Enclave to Urbanity - Canton, Foreigners, and Architecture from the Late Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Centuries

Cross-cultural relations are spatial relations. Enclave to Urbanity is the first book in English that examines how the architecture and the urban landscape of Guangzhou framed the relations between the Western mercantile and missionary communities and the city's predominantly Chinese population. The book takes readers through three phases: the Thirteen Factories era from the eighteenth century to the 1850s; the Shamian enclave up to the early twentieth century; and the adoption of Western building techniques throughout the city as its architecture modernized in the early Republic. The discussion of architecture goes beyond stylistic trends to embrace the history of shared and disputed spaces, using a broadly chronological approach that combines social history with architectural and spatial analysis. With nearly a hundred carefully chosen images, this book illustrates how the foreign architectural footprints of the past form the modern Guangzhou. Contents Introduction Chapter 1: The Thirteen Factories Situation Origins and Materials Façades—Changes and Continuities Plans and Room Use Everyday Life: Inhabitants and Rituals The Pearl River: Transportation, Habitation, and Linkages Connecting Fabric: The Square, the Streets, and Regulating Relations Violated Boundaries and the Factory as Fortress Turf Disputes Tensions Boil, Crowds Erupt Defensible Space and Its Final Vanity Chapter 2: Westerners Draw Their Boundaries Modest Living and Work South of the River: Honam A New Era but a Separate Peace: Dwelling on Shamian Presenting a European Face: A Survey of Houses on Shamian, 1870–1900 Western Official and Commercial Buildings Outside Shamian Domesticity and Division: Inside the Foreign House and Yard, 1865–1900 A Problem of Translation: Missionaries Confront (and Inhabit) the City Neighboring Sparks, Local Flames: Violence and Space in the 1880s The Later Nineteenth Century and the Two Worlds of Guangzhou Chapter 3: Dining, Shopping, Bombarding, and Touring Guests and Customers: “Invited” Foreigners in the Early Nineteenth Century Visiting a Buddhist Monastery Flower Grounds Invitation to a Chop-stick Dinner The Impulse to Buy The City Question: Entry and Mapping in the Third Quarter of the Nineteenth Century Tourism at the Sunset of Imperial Guangzhou: Institutions, Ideologies, and Power The Press of the Crowd The “Regulation” Sites Urban Fabric and Western Perceptions Chapter 4: Xin Guangzhou New Business, New Buildings, and Cross-Cultural Controversy in Twentieth-Century Shamian Learning and Living Together: Foreign Philanthropic Institutions Xin Guangzhou: Foreigners and the Modernization of Canton Civic Visions: The Sights of Republican Guangzhou Chapter 5: Conclusion Glossary Bibliography Index Plates