Employment, growth and basic needs : a one-world problem ; report of the Director-General of the I.L.O. ; [presented to the] Tripartite World Conference on Employment, Income Distribution and Social Progress and the International Division of Labour

At Head Of Title: Tripartite World Conference On Employment, Income Distribution, And Social Progress And The International Division Of Labour. Includes Bibliographical References. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Part One Size and characteristics of world employment and income distribution problems 1. Employment, poverty and income distribution ....................................................... 15 Employment in developing countries........................................................................... 16 Poverty and inequality in developingcountries......................................................... 20 Inequality and growth.................................................................................................. 24 Industrial market economies...................................................................................... 25 European socialist countries....................................................................................... 28 Inequality between rich and poor countries............................................................... 29 2. Basic needs...................................................................................................................... 31 The concept.................................................................................................................. 32 Alternative policies .............................................................................................. 33 Target setting.......................................................................................................... 34 Achieving basic needs.................................................................................................. 35 Conclusions.................................................................................................................. 43 Part Two National strategies 3. Developing countries .................................................................................................. 47 Macro-economic policies ........................................................................................... 51 Institutional policies .................................................................................................. 53 Technological policies.................................................................................................. 54 Social policies and services........................................................................................... 56 Sectoral implications .................................................................................................. 61 Aspects of implementation........................................................................................... 64 4. European socialist countries....................................................................................... 71 The pursuit of full employment................................................................................... 71 Recent employment experience and emerging problems............................................ 72 Structural change in the European socialist economies............................................ 74 5. Industrialised market-economy countries................................................................... 81 Short-run cyclical problems.......................................................................................... 81 Structural change and progress................................................................................... 83 Structural change in the industrialised market economies........................................ 85 Short-term employment policies................................................................................... 90 Government expenditure on specific projects........................................................ 90 Government assistance to specific industries....................................................... 90 Government assistance to specific firms............................................................... 91 Government assistance to workers....................................................................... 91 Work-sharing programmes................................................................................... 92 Policies for structural change...................................................................................... 92 Labour market policies.......................................................................................... 92 Adjustment assistance for firms ........................................................................... 94 Part Three International strategies 6. The international setting.............................................................................................. 99 The role of international trade....................................................................................... 102 The role of development assistance................................................................................105 International issues of special concern to the ILO........................................................108 7. Trade-adjustment assistance...........................................................................................Ill Dimensions of the trade-adjustment problem................................................................112 The context for trade-adjustment assistance....................................................................115 The elements of trade-adjustment assistance policies.................................................... 117 The cost of trade-adjustment assistance ........................................................................120 International policies ....................................................................................................... 121 8. International manpower movements................................................................................125 Migrant workers............................................................................................................... 125 Brain drain...........................................................................................................................129 Effects of migration........................................................................................................... 131 Sending countries ....................................................................................................... 131 Receiving countries....................................................................................................... 132 Policy implications...........................................................................................................133 National measures: sending countries ....................................................................134 National measures: receiving countries.................................................................... 135 International measures ............................................................................................. 135 Supporting ILO activities........................................................................................... 137 Policy implications: brain drain................................................................................138 9. Technological choice and innovation for developing countries.....................................141 Technological progress in the traditional sector............................................................ 145 The relative efficiency of small-scale appropriate technology .................................... 147 Technological research....................................................................................................... 148 International co-ordination ........................................................................................... 149 Consultative Group on Appropriate Technology ........................................................ 150 An International Appropriate Technology Unit............................................................ 152 Transfer of technology....................................................................................................... 154 Influencing research and development by multinational enterprises.............................155 10. Multinational enterprises................................................................................................... 157 Multinational enterprises and employment....................................................................158 Developing countries................................................................................................... 158 Developed countries................................................................................................... 161 Multinational enterprises and a basic-needs strategy.................................................... 162 Host country environment........................................................................................... 164 International action ................................................................................................... 170 11. Conclusions: some suggested major issues for discussion.............................................171 ILO pub-WEP pub. Conference paper on employment creation, the international division of labour and the problems of raising the minimum standard of living (basic needs) throughout the world - covers national level policies (incl. Employment policy, social policy, economic policy and income distribution, etc.), and international policies, incl. Trade policy, development aid migration policy, brain drain, choice of technology, and multinational enterprise, etc. References and statistical tables. Conference held in Geneva 1976 June 4 to 17