Employment, Retirement and Lifestyle in Aging East Asia (Social Policy and Development Studies in East Asia)

This project offers a comprehensive look at aging policies across East Asia, where a demographic dividend fuelled rapid growth and is now aging into a lower-speed economy. With a comprehensive look at numerous East Asian societies, including China, Japan, Korea, and other regions, the book is rich in comparative insights and strategies into what is effective for policymakers and employers. As the Asian century begins, this book will be an invaluable resource for economists, policymakers and demographers. Acknowledgments Contents Editor and Contributors List of Figures List of Tables 1 Introduction 1.1 Background and Aim of This Book 1.2 Main Contents of This Book 1.3 Significance and Contributions of the Book References Part I Employment, Retirement, and Income Inequality of the Elderly in China 2 Health and Employment of the Younger, Middle-Aged, and Older Adults in China 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Literature Review 2.3 Methodology and Data 2.3.1 Model 2.3.2 Data and Variables 2.4 Results 2.4.1 Baseline Results 2.4.2 Results by Gender 2.4.3 Results by Different Age Groups 2.4.4 Robustness Checks Using Different Analyzed Samples 2.5 Conclusions Appendix References 3 Work Skills Gap and the Wage Differentials Between the Young, Middle-Aged, and Older Workers in China 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Literature Review 3.2.1 General Economic Theories That Explain the Influence of Task-Specific Skills on Wage Gap Between Different Age Groups 3.2.2 Empirical Studies of Task Types and Their Influence on Wage and Employment 3.3 Methodology and Data 3.3.1 Models 3.3.2 Data 3.3.3 Variables 3.4 Descriptive Statistics Results 3.4.1 Task Skill Gap for Different Age Groups 3.4.2 Wage Gap for Different Age Groups 3.5 Econometric Analysis Results 3.5.1 Wage Gap for Different Age Groups and the Impact of Task on Wage 3.5.2 Differences of the Influence of Task on Wage for Different Age Groups 3.5.3 How Does the Work Skill Gap Affect the Wage Gap Between Different Age Groups? 3.6 Conclusions Appendix References 4 The Impact of Social Insurance Contributions on Chinese Firms’ Employment and Wages 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Theoretical Framework and Literature Review 4.2.1 The Theoretical Framework for the Influence of Social Insurance Contributions on Wages and Employment 4.2.2 Empirical Studies 4.2.3 Four Special Features of the Chinese Labor Market 4.3 Methodology and Data 4.3.1 Model 4.3.2 Data 4.3.3 Variables 4.4 Results 4.4.1 The Impact of Social Insurance on Wage and Employment 4.4.2 Estimations by Various Groups 4.5 Conclusions Appendix A Appendix B: CE Variable Setting References 5 Pension Benefit Inequality of the Elderly in China 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Method and Data 5.2.1 The Decomposition of the Gini by Income Sources 5.2.2 Theil Index and Decomposition 5.2.3 Inequality Decomposition Based on Regression 5.2.4 Data 5.3 Basic Facts about Pension Income Inequality among the Elderly 5.3.1 The Pension System Has Not Yet Achieved Full Coverage 5.3.2 The Overall Situation Surrounding the Pension Benefit Inequality 5.3.3 Regional Differences and Individual Characteristics of Pension Benefit 5.4 Decompositions of Pension Benefit Inequality 5.4.1 The Findings from Theil Decomposition 5.4.2 Further Findings from Inequality Decomposition Based on Regression Model 5.5 Conclusions Appendix References Part II Employment, Retirement, and Lifestyles of the Elderly in Japan 6 Health Capacity to Work and Its Long-Term Trend Among the Japanese Elderly 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Data 6.2.1 Study Sample 6.2.2 Variables 6.2.2.1 Work 6.2.2.2 Health 6.3 Analytic Strategy 6.3.1 Estimation of the Health Capacity to Work 6.3.2 Key Assumptions 6.4 Results 6.4.1 Changes in Health and Work Statuses Over the Past 30 Years 6.4.2 Health Capacity to Work in 2016 6.4.3 Part-Time Work Vs. Full-Time Work 6.4.4 Long-Term Changes in Health Capacity to Work 6.4.5 Decomposition of the Change in Additional Health Capacity to Work 6.4.6 Distribution of Estimated Probabilities of Work 6.5 Discussion 6.6 Conclusions Appendix References 7 Willingness to Continue Volunteering Among the Middle-Aged and Older Adults in Japan 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Literature Review 7.2.1 Previous Empirical Studies 7.2.2 The Influence of Four Factors 7.3 Methodology and Data 7.3.1 Model 7.3.2 Data 7.4 Results 7.4.1 Basic Results 7.4.2 Results by Age Group 7.5 Conclusions Appendix References 8 Seniority Wage and Employment of the Older Workers in Japanese Firms 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Literature Review 8.2.1 Lazear Model on Seniority Wage and Mandatory Retirement Age 8.2.2 Empirical Studies on Seniority Wage and Employment of Older Workers in Japan 8.3 Methodology and Data 8.3.1 Model 8.3.2 Data and Variables 8.4 Results of Descriptive Statistics of the Relationship of Age and Wage 8.4.1 Age-Wage Profile by Education 8.4.2 Age-Wage Profile by Firm Size 8.4.3 Age-Wage Profile by Industrial Sectors 8.5 Results of Econometric Analyses 8.5.1 Does the Seniority Wage Influence the Probability of Performing the Mandatory Retirement System in Firms? 8.5.2 Does the Seniority Wage Influence the Mandatory Retirement Age? 8.5.3 Does the Seniority Wage Influence the Probability of Performing the Elderly Reemployment System in Firms? 8.5.4 Does the Seniority Wage Influence the Reemployment Age? 8.6 Conclusions Appendix References 9 Living Arrangement and Well-Being of the Middle-Aged and Older Adults in Japan 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Literature Review 9.3 Methodology and Data 9.3.1 Model 9.3.2 Data and Variable Setting 9.4 Results 9.4.1 Results for Individuals Aged 45 and Older 9.4.2 Results for Individuals Aged 60 and Older 9.5 Discussion and Conclusion Appendix References Part III Population Aging, Work, and Lifestyles of the Elderly in Other East Asian Regions 10 Population Aging, Labor Force Participation, and Family Structure in the Republic of Korea 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Lowest Fertility in the World 10.3 Population Aging of the Republic of Korea 10.4 Problems in Supporting Elderly 10.5 Conclusion References 11 Retirement Timing and Post-retirement Employment in Taiwan 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Institutional Background 11.3 Literature Review 11.3.1 Studies on Retirement Timing 11.3.2 Studies on Post-retirement Employment 11.4 Data and Analytical Methods 11.4.1 Retirement Timing: Sample, Variables, and Method 11.4.1.1 Demographic and Other Personal Traits 11.4.1.2 Job Characteristics 11.4.1.3 Familial Factors and Household-Level Information 11.4.2 Post-retirement Employment: Sample, Variables, and Method 11.5 Findings 11.5.1 Findings for Retirement Timing 11.5.2 Findings for Post-retirement Employment 11.6 Conclusions References 12 Population Aging, Low Fertility, and Social Security in Russia 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Poverty and Economic Disparities in Russia 12.3 Longevity and Injury/Illness 12.4 Aging and Pensions 12.5 Childbirth/Childrearing 12.6 Conclusions References Index