Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine, Volume 1-4

Increasingly, high profile criminal and civil legal actions around the world highlight the interactions between medicine and the law. Forensic and legal medicine describes the body of knowledge that encompasses this interaction. The terms generally embrace forensic pathology and clinical forensic medicine. However, the nature of forensic and legal medicine is broad and may extend beyond medical and legal issues, into scientific and technical areas, and include specialist roles such as anthropology, toxicology, odontology and psychiatry. Separate from these issues is the much more widely recognized need to apply moral, ethical and human rights principles in the investigation of certain crimes, whether considering victims or perpetrators. Those involved in the practice of forensic and legal medicine and those in legal, judicial, police and other investigative organizations which require knowledge of aspects of forensic and legal medicine often need to identify appropriate and relevant information. The aim of this Encyclopedia is to provide a reliable starting point for validated information across these fields. The success of lawsuits and prosecutions is dependent on utilizing the best services available, and knowing when to use them appropriately. All aspects of medicine are now scrutinized, not only by medical, legal and scientific professionals – but also by the lay public. Such scrutiny drives and improves standards – and some of these standards have come about as a result of major cases in criminal and civil courts and other tribunals around the world. The drive for much of this scrutiny derives from the intense review that occurs as a result of events taking place throughout the world in criminal and civil courts. Thus, improved methodology of detecting and documenting evidence, ensuring chains of custody and scientifically testing evidence ensures that appropriate judicial outcomes are achieved. Teaching of forensic and legal medicine at an undergraduate level is – on a worldwide basis – underemphasized when compared with therapeutic specialities. Paradoxically, barely a day goes by without at least one medical news story being published of legal and forensic relevance and significance. The need for readily accessible knowledge has never been greater. The Encyclopedia of Forensic & Legal Medicine comprehensively covers forensic and legal medicine (including related specialities and scientific, technical and legal issues) and is available online and in three printed volumes, offering any practitioner in a forensic, medical, healthcare, legal, judicial, or investigative field easily accessible and authoritative overviews on a wide range of topics. The work is edited and written by experienced professionals with medical, legal or dual training – and who are internationally renowned for their experience or expertise within their areas of specialty. The Editorial Board reflects the multidisciplinary, multi-jurisdictional and global emphasis of forensic and legal medicine. The individual articles are written in a clear and concise manner and are supplemented by diagrams, tables and full-color images. Key further reading and extensive cross-referencing make this work an invaluable reference source for undergraduates and graduates looking for an introduction to key fields and experts reading outside their specialization. Online access to the Encyclopedia is available on ScienceDirect. The online version will offer all that the print version does plus smooth linking, eg, to cross-referenced articles, powerful search functions, and more. Visit www.info.sciencedirect.com/reference_works/index.shtml for contact and subscription information. Access options are available even if you’re not an existing ScienceDirect customer. * Brings together all appropriate aspects of forensic medicine and legal medicine * Contains color figures, sample forms and other materials that the reader can adapt for their own practice * Also avaiable in an on-line version which provides numerous additional reference and research tools, additional multimedia, & powerful search functions Audience: Medical examiners; coroners; the police; prison medical officers; those involved in refugee medicine and allegations of torture; healthcare professionals also involved in this field: prison nurses, sexual assault nurse examiners and custody nurses. Local Disk......Page 0 sdarticle_002.pdf......Page 8 sdarticle_003.pdf......Page 9 sdarticle_004.pdf......Page 10 sdarticle_005.pdf......Page 11 sdarticle_006.pdf......Page 13 sdarticle_007.pdf......Page 15 Why Accredit the Certifiers?......Page 16 The Problem of Multiple Certification Boards......Page 17 Further Reading......Page 18 2.pdf......Page 19 3.pdf......Page 29 Odontological examination......Page 32 Greulich and Pyle method......Page 33 Other Factors......Page 34 Further Reading......Page 35 5.pdf......Page 37 6.pdf......Page 45 Gas Chromatography......Page 46 Biochemical Methods - Immunoassays......Page 47 Specimen Selection and Collection - Postmortem......Page 48 Blood and its Constituents......Page 49 Urine......Page 51 Summary......Page 52 Further Reading......Page 53 Reporting Blood Alcohol Concentrations......Page 54 Methods of Measuring Alcohol in Body Fluids......Page 56 Absorption of Alcohol......Page 58 Distribution of Alcohol......Page 59 Metabolism and Elimination of Alcohol......Page 60 Oxidative Metabolism......Page 61 Rate of Alcohol Disappearance from Blood......Page 62 Urine......Page 63 Breath......Page 65 Effects of Alcohol on the Body......Page 66 Tolerance......Page 67 Identifying Problem Drinkers......Page 69 Toxicity of Alcohol......Page 70 Postmortem Aspects......Page 71 Further Reading......Page 72 Classification of Allergies......Page 74 Allergic Asthma......Page 75 Occupational Allergies and Compensation......Page 76 Allergy to laboratory animals (ALA)......Page 77 Type I hypersensitivity reactions (anaphylaxis)......Page 79 Peanut Allergy......Page 80 Exercise and Allergy......Page 81 Further Reading......Page 82 Mammals......Page 84 Fish......Page 85 See Also......Page 86 Insects and Arachnids......Page 87 Marine Animals......Page 88 Birds......Page 89 Small Carnivores......Page 90 Large Carnivores......Page 91 Reptiles......Page 93 Further Reading......Page 94 Introduction......Page 95 Scope of the Field......Page 96 Anthropological Profile......Page 97 Age Estimation......Page 98 Sexual Dimorphism......Page 99 Ancestry......Page 100 Stature Estimation......Page 101 The Role of Forensic Anthropology in Mass Casualty......Page 102 Further Reading......Page 103 13.pdf......Page 105 Probes......Page 106 Trenching......Page 107 The Forensic Paradigm Shift......Page 108 Further Reading......Page 109 The Context: Ecological Perspectives......Page 110 Postmortem Interval and Condition of Remains......Page 111 Location of Sites of Deposition and Decomposition......Page 112 Reconstructing Postmortem Sequences......Page 113 Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Forensic Taphonomy......Page 114 Further Reading......Page 115 Methods for Estimating Stature from the Skeleton......Page 116 Developments before World War II......Page 117 Developments after World War II......Page 118 Further Reading......Page 120 Bone Pathology......Page 121 Abnormal Bone Loss......Page 122 Fracture......Page 124 Sharp-Force Trauma......Page 126 See Also......Page 127 Further Reading......Page 128 17.pdf......Page 129 Bones Commonly Found after Burning......Page 130 Determination of Sex......Page 131 Estimation Of Age......Page 132 Conclusion......Page 133 Further Reading......Page 134 Estimating Subadult Age......Page 135 Recent Developments in Age Estimation......Page 136 Further Reading......Page 138 Age......Page 139 Dental Age......Page 140 Skeletal Age......Page 141 Personal Identity......Page 142 Legal Procedures......Page 143 Further Reading......Page 144 Principles of Sex Determination......Page 145 Morphological Determination......Page 146 Morphological Examination......Page 147 Metrical Analysis......Page 149 Sex Determination from Other Bones of the Skeleton......Page 150 Further Reading......Page 151 Population Movement and Admixture......Page 153 Craniofacial Morphology......Page 154 The Forensic Data Bank......Page 156 Further Reading......Page 157 Previous Research......Page 158 Further Reading......Page 160 Ancient DNA......Page 161 Kinship Analysis......Page 162 Human Migrations......Page 163 Contamination, Interpretation Difficulties and Validation of Results......Page 164 Further Reading......Page 165 Asphyxia with Confined and Enclosed Spaces......Page 166 Postmortem Investigation......Page 167 Survivors of Asphyxia......Page 168 Further Reading......Page 172 Psychological and Physiological Background......Page 173 Diagnostic Criteria......Page 174 Death Scene Features......Page 175 Fail-Safe Device......Page 178 Lethal Outcomes......Page 179 Further Reading......Page 180 External Postmortem Examination......Page 181 Clinical Autopsy......Page 182 Medicolegal Autopsy......Page 183 Autopsy Techniques......Page 184 See Also......Page 185 Further Reading......Page 186 Context and Purpose of Autopsies......Page 187 Role of the Pathologist......Page 188 Retention of Tissue Samples and Whole Organs for Diagnostic Purposes......Page 189 Conclusion......Page 190 Further Reading......Page 191 Body measurements......Page 192 Microscopic Examination......Page 193 Toxicology and Postmortem Chemistry Studies......Page 194 Metabolic Disorders......Page 195 Vitreous Fluid......Page 196 Trace Evidence......Page 197 Further Reading......Page 198 Handling and Preservation of Evidence......Page 199 External Examination......Page 200 Special Dissection Techniques......Page 204 Pelvic Dissection......Page 205 Further Reading......Page 206 HIV and Forensic Autopsy......Page 208 Risk Reduction: Infection Control......Page 210 Postexposure Management......Page 211 Further Reading......Page 212 Overview......Page 213 Drug-Specific Considerations......Page 214 Postmortem Examination......Page 215 Postmortem Toxicology......Page 216 Further Reading......Page 218 Bile and Urine......Page 219 Ethanol......Page 220 Drugs......Page 222 Postmortem Redistribution......Page 223 Drug Interactions......Page 224 Histologic Evidence of Drug Toxicity......Page 225 Further Reading......Page 226 Postmortem Drug Redistribution......Page 227 Stomach Contents......Page 229 Autopsy Sampling......Page 230 See Also......Page 231 Further Reading......Page 232 Nicotine and Related Alkaloids......Page 233 Ricin......Page 234 Animal-Based Toxins......Page 235 Further Reading......Page 236 Toxic Gases and Death from Smoke Inhalation......Page 237 Suicidal Deaths by Fire......Page 239 Identification of Fire Victims......Page 240 Autopsy Findings in Fire Victims......Page 241 Further Reading......Page 242 Pathophysiology of Drowning......Page 243 Bodies Recovered from Water......Page 244 Pathology of Drowning......Page 245 See Also......Page 247 37.pdf......Page 248 Autopsy Approach......Page 249 In All Cases......Page 254 Additional Steps to Usual Dissection and Organ Assessment......Page 255 Special Circumstances......Page 256 Further Reading......Page 257 Principles......Page 258 Organization of Mishap Investigation Boards......Page 259 Identification......Page 260 Forensic Procedures and Resources......Page 261 Injury Analysis and Reconstruction......Page 262 Patterned Injuries......Page 263 Preexisting Medical Conditions......Page 265 Scene Investigation......Page 266 Summary......Page 267 Further Reading......Page 268 Medication Use and Flight Performance......Page 269 Effects of Altitude, Pressurization, and Depressurization......Page 271 Vision in Flight......Page 272 Carbon Monoxide......Page 273 Further Reading......Page 274 Concentration-versus-time Curves and Backtracking Calculations......Page 276 Units of concentration and dose of alcohol......Page 277 Calculations......Page 278 Back-calculation......Page 279 Postaccident consumption of alcohol......Page 280 Allowance for alcohol eliminated due to metabolism......Page 281 Method of Forrest......Page 282 Method of Smith and Oliver (personal communication)......Page 283 Acetaminophen (paracetamol)......Page 284 Further Reading......Page 285 Shotgun......Page 286 Statistics......Page 287 Characteristics of Missile Movement......Page 289 Wounding Capacity of a Bullet......Page 291 Effects of Intermediary Obstructions......Page 292 Effects on Internal Tissues......Page 293 Firearm Discharge Residue......Page 294 Suicide by Firearm......Page 295 Embolism of Projectiles......Page 296 Further Reading......Page 297 RH System......Page 299 Kidd......Page 300 Standard Methods with Intact Blood......Page 301 Testing Other Body Fluid Stains for Blood Groups......Page 302 Further Reading......Page 303 Body Stuffer......Page 304 Specific Drugs......Page 305 Practical Aspects......Page 306 Further Reading......Page 307 Body Lifting and Moving......Page 308 Suspicious Deaths......Page 309 Suicides......Page 310 Decomposed Bodies......Page 311 Disaster Victim Identification......Page 312 Summary......Page 313 Further Reading......Page 314 Pathophysiology......Page 316 Clinical Findings......Page 317 Diagnosis and Investigation......Page 319 Further Reading......Page 320 Physiology......Page 321 Scene Investigation......Page 324 Fire......Page 325 Other......Page 327 Mechanism of Injury......Page 328 Lethal CO Levels......Page 329 Physical Findings......Page 330 Skin Blisters......Page 331 Neurological......Page 332 Further Reading......Page 333 Clinical Features and Treatment......Page 335 Oleum Capsicum......Page 336 Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile and Chloracetophenone......Page 338 Further Reading......Page 340 Changes associated with puberty......Page 341 Development......Page 342 Motor Development......Page 343 Reflexes......Page 344 Gross motor development......Page 345 Piaget......Page 348 Measurement of Development......Page 352 Further Reading......Page 353 Brain Development in the Child......Page 354 Legal Consequences of the Research......Page 355 Legal Competency of the Child......Page 356 Further Reading......Page 358 Identifying the Cause......Page 359 Identifying the Timing of Injury......Page 364 Identifying the Perpetrator......Page 367 The Forensic Expert in Sexual Abuse Cases......Page 369 Further Reading......Page 372 The Emergence of Psychological Maltreatment as an Entity......Page 373 Australian Data......Page 374 Child Protection Legislation and the Categorization of Child Abuse......Page 375 A Framework for the Recognition and Definition of Psychological Maltreatment......Page 376 Further Reading......Page 378 Emotional, behavioral, and developmental history......Page 379 Radiologic Studies......Page 380 Traumatic alopecia and subgaleal hemorrhage......Page 381 Abusive brain injuries......Page 382 Shaken-baby syndrome......Page 383 Burns......Page 384 Rib fractures......Page 385 Complex skull fractures......Page 386 Further Reading......Page 387 Various Circumstances of Examination of Child Victims of Sexual Abuse......Page 388 Behavioral Indicators of Children Sexual Abuse......Page 389 Genital Examination......Page 390 Anal Examination......Page 391 Vaginal Examination......Page 392 Assessing the Diagnosis of Sexual Abuse of Children......Page 393 Further Reading......Page 394 Age Limit of Victims and Perpetrators......Page 395 Conclusion......Page 396 Further Reading......Page 397 Cardiomyopathies......Page 398 Outflow Obstruction......Page 399 Coronary Artery Anomalies......Page 400 Myocarditis......Page 401 Gastroenteritis......Page 402 Hematological Disorders......Page 403 Intestinal Obstruction......Page 404 Metabolic Conditions......Page 405 Conclusions......Page 406 Further Reading......Page 407 Drowning......Page 408 Thermal Deaths......Page 409 Sleeping Accidents......Page 410 Poisoning and Drug Toxicity......Page 411 Sports Deaths......Page 412 Further Reading......Page 413 Design, Conduct, and Review of RCT......Page 415 Ethical Dilemmas in Clinical Trials......Page 416 Ethics Committees......Page 418 Further Reading......Page 419 The Mentally Incapacitated......Page 420 Confidentiality......Page 422 Reviewing Committees or Boards......Page 423 Further Reading......Page 424 The National Crime and Operations Faculty......Page 425 Selection of Cases for Review......Page 426 Case History of Lynette White: A Cold-Case Review and Miscarriage of Justice......Page 427 Further Reading......Page 429 Definition......Page 430 Developmental Considerations......Page 431 Etiology......Page 432 Further Reading......Page 433 Pathophysiology......Page 434 Glasgow Coma Scale......Page 435 Investigations......Page 436 Persistent Vegetative State (PVS)......Page 437 See Also......Page 438 Further Reading......Page 439 The Independent Review Panel (IRP)......Page 441 The New Council......Page 442 Council for Healthcare Regulatory Excellence (CHRE)......Page 443 Further Reading......Page 444 Digital Crime Scene Investigation......Page 445 A Developing Forensic Discipline......Page 446 Digital Evidence......Page 447 Evaluation of Source and Class Characteristics......Page 449 Further Reading......Page 450 Development of Consent......Page 451 Information Imparted......Page 453 Conclusion......Page 455 Further Reading......Page 456 Doctrine of Necessity......Page 457 Incapacity......Page 458 See Also......Page 460 Further Reading......Page 461 The Under-16s......Page 462 Knowledge and the Sufficiency of Information......Page 463 Disclosure with Consent......Page 464 Audit, Teaching, and Research......Page 465 Further Reading......Page 466 Remains Found - Personal Recognition......Page 467 Scars......Page 468 Burial......Page 469 Further Reading......Page 470 Ijmaa’ (Consensus), Qiyas (Analogy), and Ijtihad (Informed Reasoning)......Page 472 The Sphere of Sharii’ah Law and Islamic Society......Page 473 Ta’zeer Crimes......Page 474 Judges in Sharii’ah......Page 475 Sharii’ah and the Sanctity of Honor, Privacy, and Human Dignity......Page 476 Conclusions......Page 477 Further Reading......Page 478 Withdrawal system......Page 479 Summary procedures of first instance......Page 480 Ordinary Procedure of First Instance......Page 481 Mediation......Page 482 Strengthening the Judge’s Independence......Page 483 Further Reading......Page 484 The Supreme Court......Page 485 From the Ancient to the Heian Era......Page 486 From the Kamakura Era to the Edo Era......Page 487 Under the Meiji Constitution......Page 488 Medical Examiner System in Japan......Page 489 Further Reading......Page 493 The Crown Court......Page 494 Civil Division of the Court of Appeal......Page 495 A Supreme Court......Page 496 Further Reading......Page 497 Constitutional Law......Page 498 United States Courts: Structure......Page 499 State Courts: Structure......Page 500 Further Reading......Page 501 Requirements before Writing a Statement......Page 503 What Should the Statement of a Doctor Ideally Contain?......Page 504 What Happens if This Initial Contact is Outside the Expertise of the Healthcare Professional?......Page 505 Preparing the Report......Page 506 What Happens When the Solicitor Seeks Comments on the Report from the Other Side?......Page 507 Procedure to be followed if a request for preparation of clinical negligence report is received......Page 508 Preparing the Report......Page 509 See Also......Page 510 ScienceDirect - Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine Home Page......Page 511 ScienceDirect - Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine Home Page......Page 515 ScienceDirect - Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine Home Page......Page 516

human Geography In The Last Decade Has Undergone A Conceptual And Methodological Renaissance That Transformed It Into One Of The Most Dynamic And Innovative Of The Social Sciences. Long A Borrower Of Ideas From Other Disciplines, Geography Has Become A Contributor In Its Own Right, And A Spatial Turn Is Evident In Disciplines As Diverse As Sociology, Anthropology, And Literary Criticism.

with More Than 300 Entries Written By An International Team Of Leading Authorities In The Field, The encyclopedia Of Human Geography Offers A Comprehensive Overview Of The Major Ideas, Concepts, Terms, And Approaches That Characterize A Notoriously Diverse Field. This Multidisciplinary Volume Provides Cross-cultural Coverage Of Human Geography As It Is Understood In The Contemporary World And Takes Into Account The Enormous Conceptual Changes That Have Evolved Since The 1970s, Including A Variety Of Social Constructivist Approaches. 

key Features

• examines A Range Of Themes Characterizing Different Schools Of Thought And Addresses Long-standing Topics, Such As Urban, Economic, And Medical Geography, As Well As Contemporary Topics, Including Feminism, The Social Dimensions Of Gis, And The Social Construction Of Nature
• explores Many Of The Dualities That Long Characterized Social Science--nature Versus Society, The Individual Versus The Social, The Historical Versus The Geographical, Consumption Versus Production--and Breaks Them Down Using Postmodern And Poststructuralist Approaches 
• illustrates How Social And Spatial Structures Draw Upon People's Daily Lives, Which In Turn Structures Their Actions
• looks At Howglobalization Has Manifested Differently From Place To Place By Discussing Topics Such As Transnational Capital, International Trade, Global Commodity Chains, Global Cities, International Financial And Telecommunications Systems, And How The Global Economy Is Reshaping Geopolitics And Governance  

key Themes

• cartography/geographical Information Systems  
• economic Geography
• geographic Theory And History
• political Geography
• social/cultural Geography
• urban Geography

 

library Journal

containing More Than 300 Articles Written By College And University Professors, This Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia Includes Entries On Geographical Terms, Ideas, And Concepts. While It Does Cover Some Older And More Traditional Geographical Topics (e.g., Urban Geography, Migration), The Work Primarily Focuses On Contemporary Approaches (e.g., Gender And Geography, Critical Human Geography, Geography And Marxism). Assembled By Warf (florida State Univ. Coll. Of Social Work), The Entries Each Contain Bibliographic References, And The Work Concludes With A Lengthy Bibliography And A Well-designed Index. Unfortunately, Some Entries, Such As Geography Of Music And Sound, Offer Hardly Any Useful Information, While Many Other Entries Provide Poststructuralist Analyses Written In Turgid Postmodern Prose. More Problematic: A Political Bias Occasionally Compromises The Reference Value Of Some Entries. For Example, The Race And Racism Entry Addresses Only White Racism, Ignoring Japanese Racism Toward Koreans, For Instance, Or Arab Attitudes Toward Black Africans; The Orientalism Entry Makes Only Cursory Reference To Critical Reviews Of Edward Said's 1978 Work Orientalism, Even Though That Book Elicited Numerous Important And Lengthy Critiques. It Is Regrettable That These Works Are Not Cited In The Brief Bibliography. Bottom Line This Dictionary Is Geared Toward Academics And Professional Specialists; The More Popular Greenwood Encyclopedia Of Human Geography Contains Fewer And Shorter Entries But Is Not Marred By Polemical Writing. The Sage Work May Be Suitable For Academic Libraries With Strong Geographical Collections.-donald Altschiller, Boston Univ. Libs. Copyright 2006 Reed Business Information.

Human geography in the last decade has undergone a conceptual and methodological renaissance that transformed it into one of the most dynamic and innovative of the social sciences. Long a borrower of ideas from other disciplines, geography has become a contributor in its own right, and a'spatial turn'is evident in disciplines as diverse as Sociology, Anthropology, and Literary Criticism.With more than 300 entries written by an international team of leading authorities in the field, the Encyclopedia of Human Geography offers a comprehensive overview of the major ideas, concepts, terms, and approaches that characterize a notoriously diverse field. This multidisciplinary volume provides cross-cultural coverage of human geography as it is understood in the contemporary world and takes into account the enormous conceptual changes that have evolved since the 1970s, including a variety of social constructivist approaches. Key Features Examines a range of themes characterizing different schools of thought and addresses long-standing topics, such as urban, economic, and medical geography, as well as contemporary topics, including feminism, the social dimensions of GIS, and the social construction of nature Explores many of the dualities that long characterized social science—nature versus society, the individual versus the social, the historical versus the geographical, consumption versus production—and breaks them down using postmodern and poststructuralist approaches Illustrates how social and spatial structures draw upon people′s daily lives, which in turn structures their actions Looks at how globalization has manifested differently from place to place by discussing topics such as transnational capital, international trade, global commodity chains, global cities, international financial and telecommunications systems, and how the global economy is reshaping geopolitics and governance Key Themes Cartography/Geographical Information Systems Economic Geography Geographic Theory and History Political Geography Social/Cultural Geography Urban Geography The Encyclopedia of Human Geography offers a comprehensive overview of the major ideas, concepts, terms and approaches that characterize this diverse field. This volume provides cross-cultural coverage of human geography as it is understood today and takes into account the enormous conceptual changes that have evolved since the 1970s.