Encryption for Organizations and Individuals : Basics of Contemporary and Quantum Cryptography

Cryptography and encryption aren't just for geeks and spies—they’re also part of our daily lives. This book enlightens you with the basics of digital cryptography and covers the must-do practices organizations need to implement when it comes to fending off data theft and eavesdroppers. You will uncover the concepts of digital encryption and examine key digital encryption algorithms and their various applications. Gauging cryptography from an enterprise perspective, you will get an in-depth look at common attacks that can occur in your systems and lean how to counter them. Moving on to quantum computing, you will discover how it differs from the current computing paradigm and understand its potential for the future. After clearing the basics, you will take a close look at how quantum computers work in practice. Shifting focus to quantum cryptography, you will learn more about quantum key distribution (QKD) and how it differs from present-day encryption methodologies. You will also consider the current implementations of QKD, including distribution systems by SwissQuantum and QKD-distribution networks provided by the DARPA Quantum Network. Ultimately, you will learn the means of defending against cryptographic attacks in the up-and-coming quantum age, such as utilizing zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) systems. Deepen your knowledge of cryptographic concepts and be introduced to the new paradigm of quantum cryptography with this book. What You Will Learn: • Appreciate how digital encryption algorithms work • Secure your infrastructure from cryptographic attacks • Understand the basics of quantum information science • Discover how cryptography relates to quantum computing • Implement Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) Who This Book Is For: This book is aimed at readers who have an interest in both well-established and up-and-coming types of cryptography, as well as members of organizations to whom privacy is a top priority. Table of Contents......Page 5 About the Author......Page 16 About the Technical Reviewers......Page 17 Introduction......Page 19 Classical Cryptography......Page 20 The Basics of Frequency Analysis......Page 22 The Wonders of Steganography......Page 24 European Developments in Cryptography......Page 25 At the End of Classical Cryptography......Page 26 Digital Encryption 101......Page 27 The Diffie–Hellman Key Exchange......Page 28 The Data Encryption Standard (DES)......Page 30 In Closing......Page 31 RSA: The First Big Public-Key Cryptosystem......Page 32 Generating Keys in RSA......Page 34 Encrypting and Decrypting in RSA......Page 35 The Strengths and Weaknesses of RSA......Page 36 Digital Certificates......Page 38 Public-Key Infrastructure (PKI) and Certificate Authorities (CA)......Page 39 More on SSL/TLS......Page 40 Have Some Standards for Goodness’ Sake......Page 41 In Closing......Page 43 Variables and Arrays 101......Page 44 Binary and Hexadecimal......Page 45 Converting Decimal to Binary......Page 46 Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal......Page 47 Converting Binary to Hexadecimal (and Vice Versa)......Page 48 Classifying Bits......Page 49 The Indomitable AES......Page 50 Implementations of AES......Page 51 Block Sizes and Key Lengths......Page 52 Row- and Column-Major Orders......Page 53 The Steps in an AES Encryption Round......Page 54 Initial Round Key Addition......Page 56 SubBytes......Page 57 ShiftRows (And a Primer on Bitwise Shift Operators)......Page 58 The Last Round......Page 59 Hash Values: Digital Fingerprints and Checksums......Page 60 Collisions......Page 61 Message Digest 5 (MD5)......Page 62 Secure Hash Algorithm 3 (SHA-3)......Page 63 Would You Like Some Salt with Your Data?......Page 64 Best Salting Practices......Page 65 Stretching Keys......Page 66 Modes of Operation......Page 67 Cipher Block Chaining (CBC)......Page 68 In Closing......Page 69 References......Page 70 Storage Devices, Sectors, and Blocks......Page 71 The Wonders of File Systems......Page 73 Volumes and Partitions......Page 75 Pre-boot Authentication (PBA)......Page 76 Block Cipher Operating Modes......Page 77 Encryption in Modern Operating Systems......Page 78 Encryption in MacOS: FileVault and FileVault 2......Page 79 Windows and BitLocker......Page 80 Linux Unified Key Setup (LUKS)......Page 82 Third-Party Encryption Suites......Page 83 DiskCryptor by ntldr......Page 84 eCryptfs......Page 85 VeraCrypt by IDRIX......Page 86 Tutorial Time!......Page 87 In Closing......Page 91 Chapter 5: Common Attacks Against Cryptographic Systems......Page 92 Cryptographic Attack Models......Page 93 Differential Cryptanalysis......Page 94 Brute-Force Attack (BFA)......Page 95 Evil Maid Attack......Page 97 Man-in-the-Middle (MITM)......Page 98 Meet-in-the-Middle......Page 99 Rainbow Table Attack......Page 100 Replay Attack......Page 101 Rubber-Hose Attack......Page 102 Side Channel Attack (SCA)......Page 103 Cyberthreats Not Specific to Cryptography......Page 108 Keylogger......Page 109 Botnet......Page 110 Phishing Attack......Page 111 Policeware......Page 113 Rootkit......Page 114 Spyware......Page 115 Worm......Page 116 Ransomware......Page 117 In Closing......Page 118 Chapter 6: Creating Extremely Secure Encrypted Systems......Page 119 On Multilayer Encryption......Page 120 Small vs. Big Business Readiness......Page 121 A Refresher on Network Security......Page 122 Networks and Routers......Page 123 IPv6......Page 132 Virtual Private Network (VPN)......Page 133 Setting Up a VPN for Windows......Page 135 VPN in MacOS......Page 136 VPN in Ubuntu Linux......Page 138 Safe Emailing with OpenPGP......Page 139 Draft Begone! Securing Windows......Page 140 Windows-Security Musts......Page 141 A Bit More on BitLocker......Page 142 BIOS, UEFI, and TPM......Page 143 TPM 1.2 vs. 2.0......Page 144 A Fresh Start: Resetting a TPM......Page 145 Minding Your MacOS......Page 146 MacOS-Security Musts......Page 147 T2, Judgment Chip: TPM, Apple Style......Page 149 T2 Maintenance 101......Page 151 Security Software for Mac......Page 152 CryFS......Page 154 FireStarter......Page 155 Avast Antivirus by Avast......Page 156 Avira Antivirus by Avira Operations GmbH & Co......Page 158 Bitdefender Antivirus......Page 160 SpyBot – Search and Destroy by Safer-Networking Ltd......Page 161 TDSS Killer and Virus Removal Tool 2015 by Kaspersky Lab......Page 162 Stinger by McAfee......Page 163 References......Page 164 Chapter 7: Prohibitions and Legal Issues......Page 165 Missiles, Tanks, and Encryption......Page 166 EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)......Page 167 Cryptography in the United States......Page 168 Encrypted and Crossing the Border......Page 169 Key Disclosure Laws in Canada, Europe, and Oceania......Page 170 Key Disclosure Laws in Africa......Page 173 World’s Toughest Key Disclosure Laws......Page 174 Criticism and Blowback......Page 175 EU Dual-Use Controls......Page 176 The Import of Cryptography......Page 177 Corporate Data Security Laws......Page 181 The FTC Safeguards Rule......Page 182 More on Privacy Laws in the United States......Page 184 State-Level Privacy Legislation......Page 185 A Primer on US Legal Terms......Page 187 In Closing......Page 189 Bits vs. Qubits......Page 190 Into the Bloch Sphere......Page 191 Cryptography......Page 194 Medicine......Page 195 Crime and Finance......Page 196 Blockchains vs. Qubits......Page 197 Manufacturing......Page 198 World Politics......Page 199 References......Page 200 A Few Words on Classical Mechanics......Page 201 Introducing Modern Physics......Page 203 Atoms and Sub-atomic Particles......Page 205 Black Holes and Their Applications......Page 206 The Quiet Region and the Ergosphere......Page 208 Singularity Speculation......Page 209 The Standard Model......Page 210 A Brief History of the Higgs Boson......Page 212 Double-Slit Experiments: The Wave–Particle Duality......Page 213 Waves, Phase, and Quantum Coherence/Decoherence......Page 215 The Planck Constant and Planck Units......Page 216 I. Planck Length......Page 217 III. Planck Temperature......Page 218 Quantum Entanglement......Page 219 In Closing......Page 220 References......Page 221 Logic Gates......Page 222 Quantum Computer Says No: Error Correction......Page 225 I. Quantum Gate Array (Quantum Circuit)......Page 228 Universal Quantum Gates......Page 230 All Things Eigen......Page 231 The Hadamard Gate......Page 233 The Swap Gates......Page 234 Toffoli and Fredkin Gates......Page 235 II. The Topological Quantum Computer......Page 236 III. The Adiabatic Quantum Computer (AQC)......Page 237 In Closing......Page 238 References......Page 239 On Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)......Page 240 BB84......Page 241 The Six-State Protocol (SSP)......Page 244 Shor’s (Factoring) Algorithm......Page 245 In Closing......Page 246 References......Page 247 Breaking QKD......Page 248 Photon Number Splitting (PNS)......Page 249 Intercept and Resend (IR)......Page 250 Man in the Middle......Page 251 Component Breakdown......Page 253 Field Programmable Array Gate (FPGA)......Page 254 Beam Splitter and Polarizing Beam Splitter......Page 255 Fiber Length Stretcher......Page 256 The Externals......Page 257 References......Page 258 The DARPA Quantum Network......Page 259 Secure Communication Based on Quantum Cryptography (SECOQC)......Page 260 Quantum Experiments at Space Scale (QUESS)......Page 263 SwissQuantum......Page 264 Tokyo QKD Network......Page 265 In Closing......Page 267 References......Page 268 Post-Quantum Cryptography......Page 269 Hash-Based Cryptography......Page 270 Code-Based Cryptography......Page 273 Multivariate Cryptography......Page 274 Lattice-Based Cryptography......Page 275 Homomorphic Encryption......Page 278 Homomorphic Algorithms......Page 280 Video Gaming for Homomorphism......Page 281 Standardizing PQC......Page 282 Zero-Knowledge Proof in PQC......Page 283 Commitment Schemes......Page 284 In Closing......Page 285 References......Page 286 Index......Page 288 Cryptography And Encryption Aren't Just For Geeks And Spies—they’re Also Part Of Our Daily Lives. This Book Enlightens You With The Basics Of Digital Cryptography And Covers The Must-do Practices Organizations Need To Implement When It Comes To Fending Off Data Theft And Eavesdroppers. You Will Uncover The Concepts Of Digital Encryption And Examine Key Digital Encryption Algorithms And Their Various Applications. Gauging Cryptography From An Enterprise Perspective, You Will Get An In-depth Look At Common Attacks That Can Occur In Your Systems And Lean How To Counter Them Moving On To Quantum Computing, You Will Discover How It Differs From The Current Computing Paradigm And Understand Its Potential For The Future. After Clearing The Basics, You Will Take A Close Look At How Quantum Computers Work In Practice. Shifting Focus To Quantum Cryptography, You Will Learn More About Quantum Key Distribution (qkd) And How It Differs From Present-day Encryption Methodologies. You Will Also Consider The Current Implementations Of Qkd, Including Distribution Systems By Sequrenet And Qkd-distribution Networks Provided By The Darpa Quantum Network. Ultimately, You Will Learn The Means Of Defending Against Cryptographic Attacks In The Up-and-coming Quantum Age, Such As Utilizing Zero-knowledge Proof (zkp) Systems. Deepen Your Knowledge Of Cryptographic Concepts And Be Introduced To The New Paradigm Of Quantum Cryptography With This Book. What You Will Learn Appreciate How Digital Encryption Algorithms Work Secure Your Infrastructure From Cryptographic Attacks Understand The Basics Of Quantum Information Science Discover How Cryptography Relates To Quantum Computing Implement Quantum Key Distribution (qkd) Who This Book Is For This Book Is Aimed At Readers Who Have An Interest In Both Well-established And Up-and-coming Types Of Cryptography, As Well As Members Of Organizations To Whom Privacy Is A Top Priority.