Encyclopedia of Electronic Components Volume 1: power sources & conversion: resistors, capacitors, inductors, switches, encoders, relays, transistors

Want to know how to use an electronic component? This first book of a three-volume set includes key information on electronics parts for your projects—complete with photographs, schematics, and diagrams. You’ll learn what each one does, how it works, why it’s useful, and what variants exist. No matter how much you know about electronics, you’ll find fascinating details you’ve never come across before. **Convenient, concise, well-organized, and precise** Perfect for teachers, hobbyists, engineers, and students of all ages, this reference puts reliable, fact-checked information right at your fingertips—whether you’re refreshing your memory or exploring a component for the first time. Beginners will quickly grasp important concepts, and more experienced users will find the specific details their projects require. * **Unique:** the first and only encyclopedia set on electronic components, distilled into three separate volumes * **Incredibly detailed:** includes information distilled from hundreds of sources * **Easy to browse:** parts are clearly organized by component type * **Authoritative:** fact-checked by expert advisors to ensure that the information is both current and accurate * **Reliable:** a more consistent source of information than online sources, product datasheets, and manufacturer’s tutorials * **Instructive:** each component description provides details about substitutions, common problems, and workarounds * **Comprehensive:** __Volume 1__ covers power, electromagnetism, and discrete semi-conductors; __Volume 2__ includes integrated circuits, and light and sound sources; __Volume 3__ covers a range of sensing devices. Copyright 4 Table of Contents 7 1. Datasheets 21 2. Wikipedia 21 Preface 21 3. Manufacturers’ Tutorials 22 4. Personal Guides 22 The Encyclopedic Solution 22 The Audience 22 Completeness 23 Acknowledgments 23 Chapter 1. How to Use This Book 25 Reference vs. Tutorial 25 Theory and Practice 25 Organization 25 Subject Paths 26 Inclusions and Exclusions 26 Typographical Conventions 27 Volume Contents 27 Safari® Books Online 27 How to Contact Us 28 Chapter 2. battery 29 What It Does 29 How It Works 30 Electrode Terminology 31 Variants 31 Disposable Batteries 32 Rechargeable Batteries 33 Values 35 Amperage 35 Capacity 35 Voltage 37 How to Use it 38 What Can Go Wrong 39 Short Circuits: Overheating and Fire 39 Diminished Performance Caused by Improper Recharging 39 Complete Discharge of Lead-Acid Battery 39 Inadequate Current 39 Incorrect Polarity 39 Reverse Charging 40 Sulfurization 40 High Current Flow Between Parallel Batteries 40 Chapter 3. jumper 41 What It Does 41 How It Works 41 Variants 42 Values 42 How to Use it 43 What Can Go Wrong 43 Chapter 4. fuse 45 What It Does 45 How It Works 45 Values 46 Variants 46 Small Cartridge Fuses 47 Automotive Fuses 47 Strip Fuses 48 Through-Hole Fuses 48 Resettable Fuses 48 Surface Mount Fuses 50 How to Use it 50 What Can Go Wrong 51 Repeated Failure 51 Soldering Damage 51 Placement 52 Chapter 5. pushbutton 53 What It Does 53 How It Works 53 Variants 54 Poles and Throws 54 On-Off Behavior 54 Slider 55 Styles 55 Termination and Contact Plating 56 Mounting Style 56 Sealed or Unsealed 56 Latching 57 Foot Pedal 57 Keypad 57 Tactile Switch 58 Membrane Pad 58 Radio Buttons 59 Snap-Action Switches 59 Emergency Switch 59 Values 59 How to Use it 59 What Can Go Wrong 59 No Button 59 Mounting Problems 59 LED Issues 60 Other Problems 60 Chapter 6. switch 61 What It Does 61 How It Works 61 Variants 62 Terminology 62 Poles and Throws 62 On-Off Behavior 63 Snap-Action 63 Rocker 64 Slider 64 Toggle 65 DIP 67 SIP 68 Paddle 68 Vandal Resistant Switch 69 Tactile Switch 69 Mounting Options 69 Termination 69 Contact Plating Options 69 Values 69 How to Use it 70 Power Switches 70 Limit Switches 70 Logic Circuits 71 Alternatives 71 What Can Go Wrong 71 Arcing 71 Dry Joints 72 Short Circuits 72 Contact Contamination 72 Wrong Terminal Type 72 Contact Bounce 72 Mechanical Wear 72 Mounting Problems 72 Cryptic Schematics 73 Chapter 7. rotary switch 75 What It Does 75 How It Works 76 Variants 76 Conventional 76 Rotary DIP 77 Gray Code 78 PC Board Rotary Switch 79 Mechanical Encoder 79 Pushwheel and Thumbwheel 79 Keylock 79 Values 80 How to Use it 80 What Can Go Wrong 81 Vulnerable Contacts 81 Contact Overload 81 Misalignment 81 Misidentified Shorting Switch 81 User Abuse 81 Wrong Shaft, Wrong Knobs, Nuts That Get Lost, Too Big to Fit 81 Chapter 8. rotational encoder 83 What It Does 83 How It Works 83 Variants 84 Pulses and Detents 85 Format 85 Output 85 Rotational Resistance 85 Values 85 Contact Bounce 85 Sliding Noise 86 How to Use it 86 What Can Go Wrong 86 Switch Bounce 86 Contact Burnout 87 Chapter 9. relay 89 What It Does 89 How It Works 90 Variants 91 Latching 91 Polarity 91 Pinout Variations 91 Reed Relay 92 Small Signal Relay 92 Automotive Relays 93 General Purpose/Industrial 93 Time Delay Relay 93 Contactor 94 Values 94 How to Use it 95 What Can Go Wrong 96 Wrong Pinouts 96 Wrong Orientation 96 Wrong Type 96 Wrong Polarity 96 AC and DC 96 Chatter 96 Relay Coil Voltage Spike 96 Arcing 96 Magnetic Fields 96 Environmental Hazards 97 Chapter 10. resistor 99 What It Does 99 How It Works 100 Variants 100 Resistor Array 101 Values 103 Tolerance 103 Value Coding 105 Stability 106 Materials 106 How to Use it 108 In Series with LED 108 Current Limiting with a Transistor 108 Pullup and Pulldown Resistors 109 Audio Tone Control 109 RC Network 109 Voltage Divider 110 Resistors in Series 110 Resistors in Parallel 110 What Can Go Wrong 111 Heat 111 Noise 111 Inductance 111 Inaccuracy 111 Wrong Values 112 Chapter 11. potentiometer 113 What It Does 113 How It Works 114 Variants 114 Linear and Log Taper 114 Classic-style Potentiometer 115 Multiple-Turn Potentiometer 116 Ganged Potentiometer 117 Switched Potentiometer 117 Slider Potentiometer 117 Trimmer Potentiometer 117 How to Use it 118 What Can Go Wrong 119 Wear and Tear 119 Knobs that Don’t Fit 119 Nuts that Get Lost 119 A Shaft that Isn’t Long Enough 120 Sliders with No Finger Grip 120 Too Big to Fit 120 Overheating 120 The Wrong Taper 120 Chapter 12. capacitor 121 What It Does 121 How It Works 121 Variants 123 Format 123 Principal Types 125 Dielectrics 127 Values 128 Farads 128 Commonly Used Values 128 Dielectric Constant 129 The Time Constant 129 Multiple Capacitors 130 Alternating Current and Capacitive Reactance 130 Equivalent Series Resistance 130 How to Use it 131 Bypass Capacitor 131 Coupling Capacitor 131 High-Pass Filter 131 Low-Pass Filter 131 Smoothing Capacitor 132 Snubber 132 Capacitor as a Battery Substitute 133 What Can Go Wrong 133 Wrong Polarity 134 Voltage Overload 134 Leakage 134 Dielectric Memory 134 Specific Electrolytic Issues 134 Heat 134 Vibration 134 Misleading Nomenclature 135 Chapter 13. variable capacitor 137 What It Does 137 How It Works 137 Variants 138 Values 139 Formats 139 How to Use it 139 What Can Go Wrong 141 Failure to Ground Trimmer Capacitor While Adjusting it 141 Application of Overcoat Material or “Lock Paint” 141 Lack of Shielding 141 Chapter 14. inductor 143 What It Does 143 How It Works 144 DC Through a Coil 145 Magnetic Core 146 EMF and Back-EMF 146 Electrical and Magnetic Polarity 147 Variants 148 Magnetic Cores 148 Nonmagnetic Cores 149 Variable Inductors 149 Ferrite Beads 150 Toroidal Cores 150 Gyrator 151 Values 152 Calculating Inductance 152 Calculating Reactance 152 Calculating Reluctance 153 Datasheet Terminology 153 Series and Parallel Configurations 153 Time Constant 153 How to Use it 154 Core Choices 156 Miniaturization 156 What Can Go Wrong 156 Real-World Defects 156 Saturation 156 RF Problems 157 Chapter 15. AC-AC transformer 159 What It Does 159 How It Works 160 The Core 161 Taps 161 Variants 162 Core Shapes 162 Power Transformer 162 Plug-in Transformer 163 Isolation Transformer 163 Autotransformer 164 Variable Transformer 164 Audio Transformer 164 Split-Bobbin Transformer 165 Surface-Mount Transformer 165 Values 165 How to Use it 166 What Can Go Wrong 166 Reversal of Input and Output 166 Shock Hazard from Common Ground 166 Accidental DC Input 166 Overload 166 Incorrect AC Frequency 166 Chapter 16. AC-DC power supply 167 What It Does 167 Variants 167 Linear Regulated Power Supply 167 Switching Power Supply 168 Unregulated Power Supply 170 Adjustable Power Supply 170 Voltage Multiplier 170 Formats 170 How to Use it 171 What Can Go Wrong 171 High Voltage Shock 171 Capacitor Failure 171 Electrical Noise 171 Peak Inrush 171 Chapter 17. DC-DC converter 173 What It Does 173 How It Works 173 Variants 174 Buck Converter 174 Boost Converter 175 Flyback Converter with Inductor 175 Flyback Converter with Transformer 175 Formats 175 Values 176 Nominal Input Voltage and Frequency 176 Output Voltage 177 Input Current and Output Current 177 Load Regulation 177 Efficiency 177 Ripple and Noise 178 Isolated or Non-Isolated 178 How to Use it 178 What Can Go Wrong 179 Electrical Noise in Output 179 Excess Heat with No Load 179 Inaccurate Voltage Output with Low Load 179 Chapter 18. DC-AC inverter 181 What It Does 181 How It Works 181 Variants 182 Values 182 How to Use it 183 What Can Go Wrong 184 Chapter 19. voltage regulator 185 What It Does 185 How It Works 185 Variants 187 Packaging 187 Popular Varieties 187 Adjustable Regulators 187 Negative and Positive Regulators 188 Low-Dropout Linear Regulators 188 Quasi-Low-Dropout Linear Regulators 189 Additional Pin Functions 189 Values 189 How to Use it 189 What Can Go Wrong 190 Inadequate Heat Management 190 Transient Response 190 Misidentified Parts 190 Misidentified Pins 191 Dropout Caused by Low Battery 191 Inaccurate Delivered Voltage 191 Chapter 20. electromagnet 193 What It Does 193 How It Works 193 Variants 194 Values 195 How to Use it 195 What Can Go Wrong 196 Chapter 21. solenoid 197 What It Does 197 How It Works 198 Variants 200 Low Profile 200 Latching 200 Rotary 200 Hinged Clapper 200 Values 200 Coil Size vs. Power 201 How to Use it 201 What Can Go Wrong 201 Heat 201 AC Inrush 201 Unwanted EMF 201 Loose Plunger 201 Chapter 22. DC motor 203 What It Does 203 How It Works 203 Variants 205 Coil Configurations 205 Gearhead Motor 205 Brushless DC Motor 207 Linear Actuator 208 Values 208 How to Use it 209 Speed Control 210 Direction Control 210 Limit Switches 211 What Can Go Wrong 211 Brushes and Commutator 211 Electrical Noise 211 Heat effects 212 Ambient Conditions 212 Wrong Shaft Type or Diameter 212 Incompatible Motor Mounts 212 Backlash 212 Bearings 212 Audible Noise 213 Chapter 23. AC motor 215 What It Does 215 How It Works 215 Stator Design 215 Rotor Design 216 Variants 219 Single-Phase Induction Motor 219 Three-Phase Induction Motor 220 Synchronous Motor 220 Reluctance Motor 221 Variable Frequency Drive 222 Wound-Rotor AC Induction Motor 222 Universal Motor 222 Inverted AC Motors 223 Values 223 How to Use It 223 What Can Go Wrong 224 Premature Restart 224 Frequent Restart 224 Undervoltage or Voltage Imbalance 224 Stalled Motor 224 Protective Relays 224 Excess Torque 224 Internal Breakage 224 Chapter 24. servo motor 225 What It Does 225 How It Works 225 Variants 227 Values 228 How to Use it 229 Modification for Continuous Rotation 230 What Can Go Wrong 230 Incorrect Wiring 230 Shaft/Horn Mismatch 230 Unrealistically Rapid Software Commands 231 Jitter 231 Motor Overload 231 Unrealistic Duty Cycle 231 Electrical Noise 231 Chapter 25. stepper motor 233 What It Does 233 How It Works 233 Reluctance Stepper Motors 234 Permanent Magnet Stepper Motors 235 Bipolar Stepper Motors 237 Unipolar Motors 237 Variants 238 High Phase Count 238 Hybrid 240 Bifilar 240 Multiphase 240 Microstepping 241 Sensing and Feedback 241 Voltage Control 241 Values 242 How to Use it 242 Protection Diodes 242 Positional Control 243 What Can Go Wrong 243 Incorrect Wiring 243 Step Loss 243 Excessive Torque 243 Hysteresis 244 Resonance 244 Hunting 244 Saturation 244 Rotor Demagnetization 244 Chapter 26. diode 245 What It Does 245 How It Works 247 Variants 248 Packaging 248 Signal Diodes 248 Rectifier Diodes 248 Zener Diode 248 Transient Voltage Suppressor (TVS) 249 Schottky Diode 249 Varactor Diode 249 Tunnel Diode, Gunn Diode, PIN Diode 250 Diode Array 250 Bridge Rectifier 250 Values 250 How to Use it 251 Rectification 251 Back-EMF Suppression 252 Voltage Selection 253 Voltage Clamping 254 Logic Gate 254 DC Voltage Regulation and Noise Suppression 254 AC Voltage Control and Signal Clipping 255 Voltage Sensing 255 What Can Go Wrong 256 Overload 256 Reversed Polarity 257 Wrong Type of Diode 257 Chapter 27. unijunction transistor 259 What It Does 259 How It Works 260 Variants 262 Values 262 How to Use it 263 What Can Go Wrong 263 Name Confusion 263 Incorrect Bias 263 Overload 264 Chapter 28. bipolar transistor 265 What It Does 265 How It Works 265 Current Gain 268 Terminology 269 Variants 269 Packaging 269 Connections 270 How to Use it 270 Darlington Pairs 272 Amplifiers 274 What Can Go Wrong 275 Wrong Connections on a Bipolar Transistor 275 Wrong Connections on a Darlington Pair Chip 275 Soldering Damage 276 Excessive Current or Voltage 276 Excessive Leakage 276 Chapter 29. field effect transistor 277 What It Does 277 How It Works 277 JFETs 277 JFET Behavior 279 MOSFETs 280 The Substrate Connection 285 Variants 286 MESFET 286 V-Channel MOSFET 286 Trench MOS 286 Values 286 How to Use it 287 P-Channel Disadvantage 287 Bipolar Substitution 287 Amplifier Front Ends 287 Voltage-Controlled Resistor 287 Compatibility with Digital Devices 287 What Can Go Wrong 287 Static Electricity 287 Heat 287 Wrong Bias 288 Appendix A. Schematic Symbols 289 Index 293 www.it-ebooks.info IT eBooks Want to know how to use an electronic component? This first book of a three-volume set includes key information on electronics parts for your projects—complete with photographs, schematics, and diagrams. You’ll learn what each one does, how it works, why it’s useful, and what variants exist. No matter how much you know about electronics, you’ll find fascinating details you’ve never come across before.Convenient, concise, well-organized, and precisePerfect for teachers, hobbyists, engineers, and students of all ages, this reference puts reliable, fact-checked information right at your fingertips—whether you’re refreshing your memory or exploring a component for the first time. Beginners will quickly grasp important concepts, and more experienced users will find the specific details their projects require.Unique: the first and only encyclopedia set on electronic components, distilled into three separate volumesIncredibly detailed: includes information distilled from hundreds of sourcesEasy to browse: parts are clearly organized by component typeAuthoritative: fact-checked by expert advisors to ensure that the information is both current and accurateReliable: a more consistent source of information than online sources, product datasheets, and manufacturer’s tutorialsInstructive: each component description provides details about substitutions, common problems, and workaroundsComprehensive: Volume 1 covers power, electromagnetism, and discrete semi-conductors; Volume 2 includes integrated circuits, and light and sound sources; Volume 3 covers a range of sensing devices. Want to know how to use an electronic component? This three-volume set includes key information on electronics parts for your projects -- complete with photographs, schematics, and diagrams. You'll learn what each one does, how it works, why it's useful, and what variants exist. No matter how much you know about electronics, you'll find fascinating details you've never come across before. Perfect for teachers, hobbyists, engineers, and students of all ages, this reference puts reliable, fact-checked information right at your fingertips -- whether you're refreshing your memory or exploring a component for the first time. Beginners will quickly grasp important concepts, and more experienced users will find the specific details their projects require. This set is unique: the first and only encyclopedia set on electronic components, distilled into three separate volumes. This set is incredibly detailed: includes information distilled from hundreds of sources. This set is instructive: each component description provides details about substitutions, common problems, and workarounds. The Encyclopedia of Electronic Components is comprehensive: Volume 1 covers power, electromagnetism, and discrete semi-conductors; Volume 2 includes integrated circuits, and light and soundsources; Volume 3 covers a range of sensing devices. - Éditeur Want to know how to use an electronic component? This first book of a three-volume set includes key information on electronics parts for your projects -- complete with photographs, schematics, and diagrams. You'll learn what each one does, how it works, why it's useful, and what variants exist. No matter how much you know about electronics, you'll find fascinating details you've never come across before. Want to know how to use an electronic component? This second book of a three-volume set includes key information on electronics parts for your projects--complete with photographs, schematics, and diagrams. You'll learn what each one does, how it works, why it's useful, and what variants exist. No matter how much you know about electronics, you'll find fascinating details you've never come across before