Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology: - From Genome to Environment

Fish form an extremely diverse group of vertebrates. At a conservative estimate at least 40% of the world's vertebrates are fish. On the one hand they are united by their adaptations to an aquatic environment and on the other they show a variety of adaptations to differing environmental conditions - often to extremes of temperature, salinity, oxygen level and water chemistry. They exhibit an array of behavioural and reproductive systems. Interesting in their own right, this suite of adaptive physiologies provides many model systems for both comparative vertebrate and human physiologists.This four volume encyclopedia covers the diversity of fish physiology in over 300 articles and provides entry level information for students and summary overviews for researchers alike.Broadly organised into four themes, articles cover Functional, Thematic, and Phylogenetic Physiology, and Fish GenomicsFunctional articles address the traditional aspects of fish physiology that are common to all areas of vertebrate physiology including: Reproduction, Respiration, Neural (Sensory, Central, Effector), Endocrinology, Renal, Cardiovascular, Acid-base Balance, Osmoregulation, Ionoregulation, Digestion, Metabolism, Locomotion, and so on.Thematic Physiology articles are carefully selected and fewer in number. They provide a level of integration that goes beyond the coverage in the Functional Physiology topics and include discussions of Toxicology, Air-breathing, Migrations, Temperature, Endothermy, etc.Phylogenetic Physiology articles bring together information that bridges the physiology of certain groupings of fishes where the knowledge base has a sufficient depth and breadth and include articles on Ancient Fishes, Tunas, Sharks, etc.Genomics articles describe the underlying genetic component of fish physiology and high light their suitability and use as model organisms for the study of disease, stress and physiological adaptations and reactions to external conditions. * The definitive encyclopedia for the field of Fish Physiology. * Three volumes which comprehensively cover the entire field in over 300 entries written by experts.* Detailed coverage of basic Functional Physiology of fishes, Physiological Themes in Fish Biology and Comparative Physiology amongst taxonomic Groups.* Describes the genomic bases of fish physiology and biology and the use of fish as model organisms in human physiological research.* Includes a glossary of terms.* Available on-line in indexed searchable format. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF FISH PHYSIOLOGY: FROM GENOME TO ENVIRONMENT......Page 2 How to go to your page......Page 3 Copyright......Page 5 EDITORS’ BIOGRAPHIES......Page 8 SECTION EDITORS......Page 10 CONTRIBUTORS......Page 12 HOW TO USE THE ENCYCLOPEDIA......Page 20 CONTENTS......Page 22 PREFACE......Page 34 Volume 1: THE SENSES, SUPPORTING TISSUES, REPRODUCTION, AND BEHAVIOR......Page 4 Functional Morphology of the Nervous System: An Introduction......Page 36 Cranial and Spinal Nerves of Fishes: Evolution of the Craniate Pattern......Page 41 Functional Morphology of the Brains of Agnathans......Page 51 Functional Morphology of the Brains of Cartilaginous Fishes......Page 61 Functional Morphology of the Brains of Ray-Finned Fishes......Page 72 Functional Morphology of the Brains of Sarcopterygian Fishes: Lungfishes and Latimeria......Page 81 Motor Control Systems of Fish......Page 91 Physiology of the Mauthner Cell: Discovery and Properties......Page 101 Physiology of the Mauthner Cell: Function......Page 108 Autonomic Nervous System of Fishes......Page 115 Opioids and Opioid Receptors in Fishes......Page 124 Vision in Fishes: An Introduction......Page 133 Physiological Optics in Fishes......Page 137 Photoreceptors and Visual Pigments......Page 145 Adaptations of Photoreceptors and Visual Pigments......Page 151 Inner Retina and Ganglion Cells......Page 158 Optic Tectum......Page 166 Behavioral Assessment of the Visual Capabilities of Fish......Page 178 Color Vision and Color Communication in Reef Fish......Page 185 Extraretinal Photoreception......Page 194 Visual Adaptations to the Deep Sea......Page 201 Chemoreception (Smell and Taste): An Introduction......Page 218 Morphology of the Gustatory (Taste) System in Fishes......Page 222 Morphology of the Olfactory (Smell) System in Fishes......Page 229 Neurophysiology of Olfaction......Page 243 Neurophysiology of Gustation......Page 253 Chemosensory Behavior......Page 262 Fish Bioacoustics: An Introduction......Page 271 Vestibular System Anatomy and Physiology......Page 279 Auditory System Morphology......Page 287 The Ear and Hearing in Sharks, Skates, and Rays......Page 297 Biomechanics of the Inner Ear in Fishes......Page 305 Psychoacoustics: What Fish Hear......Page 311 Auditory/Lateral Line CNS: Anatomy......Page 318 Physiology of the Ear and Brain: How Fish Hear......Page 327 Sound Source Localization and Directional Hearing in Fishes......Page 333 Effects of Human-Generated Sound on Fish......Page 339 Acoustic Behavior......Page 346 Vocal Behavior of Fishes: Anatomy and Physiology......Page 356 Lateral Line Neuroethology......Page 364 Lateral Line Structure......Page 371 Detection and Generation of Electric Signals in Fishes: An Introduction......Page 382 Morphology of Electroreceptive Sensory Organs......Page 385 Physiology of Ampullary Electrosensory Systems......Page 394 Physiology of Tuberous Electrosensory Systems......Page 401 Active Electrolocation......Page 410 Electric Organs......Page 422 Generation of Electric Signals......Page 433 Development of Electroreceptors and Electric Organs......Page 444 Functional Anatomy of Bones, Muscle, and Skin: An Introduction......Page 451 Cartilaginous Fish Skeletal Anatomy......Page 454 Cartilaginous Fish Skeletal Tissues......Page 463 Bony Fish Skeleton......Page 469 Cartilaginous Fishes Cranial Muscles......Page 484 Bony Fish Cranial Muscles......Page 498 The Many Functions of Fish Integument......Page 506 Functional Morphology of the Integumentary System in Fishes......Page 511 Coloration and Chromatophores in Fishes......Page 524 Bioluminescence in Fishes......Page 532 Hagfish Slime......Page 539 Buoyancy, Locomotion, and Movement in Fishes: An Introduction......Page 551 Buoyancy in Fishes......Page 555 Swimbladder Function and Buoyancy Control in Fishes......Page 561 Experimental Hydrodynamics......Page 570 Undulatory Swimming......Page 582 Functional Properties of Skeletal Muscle: Work Loops......Page 590 Paired Fin Swimming......Page 599 Maneuverability......Page 610 Stability and Turbulence......Page 616 Fast Start......Page 622 Feeding Mechanics......Page 632 Biomimetics: Robotics Based on Fish Swimming......Page 638 The Diversity of Fish Reproduction: An Introduction......Page 648 Anatomy and Histology of Fish Testis......Page 651 Regulation of Spermatogenesis......Page 662 Vitellogenesis in Fishes......Page 670 Linking Fish Behavior and Physiology: An Introduction......Page 682 Dominance Behaviors......Page 684 Sexual Behavior in Fish......Page 691 Socially Controlled Sex Change in Fishes......Page 697 Parental Care in Fishes......Page 705 Nutritional Provision During Parental Care......Page 713 How Fishes Use Sound: Quiet to Loud and Simple to Complex Signalling......Page 719 Communication Behavior: Visual Signals......Page 727 Shocking Comments: Electrocommunication in Teleost Fish......Page 734 Fish Learning and Memory......Page 742 Nociception or Pain in Fish......Page 748 Spatial Orientation: How do Fish Find their Way Around?......Page 755 Magnetic Sense in Fishes......Page 761 Circadian Rhythms in Fish......Page 771 A Survival Guide for Fishes: How to Obtain Food While Avoiding Being Food......Page 779 Effects of Compensatory Growth on Fish Behavior......Page 787 Temperature Preference: Behavioral Responses to Temperature in Fishes......Page 793 Behavioral Responses to Hypoxia......Page 800 Sleep in Fish......Page 807 Manipulation of Fish Phenotype by Parasites......Page 812 Anthropogenic Influences on Fish Behavior......Page 818 Volume 2: GAS EXCHANGE, INTERNAL HOMEOSTATIS, AND FOOD UPTAKE......Page 828 Respiration: An Introduction......Page 860 Plasticity in Gill Morphology......Page 865 Gill Respiratory Morphometrics......Page 872 The Effect of Exercise on Respiration......Page 881 Efficiency of Gas Exchange Organs......Page 889 Respiratory Gas Exchange During Development: Models and Mechanisms......Page 898 Respiratory Gas Exchange During Development: Respiratory Transitions......Page 907 Techniques in Whole Animal Respiratory Physiology......Page 915 Generation of the Respiratory Rhythm in Fish......Page 923 The Ventilatory Response to CO2/H+......Page 934 Oxygen Sensing in Fish......Page 940 Red Blood Cell Function......Page 948 Hemoglobin......Page 956 O2 Uptake and Transport: The Optimal P50......Page 962 Carbonic Anhydrase in Gas Transport and Exchange......Page 968 Carbon Dioxide Transport and Excretion......Page 978 Gas Transport and Exchange: Interaction Between O2 and CO2 Exchange......Page 985 Evolution of the Bohr Effect......Page 990 Root Effect: Root Effect Definition, Functional Role in Oxygen Delivery to the Eye and Swimbladder......Page 998 Root Effect: Molecular Basis, Evolution of the Root Effect and Rete Systems......Page 1004 Hemoglobin Differentiation in Fishes......Page 1013 Cellular Respiration......Page 1020 Mitochondrial Respiration......Page 1028 Specializations in Mitochondrial Respiration of Fish......Page 1035 The Circulatory System: An Introduction......Page 1042 Circulatory System Design: Roles and Principles......Page 1046 Cellular Composition of the Blood......Page 1053 Erythropoiesis in Fishes......Page 1061 Cardiac Anatomy in Fishes......Page 1067 Cellular Ultrastructure of Cardiac Cells in Fishes......Page 1075 The Outflow Tract from the Heart......Page 1084 Physiology of Cardiac Pumping......Page 1099 Action Potential of the Fish Heart......Page 1107 Cardiac Excitation-Contraction Coupling: Routes of Cellular Calcium Flux......Page 1114 Cardiac Excitation-Contraction Coupling: Calcium and the Contractile Element......Page 1123 Cardiac Cellular Length-Tension Relationship......Page 1129 Intracardiac Neurons and Neurotransmitters in Fish......Page 1136 Accessory Hearts in Fishes......Page 1142 The Coronary Circulation......Page 1146 Anatomical Pathways and Patterns......Page 1154 Branchial Anatomy......Page 1164 Physiology of Resistance Vessels......Page 1173 Physiology of Capacitance Vessels......Page 1180 The Retia......Page 1188 The Gastrointestinal Circulation......Page 1201 Capillaries, Capillarity, and Angiogenesis......Page 1211 Circulatory Fluid Balance and Transcapillary Exchange......Page 1223 Secondary Circulation and Lymphatic Anatomy......Page 1230 Integrated Control of the Circulatory System......Page 1238 Central Control of Cardiorespiratory Interactions in Fish......Page 1247 Hormone Metabolism in the Circulation......Page 1259 Integrated Responses of the Circulatory System to Temperature......Page 1266 Integrated Responses of the Circulatory System to Digestion......Page 1275 Integrated Cardiovascular Responses of Fish to Swimming......Page 1284 Integrated Responses of the Circulatory System to Hypoxia......Page 1290 The Gastrointestinal Tract: An Introduction......Page 1298 Gut Anatomy......Page 1337 Pancreas......Page 1345 Development of Fish Gut......Page 1353 Gut Motility......Page 1361 Gut Secretion and Digestion......Page 1370 Intestinal Absorption......Page 1380 Barrier Function of the Gut......Page 1391 Nervous System of the Gut......Page 1401 Endocrine Systems of the Gut......Page 1410 Osmoregulation in Fishes: An Introduction......Page 1417 Mechanisms of Gill Salt Secretion in Marine Teleosts......Page 1423 Mechanisms of Ion Transport in Freshwater Fishes......Page 1428 Water Balance and Aquaporin......Page 1435 Osmosensing......Page 1442 Morphology of Branchial Ionocytes......Page 1450 The Osmorespiratory Compromise......Page 1458 Histology of the Kidney......Page 1464 The Kidney......Page 1480 Gut Ion, Osmotic and Acid-Base Regulation......Page 1488 Dogfish Rectal Gland......Page 1498 Excretion of Ammonia......Page 1506 Ureotelism......Page 1513 Development of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Interrenal Axis......Page 1519 Pituitary Gland or Hypophysis......Page 1526 The Hormonal Control of Osmoregulation in Teleost Fish......Page 1535 Corticosteroids......Page 1543 Endocrinology of Fish Growth......Page 1552 Endocrine Control of Sex Differentiation in Fish......Page 1559 Endocrine Regulation of Fish Reproduction......Page 1569 Control of Appetite in Fish......Page 1578 Hormone Response to Stress......Page 1584 Catecholamines......Page 1593 Stress Effect on Growth and Metabolism......Page 1603 Impact of Stress in Health and Reproduction......Page 1610 Glossary......Page 1622 Goldfish and Related Carps......Page 1623 Female Postovulatory Prostaglandin Pheromone......Page 1625 Mechanisms of Pheromone Action......Page 1626 A Goldfish Chemical Network?......Page 1629 Hormonal Pheromones and Species Specificity......Page 1630 Further Reading ......Page 1631 Volume 3: ENERGETICS, INTERACTIONS WITH THE ENVIRONMENT, LIFESTYLES, AND APPLICATIONS......Page 1634 Energy Use by Fish......Page 1666 See also......Page 1668 Metabolic Rates of Fish......Page 1669 Further Reading ......Page 1675 Introduction......Page 1676 Scaling in Embryonic Fish......Page 1677 Ontogenetic Changes in Standard Metabolic Rate after Hatching......Page 1679 Interspecific Scaling......Page 1682 Further Reading ......Page 1685 Overview of Competition Theory and Relevance......Page 1686 The Ecomorphological Paradigm......Page 1687 Foraging and Prey Capture Behavior......Page 1688 Performance Consequences......Page 1689 Further Reading ......Page 1690 Introduction......Page 1691 The Motivation to Feed - When to Forage?......Page 1692 Searching for Food - How to Forage?......Page 1694 Prey Selection - What to Forage?......Page 1696 See also......Page 1697 Further Reading ......Page 1698 Concepts in Digestive Efficiency......Page 1699 Dietary Effects on Digestive Efficiency......Page 1703 Fish Digestive Strategies......Page 1705 Further Reading ......Page 1709 Introduction......Page 1711 Further Reading ......Page 1719 Nutrient Functions and Their Requirements......Page 1720 AAs/Protein......Page 1721 Fatty Acids......Page 1724 Further Reading ......Page 1725 Introduction......Page 1726 Relevant Website......Page 1731 Abiotic Factors......Page 1732 Biotic Factors......Page 1735 Further Reading ......Page 1737 Introduction......Page 1739 Types of Fish Muscle and Swimming Activity......Page 1740 Environmental Influences and the Fry Paradigm......Page 1744 Estimating the Costs of Swimming in Wild Fish......Page 1745 See also......Page 1746 Further Reading ......Page 1747 Introduction......Page 1748 Aerobic Metabolic Pathways: Sustaining Functional Scope......Page 1749 Anaerobic Metabolic Pathways: Extending Limits to Function and Time......Page 1751 Further Reading ......Page 1754 Background......Page 1755 Swimming Performance Data - Where Does It Come from?......Page 1758 Limitations of Available Data......Page 1762 Further Reading ......Page 1766 Glossary......Page 1767 Defining Bioenergetics: Energy Flow and Partitioning......Page 1769 Units of Measurement......Page 1771 Energy Budgets: Growth Trials and the Biological Evaluation of Compound Feeds......Page 1772 Monitoring Feed Intake......Page 1773 Assessment of Nutrient Bioavailability......Page 1774 Growth and Nutrient Retention Efficiency......Page 1775 Past and Future......Page 1776 Further Reading ......Page 1777 Fish Bioenergetics Modeling inEcosystems: An Overview......Page 1778 Wisconsin Bioenergetics Models for Fish......Page 1779 An Example of Fish BioenergeticsModeling Guiding Fisheries Management......Page 1780 Use of Bioenergetics Modeling to BetterUnderstand Fish Growth andConsumption......Page 1781 Limitations to Fish Bioenergetics ModelApplications......Page 1782 Further Reading......Page 1783 Introduction......Page 1784 Optimal Values for Biochemical Systems: The Conservative Side of Adaptation......Page 1785 Conservation of an Appropriate Internal Milieu......Page 1786 Conservation of Membrane Function: Homeoviscous and Homeophasic Adaptation......Page 1788 Conservation of Gene Regulatory Ability......Page 1789 Further Reading ......Page 1790 Glossary......Page 1791 Introduction......Page 1792 Temperature, Thermal Energy, and Heat......Page 1793 Effects of Temperature on Rate Processes......Page 1794 Arrhenius Breakpoint Temperature......Page 1795 Effects of Temperature on Weak Bonds......Page 1796 Further Reading ......Page 1797 Temperature-Dependent Physiology: The Basis of Thermal Tolerance......Page 1798 Laboratory Measures of Thermal Tolerance......Page 1799 Influences on Thermal Tolerance......Page 1802 Ecophysiological Theory of Thermal Tolerance......Page 1804 Further Reading ......Page 1805 Introduction......Page 1806 Effects of Temperature on Enzyme Function......Page 1807 Structural Modifications in Proteins Important for Temperature Adaptation......Page 1808 Location of Amino Acid Substitutions Is Important in Enzymic Temperature Adaptation......Page 1810 Further Reading ......Page 1811 Introduction......Page 1812 Fish Mitochondria and Thermal Change......Page 1814 Further Reading ......Page 1819 Glossary......Page 1820 Ion Channels Are Necessary for Excitability......Page 1821 How Does Temperature Affect Excitability?......Page 1822 Evolutionary Thermal Adaptation of Excitability......Page 1825 Further Reading ......Page 1826 Introduction......Page 1828 Structure of Cellular Membranes......Page 1829 Environmental Effects on Fluidity......Page 1832 Further Reading ......Page 1834 Heat Shock Proteins......Page 1835 HSPs and Fish......Page 1836 Plasticity of the Heat Shock Response......Page 1837 Triggers of the Heat Shock Response......Page 1838 Molecular Regulation of the Heat Shock Response......Page 1839 Further Reading ......Page 1840 Introduction......Page 1841 Ecosystem Level Phenomena: Populations and Communities......Page 1842 Physiological Background of Climate-Change Impacts on Ecosystems......Page 1844 Performance Patterns and Energy Budget......Page 1845 Physiology-Based Projections of Impacts......Page 1847 Further Reading ......Page 1848 Importance of Oxygen and Hypoxia......Page 1849 Rise of Anthropogenic Influence on Oxygen Budgets......Page 1850 Oxygen Budgets and Global Climate Change......Page 1852 Further Reading ......Page 1853 What Is the Hypoxic Hyperventilatory Response?......Page 1854 What Is the Benefit of the Hypoxic Ventilatory Response?......Page 1856 What Are the Pathways Mediating the Hypoxic Ventilatory Response?......Page 1857 Ontogeny and Plasticity of the Hypoxic Ventilatory Response......Page 1858 Further Reading ......Page 1859 General Overview of the ATP-Generating Pathways in Fish......Page 1860 The Fate of Pyruvate......Page 1863 Why Use Anaerobic Metabolism?......Page 1864 Anaerobic Metabolism and Exhaustive Exercise......Page 1865 Further Reading ......Page 1866 Defining Metabolic Rate and Metabolic Scope......Page 1867 Measuring Metabolic Rate......Page 1868 Hypoxia Exposure Imposes a Metabolic Stress in Animals......Page 1869 Changes in Behavior Contribute to Metabolic Rate Suppression......Page 1870 Changes in Biochemistry Contribute to Metabolic Rate Suppression......Page 1871 See also......Page 1872 Further Reading ......Page 1873 The Fascination and a Few Misconceptions......Page 1874 Anaerobic Abilities......Page 1875 The Unique Physiology and Anatomy of Hagfishes......Page 1876 Further Reading ......Page 1881 Life History of Lampreys......Page 1882 Locomotion and the Skeletal-Muscle System......Page 1883 Metamorphosis......Page 1885 Feeding......Page 1886 The Great Lakes Invasion by Sea Lampreys......Page 1888 Further Reading......Page 1889 Relevant Websites......Page 1890 Gas Exchange and Cardiovascular System......Page 1891 Osmoregulation......Page 1895 Nitrogenous Waste Production and Excretion......Page 1900 Further Reading ......Page 1901 Introduction......Page 1903 Reproduction......Page 1904 Endogenous and Environmental Regulation of Reproduction......Page 1905 Respiratory Metabolism......Page 1906 Osmoregulation......Page 1907 See also......Page 1908 Further Reading ......Page 1909 Glossary......Page 1910 Sensory Biology......Page 1911 Buoyancy Regulation......Page 1912 Respiration......Page 1913 Osmo- and Ionoregulation/Osmoconformation......Page 1914 Intermediary Metabolism......Page 1915 Immune System and Disease Resistance......Page 1917 Endothermy in Elasmobranchs......Page 1919 Further Reading ......Page 1920 Introduction......Page 1922 Distribution and Natural History......Page 1923 Lifecycle and Reproduction......Page 1924 Zebrafish as a Model Organism for Scientific Research......Page 1925 Further Reading ......Page 1926 Occurrence and Habitat......Page 1927 Ethanol Production......Page 1928 Neural Depression......Page 1929 Mechanisms of Metabolic Depression......Page 1930 Conclusions......Page 1932 Further Reading ......Page 1933 Habitats......Page 1934 Physiological Studies of Desert Pupfish......Page 1938 Relevant Websites......Page 1945 Astyanax Cavefish......Page 1946 Troglomorphism......Page 1947 Eye Degeneration......Page 1948 Feeding Apparatus Amplification......Page 1950 Evolution of Troglomorphism......Page 1951 Further Reading ......Page 1952 Glossary......Page 1953 The Diversity of Fish Air Breathing......Page 1954 The Types of Air-Breathing Fishes......Page 1956 The Evolution of Air Breathing......Page 1958 Air Breathing and Natural History......Page 1960 Further Reading ......Page 1962 Types......Page 1964 The Lung and Respiratory Gas Bladder......Page 1966 Head Region......Page 1969 Digestive Tube......Page 1972 Skin......Page 1974 ABO Ventilation......Page 1975 See also......Page 1976 Further Reading ......Page 1977 Introduction......Page 1978 Defining the Problem......Page 1980 Patterns of ABO Circulation: Lungs and Respiratory Gas Bladders......Page 1983 Circulation Patterns for Other ABOs......Page 1986 Coronary Circulation and Air Breathing......Page 1987 Further Reading ......Page 1988 Glossary......Page 1990 Introduction......Page 1992 General Adaptations for Life in the Pelagic Realm......Page 1993 Do Pelagic Fish Have a Depth Preference?......Page 1997 What May Limit the Vertical Movements of Pelagic Fishes?......Page 1998 Physiological and Morphological Adaptations That Allow Some Pelagic Fishes to Undergo Rapid and Repeated Vertical Movements in the Water Column......Page 2001 See also......Page 2004 Further Reading ......Page 2005 Glossary......Page 2006 Continuous Swimming......Page 2007 High Metabolic Rates and Aerobic Scopes......Page 2008 Specializations Associated with High Aerobic Capacity......Page 2012 Physiological Consequences of Regional Endothermy......Page 2013 Physiological Consequences of Diving in Tunas......Page 2015 Further Reading ......Page 2016 Introduction......Page 2017 Systemic Endothermy......Page 2018 Heater Organ Tissue......Page 2019 How Fish Have Built a Furnace Out of Muscle......Page 2020 Why Be Warm?......Page 2021 Further Reading ......Page 2023 Glossary......Page 2024 Orientation and Navigation......Page 2025 Energetics of Migration......Page 2027 Environmental Factors That Influence Migration......Page 2028 Anthropogenic Impacts on Migration......Page 2029 Further Reading ......Page 2030 Introduction......Page 2031 Acoustic Tags......Page 2033 Early Satellite Transmitters......Page 2034 Relevant Websites......Page 2039 Larval Migration: The Early Years......Page 2040 Migration from the Coastal Shelf: Life as a Glass Eel......Page 2042 The Downstream Migration: Back to the Sea......Page 2044 The Spawning Migration: Into the Big Blue......Page 2046 Relevant Websites......Page 2047 Introduction......Page 2048 Smolting and Migration to Sea......Page 2050 Migration to Ocean Feeding Grounds......Page 2051 Directed Migration to the Coast and Natal River......Page 2052 Anthropogenic Threats Involving Salmon Migrations......Page 2053 See also......Page 2054 Further Reading ......Page 2055 What Is the Deep Sea?......Page 2056 Feeding among the Deep-Sea Fishes......Page 2058 Effects of Pressure......Page 2059 Further Reading ......Page 2061 Introduction......Page 2062 Types of Intertidal Habitats......Page 2063 Adaptations to Changing Oxygenation......Page 2065 Further Reading ......Page 2067 Glossary......Page 2068 Sources......Page 2069 Culture Vessels......Page 2070 Growth Temperature......Page 2071 See also......Page 2072 Further Reading ......Page 2073 Pigment Cells in Fish......Page 2074 Genetic Control of Pigment Cell Development......Page 2076 Pigment Synthesis Genes......Page 2078 Pigment Cell Tumors......Page 2079 Further Reading ......Page 2081 Relevant Websites......Page 2082 Glossary......Page 2083 Ancestral Teleost-Specific Genome Duplication and Biodiversity......Page 2084 Diversity of Transposable Elements......Page 2086 Rapid Evolutionary Turnover of Sex Chromosomes......Page 2087 Further Reading ......Page 2088 Introduction......Page 2089 Reverse Genetics......Page 2090 Chemical Biology......Page 2091 In Vivo Imaging......Page 2092 Blood......Page 2093 Heart......Page 2094 Neuroscience......Page 2095 Muscle......Page 2096 Skin......Page 2097 Behavior......Page 2098 Further Reading ......Page 2099 Glossary......Page 2101 Fish Transgenesis......Page 2102 Further Reading ......Page 2111 Introduction......Page 2112 Reproductive Physiology......Page 2113 Hematology, Gas Transport, and Cardiovascular Physiology......Page 2114 Respiration and Metabolism......Page 2115 Immunology and Disease Resistance......Page 2116 Further Reading ......Page 2117 Brief History of Genetic Engineering in Fish......Page 2119 Growth Effects of GH Transgenes in Fish......Page 2120 Expression of Transgenes and Endocrine Effects......Page 2121 Phenotypic Effects - Morphology......Page 2122 Oxygen Uptake, Exercise, and Energy Use......Page 2123 Behavior......Page 2124 Application in Aquaculture, and Environmental Risk Assessments......Page 2125 Further Reading ......Page 2127 Introduction......Page 2128 Genetic Sex Determination......Page 2129 Molecular Control of Sex Differentiation......Page 2132 Further Reading ......Page 2134 Introduction......Page 2135 Extracellular Products......Page 2136 Excretion Systems......Page 2138 Infection......Page 2142 Fish Viruses......Page 2143 Methods of Control......Page 2146 Further Reading ......Page 2147 What Is a Germ Cell?......Page 2149 When Is a PGC Specified?......Page 2150 PGC Migration......Page 2151 What Is a Trans Sex Phenomenon?......Page 2154 Plasma Steroids Play a Critical Role in Sex Change......Page 2156 Further Reading ......Page 2157 Why Is Global Gene Expression Measured?......Page 2158 Sources of Variation in Gene Expression Data......Page 2159 Physiological Insights Arising from Global Gene Expression Data......Page 2161 Further Reading ......Page 2163 How Do We Classify Metals?......Page 2164 Environmental Fate and Bioavailability of Metals......Page 2165 Biological Fate and Toxicokinetics......Page 2166 Biological Effects and Toxicodynamics......Page 2167 Further Reading ......Page 2170 Relevant Websites......Page 2171 Introduction......Page 2172 Biological Fate......Page 2173 Specific Organic Contaminants......Page 2176 Chemicals of Emerging Concern......Page 2179 Further Reading ......Page 2180 Odorants, Contaminants, and Their Relevance to Physiological and Behavioral Response......Page 2181 Further Reading ......Page 2185 Relevant Websites......Page 2186 Introduction......Page 2187 Temperature......Page 2188 Carbon Dioxide and Acid-Base Balance......Page 2190 Osmoregulation, Salinity Tolerance, and Smoltification in Cultured Fishes......Page 2191 Further Reading ......Page 2192 INDEX......Page 2194 Fish form an extremely diverse group of vertebrates. At a conservative estimate at least 40% of the world's vertebrates are fish. On the one hand they are united by their adaptations to an aquatic environment and on the other they show a variety of adaptations to differing environmental conditions - often to extremes of temperature, salinity, oxygen level and water chemistry. They exhibit an array of behavioural and reproductive systems. Interesting in their own right, this suite of adaptive physiologies provides many model systems for both comparative vertebrate and human physiologists.

This four volume encyclopedia covers the diversity of fish physiology in over 300 articles and provides entry level information for students and summary overviews for researchers alike.

Broadly organised into four themes, articles cover Functional, Thematic, and Phylogenetic Physiology, and Fish Genomics

Functional articles address the traditional aspects of fish physiology that are common to all areas of vertebrate physiology including: Reproduction, Respiration, Neural (Sensory, Central, Effector), Endocrinology, Renal, Cardiovascular, Acid-base Balance, Osmoregulation, Ionoregulation, Digestion, Metabolism, Locomotion, and so on.

Thematic Physiology articles are carefully selected and fewer in number. They provide a level of integration that goes beyond the coverage in the Functional Physiology topics and include discussions of Toxicology, Air-breathing, Migrations, Temperature, Endothermy, etc.

Phylogenetic Physiology articles bring together information that bridges the physiology of certain groupings of fishes where the knowledge base has a sufficient depth and breadth and include articles on Ancient Fishes, Tunas, Sharks, etc.

Genomics articles describe the underlying genetic component of fish physiology and high light their suitability and use as model organisms for the study of disease, stress and physiological adaptations and reactions to external conditions.

• Winner of a 2011 PROSE Award Honorable Mention for Multivolume Science Reference from the Association of American Publishers
• The definitive encyclopedia for the field of fish physiology
• Three volumes which comprehensively cover the entire field in over 300 entries written by experts
• Detailed coverage of basic functional physiology of fishes, physiological themes in fish biology and comparative physiology amongst taxonomic Groups
• Describes the genomic bases of fish physiology and biology and the use of fish as model organisms in human physiological research
• Includes a glossary of terms
• Available online in indexed searchable format

Fish form an extremely diverse group of vertebrates. At a conservative estimate at least 40% of the world's vertebrates are fish. On the one hand they are united by their adaptations to an aquatic environment and on the other they show a variety of adaptations to differing environmental conditions - often to extremes of temperature, salinity, oxygen level and water chemistry. They exhibit an array of behavioural and reproductive systems. Interesting in their own right, this suite of adaptive physiologies provides many model systems for both comparative vertebrate and human physiologists.This four volume encyclopedia covers the diversity of fish physiology in over 300 articles and provides entry level information for students and summary overviews for researchers alike.Broadly organised into four themes, articles cover Functional, Thematic, and Phylogenetic Physiology, and Fish Genomics.Functional articles address the traditional aspects of fish physiology that are common to all areas of vertebrate physiology including: Reproduction, Respiration, Neural (Sensory, Central, Effector), Endocrinology, Renal, Cardiovascular, Acid-base Balance, Osmoregulation, Ionoregulation, Digestion, Metabolism, Locomotion, and so on.Thematic Physiology articles are carefully selected and fewer in number. They provide a level of integration that goes beyond the coverage in the Functional Physiology topics and include discussions of Toxicology, Air-breathing, Migrations, Temperature, Endothermy, etc.Phylogenetic Physiology articles bring together information that bridges the physiology of certain groupings of fishes where the knowledge base has a sufficient depth and breadth and include articles on Ancient Fishes, Tunas, Sharks, etc.Genomics articles describe the underlying genetic component of fish physiology and high light their suitability and use as model organisms for the study of disease, stress and physiological adaptations and reactions to external conditions. Winner of a 2011 PROSE Award Honorable Mention for Multivolume Science Reference from the Association of American Publishers The definitive encyclopedia for the field of fish physiology Three volumes which comprehensively cover the entire field in over 300 entries written by experts Detailed coverage of basic functional physiology of fishes, physiological themes in fish biology and comparative physiology amongst taxonomic Groups Describes the genomic bases of fish physiology and biology and the use of fish as model organisms in human physiological research Includes a glossary of terms