Encyclopedia of Birth Control

Without contraception, a healthy, sexually active woman will give birth to about 15 children and over her life span, spend most of her reproductive years either pregnant or nursing a newborn infant. So controlling fertility has preoccupied women—and often their husbands—since at least 1000 B.C. In this comprehensive reference, readers can explore the history of birth control from a variety of perspectives: anthropological, biological, economic, feminist, medical, political, and psychological. From wet nurses to chastity belts, from animal-dung contraceptives to the Dalkon Shield, readers will learn how women have attempted birth control, contraception, and abortion throughout history and throughout the world. Readers will also discover why opposition to birth control was so fierce early in the 20th century that many American women and men were jailed for disseminating information on avoiding pregnancy, and why family planning remains hotly controversial almost a century later. Abortion -- Abortion And Birth Control Clinics -- Abortion In The Nineteenth Century -- Abortion In The Twentieth Century -- Abstinence -- African Slaves In The United States And Birth Control -- Age At Pregnancy -- American Birth Control League -- Anemia, Diet And Pregnancy -- Apothecaries, Abortifacients, Contraceptives And Patent Medicines -- Augustine, Saint (d. 430) -- Barrier Contraceptives -- Besant, Annie (1847-1933) -- Birth Control -- Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau -- Birth Control Review -- Bradlaugh, Charles (1833-1891) -- Bradlaugh-besant Trial -- Breast-feeding As A Method Of Birth Control -- Brownsville Birth Control Clinic -- Cadbury, George (1907-1995) -- Canada And Birth Control -- Canon Law And Abortion -- Canon Law And Contraception -- Carlile, Richard (1790-1843) -- Catholic Church (american) And Birth Control -- Cervical Cap -- Cervical Rings -- China And Birth Control -- Christian Hostility To Birth Control --^ Classical Medical And Scientific Writers On Birth Control -- Classical World -- Coitus Interruptus (withdrawal) -- Coitus Reservatus -- Comstock, Anthony (1844-1915) And Comstockery -- Condom -- Cooper James F. (1880-1931) -- Council Of Trent And Catholic Tradition -- Criminalizing Of Abortion -- Demography And Population Control In Early Modern Europe -- Dennett, Mary Coffin Ware (1872-1947) -- Diaphragm -- Dickinson, Robert Latou ((1861-1950) -- Distribution Of Contraceptive Products In Nineteenth Century America -- Douching -- Drysdale, George (1825-1904) -- Dung -- Ejaculation And Pregnancy -- Emergency Contraception -- Eugenics -- Family Planning As A Right (united Nations) -- Fellatio As A Contraceptive Technique -- Fertile Period -- Fertility In Males -- Food And Drug Administration (united States) -- Foote, Edward Bliss (1829-1906) -- France And Birth Control -- Freethinkers, Radicals And Socialists -- Gamble, Clarence James (1894-1966) -- German Medical Contributors --^ Goldman, Emma (1869-1940) -- Herbal Contraceptives And Abortifacients -- Homosexuality As Birth Control -- Hormones And Their Delivery For Contraceptive Purposes -- Implants -- India And Birth Control -- Infant Mortality -- Infanticide -- Infibulation -- Injectables -- Intercourse, Age, And Pregnancy Potential -- International Meetings And Congresses -- Intrauterine Devices (iuds) -- Islam -- Jailed -- Judaism And The Jewish Tradition -- Kaufman, Alvin Ratz (1885-?) -- Knowlton, Charles (1800-1850) -- Male Contraceptives -- Male Potential For Impregnating -- Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766-1834) -- Masturbation -- Maternity Ratio, Total -- Mccormick, Katharine Dexter (1875-1967) -- Medieval Europe -- Mineral Contraceptives And Abortifacients -- Modernity And Falling Birthrates -- Mothers' Clinic And Its Successors -- National Birth Control League -- Native Americans Of California -- Neo-malthusians -- Nineteenth-century Fertility Trends In England And The United States --^ Noyes, John Humphrey (1811-1886) -- Onanism -- Opponents Of Birth Control And Abortion In The Nineteenth Century -- Oral Contraceptives -- Owen, Robert Dale (1801-1877) -- Pessary -- Physiology Of Reproduction -- Pincus, Gregory Goodwin (1903-1967) -- Place, Francis (1771-1854) -- Plastic Wrap -- Polygamy -- Polygyny And Sex Ratios -- Population Control And Organization -- Pregnancy Potential -- Protestantism In The Sixteenth And Seventeenth Century -- Quickening -- Robinson, William Josephus (1867-1936) -- Ru 486 -- Sanger, Margaret Louise (higgins) (1879-1966) -- Self-help Literature In The Nineteenth Century -- Serena -- Social Purity Movement -- Spermicides -- Sponges, Tampons, And Vaginal Inserts -- Sterile Period (rhythm Method) -- Sterilization -- Stone, Hannah (1893-1941) -- Stopes, Marie Charlotte Carmichael (1880-1941) -- United States V. One Package -- Vaginal Rings -- Violence Against Abortion Providers -- Voluntary Parenthood League --^ Witchcraft, Contraception And Abortion -- Women And The Control Of Reproduction -- Yarros, Rachelle Slobodinsky (1869-1964) -- World Survey Of Birth Control Practices. Vern L. Bullough, Editor ; Brenda Appleby ... [et Al.], Associate Editors ; With James A. Brundage ... [et Al.]. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Edited by a noted scholar of health and sexuality, Encyclopedia of Birth Control is a complete report on the historical development and efficacy of contraceptive practices around the world, both past and present.Without contraception, a healthy, sexually active woman will give birth to about 15 children and over her life span, spend most of her reproductive years either pregnant or nursing a newborn infant. So controlling fertility has preoccupied women—and often their husbands—since at least 1000 B.C.In this comprehensive reference, readers can explore the history of birth control from a variety of perspectives: anthropological, biological, economic, feminist, medical, political, and psychological. From wet nurses to chastity belts, from animal-dung contraceptives to the Dalkon Shield, readers will learn how women have attempted birth control, contraception, and abortion throughout history and throughout the world. Readers will also discover why opposition to birth control was so fierce early in the 20th century that many American women and men were jailed for disseminating information on avoiding pregnancy, and why family planning remains hotly controversial almost a century later. Edited by a noted scholar of health and sexuality, Encyclopedia of Birth Control is a complete report on the historical development and efficacy of contraceptive practices around the world, both past and present. Without contraception, a healthy, sexually active woman will give birth to about 15 children and over her life span, spend most of her reproductive years either pregnant or nursing a newborn infant. So controlling fertility has preoccupied womenand often their husbandssince at least 1000 B.C. In this comprehensive reference, readers can explore the history of birth control from a variety of anthropological, biological, economic, feminist, medical, political, and psychological. From wet nurses to chastity belts, from animal-dung contraceptives to the Dalkon Shield, readers will learn how women have attempted birth control, contraception, and abortion throughout history and throughout the world. Readers will also discover why opposition to birth control was so fierce early in the 20th century that many American women and men were jailed for disseminating information on avoiding pregnancy, and why family planning remains hotly controversial almost a century later. The morning-after pill. Condom distribution in the schools. The Pill. Roe v. Wade. Few issues are as divisive in contemporary society as birth control. Men and women continue to battle over the legality and morality of a womanвЂTMs ability to control when to have children. Few matters have altered society and culture so profoundly in recent years as the new contraceptive options available to women developed by scientists and birth control advocates. Preliminaries......Page 1 CONTENTS......Page 7 PREFACE......Page 9 INTRODUCTION......Page 11 A - M......Page 17 N - Z......Page 199 APPENDIX 1 - World Survey of Birth Control Practices......Page 287 APPENDIX 2 - Print and Nonprint Resources......Page 339 INDEX......Page 345 In addition to full coverage of traditional techniques of contraception and a discussion of the history of current practices, this encyclopedia includes an appendix that briefly outlines the contemporary contraceptive practices in every major country in the world