 132 Arctic seafloor claims 135 Arrhenius, Gustaf 137 Arrhenius, Svante August 139 Asia-Pacific Partnership 141 Asthma 143 Atlantic heat conveyor 144 Atlantic multidecadal oscillation 145 Atmosphere 147 Atmospheric boundary layer 151 Atmospheric chemistry 151 Global Sulfur Emissions by Source and Latitude 154 Atmospheric dynamics 155 Atmospheric structure and evolution 159 Solar Abundances of the Elements 160 Composition of Air and of Volcanic Gases 160 Glacial and Interglacial Periods 162 Australia 163 Map of Australia 163 Automobile technology 165 Average weather 168 Axelrod, Daniel 169 B 171 Bangladesh 171 Map of Bangladesh 171 Barrier islands 174 Basel Convention 175 Preamble to the Basel Convention 177 Baseline emissions 178 Bayesian method 179 Benefits of climate policy 181 Bennett, Hugh Hammond 183 Berlin Mandate 184 Berlin Mandate 185 Biodiversity 186 Bioethics 189 Biofuels 191 Biofuel Energy Balances 192 Biotechnology 193 Bowen’s ratio 197 Brazil 197 Map of Brazil 198 Brundtland Commission and Report 199 Brundtland Report 200 Budongo Forest Project 201 Building decay 203 Byrd-Hagel Resolution 205 The Byrd-Hagel Resolution 206 C 208 California 208 Map of California 209 Canada 211 Map of Canada 212 Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society 213 Canaries in the coal mine 214 Carbon cycle 216 The Carbon Cycle 217 Carbon dioxide 219 U.S. Anthropogenic GHG Emissions, 2006 220 Carbon dioxide equivalent 221 Carbon dioxide fertilization 222 Carbon equivalent 224 Carbon footprint 224 Global Annual Carbon Emissions by Sector, 2000 225 Average Carbon Footprints Around the World 226 Carbon 4 plants 228 Carbon isotopes 229 Carbon monoxide 230 Carbon taxes 232 Carbon 3 plants 233 Carbonaceous aerosols 234 Carson, Rachel 236 “A Fable for Tomorrow” 237 Catalytic converters 238 Catastrophist-cornucopian debate 239 Cato Institute 240 What to Do About Climate Change 241 Cement and concrete 241 Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change 243 Certified emissions reduction 245 Charcoal 246 Pyrolysis, Charcoal, and Climate Change 247 Chemical industry 248 China, People’s Republic of 252 Map of China 253 Chlorofluorocarbons and related compounds 256 Cities for Climate Protection 258 The Five Milestones 259 Civilization and the environment 261 Clathrates 264 Clean Air Acts, U.S. 265 Time Line of U.S. Clean Air Acts 266 Clean development mechanism 268 Clean energy 271 Climate and the climate system 273 Climate change 275 Climate Change Science Program, U.S. 278 Climate engineering 279 Climate feedback 281 Climate lag 284 Climate models and modeling 285 Climate prediction and projection 287 Climate Project 290 Climate reconstruction 292 Sources of Climate Reconstruction Data 292 Climate sensitivity 293 Climate variability 295 Climate zones 297 Climatology 299 Clouds and cloud feedback 300 Types of Clouds 301 Coal 303 Coal Consumption Increase During the Industrial Revolution 304 Coastal impacts of global climate change 306 Coastline changes 308 Collapse 310 The Metaphor of Easter Island 311 Colorado River transformation 312 Competitive Enterprise Institute 314 Composting 315 Conservation and preservation 317 Conservatism 320 Major Conservative Think Tanks and Climatological Organizations 321 Conspiracy theories 322 Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research 324 Continental climate 326 Contrails 328 Convention on Biological Diversity 330 Objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity 331 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species 332 Species Protected by the CITES 333 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution 334 Fundamental Principles of the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution 336 Cooler Heads Coalition 337 Coriolis effect 338 Cosmic rays 339 Cryosphere 340 D 343 Damages: market and nonmarket 343 Dating methods 344 Day After Tomorrow, The 346 Deforestation 348 Deglaciation 350 Desalination of seawater 352 Desertification 355 Desertification of Africa 357 Deserts 358 Deserts and Climate Change 359 Dew point 360 Diatoms 361 Diseases 363 Displaced persons and refugees 367 Dolphins and porpoises 369 Downscaling 371 Drought 372 A Time Line of Historic Droughts 373 Dust storms 376 E 378 Earth history 378 Earth motions 382 Earth’s Orbit Around the Sun 382 Earth structure and development 384 Earth’s Interior 385 Earth Summits 386 Earthquakes 389 Easter Island 391 Eastern Europe 393 Ranking Eastern European Corruption 394 Ecocentrism vs. technocentrism 396 Ecological impact of global climate change 398 Economics of global climate change 401 Economics of Climate Change Mitigation 402 Ecosystems 405 Ecotaxation 409 Ecoterrorism 409 Time Line of Ecoterror Incidents 410 Types of Ecoterrorism 411 Education about global climate change 411 8.2ka event 415 Ekman transport and pumping 416 El Niño-Southern Oscillation 418 1998 El Niño Development: Humidity Anomaly Measured by UARS-MLS at 10-12 Kilometers 419 Elton, Charles Sutherland 421 Emiliani, Cesare 423 Emission scenario 424 Emissions standards 425 Employment 427 Endangered and threatened species 431 Energy efficiency 435 Energy from waste 436 Energy Policy Act of 1992 439 Title XVI: Global Climate Change 440 Volume 2: Energy Resources – Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 444 E, continued 486 Energy resources 486 Engineers Australia 489 Enhanced greenhouse effect 490 Environmental economics 490 Environmental law 493 Environmental movement 495 Estuaries 498 Ethanol 500 Europe and the European Union 502 Evapotranspiration 506 Extinctions and mass extinctions 508 The Big Five Mass Extinction Events 510 Extreme weather events 511 Years of Greatest Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) 512 F 514 Faculae 514 Falsifiability rule 515 Famine 517 Fire 520 Fishing industry, fisheries, and fish farming 522 Top Ten Inland Fishing Nations 523 Flood barriers, movable 525 Floods and flooding 527 Florida 529 Fog 532 Food and Agriculture Organization 533 The FAO Mandate 533 Forcing mechanisms 535 Forestry and forest management 537 Forests 539 Fossil fuel emissions 542 Annual Global CO2 Emissions from Burning Fossil Fuels 543 Fossil fuel reserves 544 World Proved Fossil Fuel Reserves, 2003 545 Fossil fuels 546 France 548 Fraser Institute 550 Freshwater 551 Friends of Science Society 553 Friends of the Earth 554 Fronts 556 Fuels, alternative 558 G 562 Gaia hypothesis 562 Gasoline prices 563 Average U.S. Midgrade Gasoline Prices, 1995-2008 564 General circulation models 566 Geographical information systems 567 Geoid 569 Geological Society of America 571 George C. Marshall Institute 572 Geothermal energy 573 Germany 576 Glacial Lake Agassiz 578 Glaciations 580 Glaciers 582 Glaciation Time Line 585 Glacken, Clarence J. 586 Global climate 588 Global Climate Coalition 592 Global dimming 593 Global economy 595 Global energy balance 598 Global Environment Facility 599 Global monitoring 601 Global surface temperature 605 Deviations in Mean Global Surface Temperature 605 Global warming potential 606 Global Warming Potentials of Major Greenhouse Gases 606 Gore, Al 607 Things Fall Apart 608 Greenhouse effect 609 Greenhouse Gas Protocol 610 Greenhouse gases 611 Greenhouse Effect 612 Greening Earth Society 615 Greenland ice cap 616 Greenpeace 619 Ground ice 621 Groundwater 622 Groundwater Movement: Influent and Effluent Streams 623 Group of 77 and China 624 Gulf Stream 626 Gyres 628 Earth’s Major Gyres 629 H 631 Hadley circulation 631 Halocarbons 632 Halons 634 Global Deaths Due to Climate-Related Disasters, 1900-1999 636 Heartland Institute 639 Heat capacity 640 Heat content 640 Heat vs. temperature 641 Heritage Foundation 642 Heterotrophic respiration 643 High global warming potential 644 Global Warming Potentials of Major HGWP Gases 645 High Park Group 645 Hockey stick graph 646 Holocene climate 649 Holocene Climate Time Line 650 Hubbert’s peak 652 Human behavior change 655 Human migration 657 Humidity 659 Hybrid automobiles 661 Hydroelectricity 663 Hydrofluorocarbons 666 Hydrogen power 666 Hydrologic cycle 668 Hydrosphere 670 I 673 Ice cores 673 Ice-out studies 675 Ice shelves 676 Inconvenient Truth, An 678 India 681 Industrial ecology 684 Industrial emission controls 686 Industrial greenhouse emissions 689 Contribution of Anthropogenic GHG Emissions to Earth’s Greenhouse Effect 690 Industrial Revolution 692 Information Council on the Environment 695 Institute for Trade, Standards, and Sustainable Development 696 Intergenerational equity 697 Interglacials 698 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 699 Intergovernmental Panel on Forests 704 International agreements and cooperation 705 GHG and CO2 Emissions, by Nation 706 International Atomic Energy Agency 707 International Council for Science 709 International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme 710 International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change 712 International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis 714 International Policy Network 715 International Union for Conservation of Nature 716 International waters 717 Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone 719 Invasive exotic species 721 Iran 724 Islands 726 Isostasy 728 Italy 730 J 733 Japan 733 Jet stream 737 Journalism and journalistic ethics 739 K 741 Kilimanjaro 741 Kyoto lands 743 Kyoto mechanisms 745 Kyoto Protocol 748 Emissions Trading 750 L 754 Lamb, Hubert Horace 754 Land use and reclamation 755 La Niña 758 Latent heat flux 760 Lavoisier Group 761 Levees 761 Level of scientific understanding 763 Liberalism 765 Locke on Property 766 Libertarianism 767 Major Libertarian Think Tanks and Climatological Organizations 768 Lichens 770 Liming 771 Limits to Growth, The 771 Ecological Footprint 772 Lithosphere 773 Little Ice Age 775 Louisiana coast 778 M 781 Maldives 781 Malthus, Thomas Robert 783 Manabe, Syukuro 785 Mangroves 786 Marginal seas 788 Maritime climate 789 Marsh, George Perkins 790 Mass balance 792 Mauna Loa Record 793 Mean sea level 794 Media 795 Medieval Warm Period 799 Mediterranean climate 801 Mediterranean Sea 802 Megacities 804 Meridional overturning circulation 806 Mesosphere 808 Meteorology 809 Methane 811 Global Methane Emissions by Sector, 2000 813 Mexico 814 Microwave sounding units 817 Middle East 819 Milankovic, Milutin 822 Military implications of global warming 824 Minerals and mining 828 Modes of climate variability 830 Mold spores 832 Monsoons 834 Montreal Protocol 836 Preamble to the Montreal Protocol 838 Motor vehicles 840 Mount Pinatubo 842 N 845 National Center for Policy Analysis 845 National Research Council 847 Natural Resources Stewardship Project 848 Netherlands 849 New Orleans 851 Nitrogen cycle 853 Nitrous oxide 856 Global Nitrous Oxide Emissions by Sector, 2000 857 Noctilucent clouds 858 Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change 860 Nongovernmental organizations 860 Nonlinear processes 862 North Atlantic Oscillation 863 North Korea 865 Northwest Passage 867 Nuclear energy 869 Nuclear winter 873 O 875 Ocean acidification 875 Ocean-atmosphere coupling 876 Ocean disposal 878 Ocean dynamics 878 Ocean life 881 Offsetting 884 Oil industry 886 Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine 891 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 893 Volume 3: Oxygen, atmospheric – Younger Dryas 898 O, continued 940 Oxygen, atmospheric 940 Oxygen isotopes 942 Ozone 942 P 946 Paleoclimates and paleoclimate change 946 Parameterization 949 Particulates 949 Peer review 950 Penguins 952 Perfluorocarbons 953 Permafrost 954 Pesticides and pest management 955 Petroleum hydrocarbons in the ocean 957 pH 959 The pH Scale 960 Phosphorus cycle 961 Photosynthesis 963 Pinchot, Gifford 966 Planetary atmospheres and evolution 967 Planetary Atmospheres: Comparative Data 969 Plankton 971 Plate tectonics 972 Earth’s Tectonic Plates and Mid-Ocean Ridges 973 Pleistocene climate 975 Poland 978 Polar bears 981 Polar climate 983 Polar stratospheric clouds 985 Polar vortex 986 Pollen analysis 987 Polluter pays principle 989 Popular culture 990 Population growth 993 World and Urban Population Growth, 1950-2020 994 Portfolio analysis 996 Poverty 997 Precautionary approach 999 Preindustrial society 1000 Pseudoscience and junk science 1002 R 1006 Radiative damping 1006 Radiative forcing 1006 Rainfall patterns 1007 Ramsar Convention 1009 The List of Wetlands of International Importance 1010 Reason Public Policy Institute 1011 Reefs 1012 Parts of a Reef 1013 Regional, local, and microclimates 1015 Religious Right 1018 Renewable energy 1020 Reservoirs, pools, and stocks 1022 Residence time 1023 Response time 1024 Revelle, Roger 1026 Rowland, F. Sherwood 1027 Rural air quality 1028 Costs of Rural and Urban Air Quality Degradation by Motor Vehicles, 2000 1029 Russian Federation 1030 S 1035 Sahara Desert 1035 Sahel drought 1036 Saltwater intrusion 1038 Saudi Arabia 1041 Sauer, Carl 1045 “Foreword to Historical Geography” 1045 Schumacher, E. F. 1046 Solving the Problem of Production 1047 Science and Public Policy Institute 1048 Scientific Alliance 1049 Scientific credentials 1050 Scientific proof 1052 Sea ice 1053 Sea-level change 1055 Trend of Sea Level Change (1993-2008) 1056 Estimated Global Mean Sea-Level Rise, 1870-2008 1057 Sea sediments 1058 Sea surface temperatures 1059 Deviations in Mean Global Sea Surface Temperature 1060 Seasonal changes 1061 Rainfall Patterns in Tauranga, New Zealand, 1898-2008 1062 Second Assessment Report 1063 Security 1064 Sequestration 1067 U.S. GHG Sequestration, 1990-2007 1068 Siberian river diversion proposal 1069 Proposed Siberian River Diversion Route 1070 Sierra Club 1071 Sinks 1073 Skeptics 1074 Skin cancer 1076 Slab-ocean model 1078 Soil erosion 1080 Solar cycle 1082 Solar energy 1084 SourceWatch 1085 South Africa 1087 South Korea 1089 Speculative fiction 1091 Stockholm Declaration 1093 Storm surges 1096 Stratigraphy Commission of the Geological Society of London 1098 Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice 1100 Sulfate aerosols 1101 Sulfur cycle 1103 Sulfur hexafluoride 1104 Sun 1105 Facts About the Sun 1106 Sun protection 1107 Sunspots 1109 Sustainable development 1111 Global GHG Emissions by Sector, 2000 1113 T 1115 Technological change 1115 Thermocline 1117 Thermohaline circulation 1118 Thermosphere 1120 Thoreau, Henry David 1122 Generosity at the Roots 1123 Thunderstorms 1124 Tidal power 1126 Tornadoes 1128 Enhanced Fujita Tornado Intensity Scale 1128 Trace gases 1130 Major GHGs 1130 Transportation 1132 Tree-planting programs 1133 Tree rings 1136 Tropical climate 1137 Tropical storms 1139 Anatomy of a Hurricane 1140 Storm Classifications 1141 Troposphere 1142 The Troposphere at a Glance 1143 Tsunamis 1144 Tundra 1146 Tuvalu 1148 U 1150 Ukraine 1150 Ultraviolet radiation 1152 Union of Concerned Scientists 1154 United Kingdom 1156 United Nations Climate Change Conference 1159 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development 1161 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment 1164 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1165 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification 1168 United Nations Division for Sustainable Development 1170 United Nations Environment Programme 1171 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1173 Principles of the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change 1175 United States 1176 U.S. GHG Emissions by Sector, 2004 1177 U.S. GHG Emissions, 1990-2007 1178 Urban heat island 1179 U.S. and European politics 1181 U.S. Climate Action Report, 2002 1183 U.S. energy policy 1185 U.S. legislation 1189 Enacted U.S. Legislation Relating Directly to Climate Change 1190 Proposed U.S. Legislation Relating Directly to Climate Change 1191 V 1150 Venice 1194 Volatile organic compounds 1196 U.S. VOC Emissions by Source Sector 1197 Volcanoes 1198 W 1201 Walker, Gilbert 1201 Walker circulation 1202 Water quality 1203 Water resources, North American 1207 Water rights 1210 Water vapor 1212 Wave power 1214 Weather forecasting 1215 Weather vs. climate 1217 Top Weather, Water, and Climate Events of the Twentieth Century 1218 Wegener, Alfred 1220 Western Fuels Association 1222 Wetlands 1223 WGII LESS scenarios 1225 Whales 1227 Wind power 1228 World Bank 1230 World Health Organization 1233 World Heritage Sites 1234 World Heritage Site Distribution 1235 World Meteorological Organization 1236 World Trade Organization 1237 Y 1238 Younger Dryas 1238 Appendixes 1240 Biographical Dictionary of Key Figures in Global Warming 1242 Popular Culture About Global Warming 1251 FICTION 1251 FILMS 1259 Time Line 1269 Glossary 1278 General Bibliography 1294 General Studies and Reference Works 1294 Overviews of Global Warming and ClimateChange 1295 Astronomy and Astronomical Influenceson Climate 1295 Atmospheric Science and Climatological Studies 1296 Cryology and Glaciology 1296 Cultural Studies of Climate and Environmental Change 1296 Ecology and Environmental Science 1297 Energy Resources, Policy, and Technology 1299 Geology 1300 Health Effects of Climate Change 1300 Industrialization, Business, Mass Production, and Climate 1300 International Law and Agreements 1300 Measurement and Reduction of Environmental Footprints 1302 Modeling 1302 Oceanography, Ocean Climatology, and Ocean Ecology 1303 Paleoclimatology and Climate History 1303 Political Studies and Critiques 1304 Public Policy Studies and Recommendations 1305 Regional and National Studies 1307 Research and Scientific Reports on Climate Change 1308 Resources, Resource Management, and Resource Allocation 1310 Weather and Meteorology 1310 Web Sites 1312 Subject Index 1318 A 1318 B 1320 C 1321 D 1325 E 1326 F 1328 G 1329 H 1331 I 1332 J 1334 K 1334 L 1335 M 1336 N 1337 O 1339 P 1340 Q 1342 R 1342 S 1343 T 1346 U 1347 V 1348 W 1349 X 1350 Y 1350 Z 1350 1587655632,9781587655630 Designed to provide students at the high school and undergraduate levels with a convenient source of information on the fundamental science and sociopolitical issues, including the debates and controversies, surrounding climate change. The study of climate change involves not only scientists but also politicians, policy makers, businesses, government and nongovernment agencies, and the general public. A student attempting to understand both the environmental science and social issues and controversies will encounter not just scientific terms and concepts but political organizations, geographic areas, social concepts, persons, countries, organizations, and laws as well. The essays in the set fall into one or more of the following broad categories: animals, Arctic and Antarctic, astronomy, chemistry and geochemistry, climatic events and epochs, conferences and meetings, cryology and glaciology, diseases and health effects, economics, industries, and products, energy, environmentalism, conservation, and ecosystems, ethics, human rights, and social justice, fossil fuels, geology and geography, laws, treaties, and protocols, meteorology and atmospheric sciences, nations and peoples, oceanography, organizations and agencies, physics and geophysics, plants and vegetation, pollution and waste, popular culture and society, science and technology, transportation, and water resources. - Publisher