Empirical Research on Environmental Policies in China : China Towards Decarbonization and Recycle Economy

This book presents an empirical study of the effects of environmental policies on China and its neighboring countries, with a focus on waste and climate policies in China. The two major carbon policies have to do with carbon markets and renewable energy. The authors first examine the effectiveness of the Asian carbon market. Because of the consumption of goods beyond provincial borders, nationwide carbon markets are rather difficult to operate; therefore, a desirable initial allocation in the carbon market is proposed in this book. As for renewable power, its sources have not been fully utilized owing to a regional mismatch of supply and demand, so optimal locations of renewable energy are shown. The book also contains an analysis of the environmental and economic impacts of changes in resource circulation in East Asia. Although motorization is advancing rapidly, the vein industry for recycling used cars has not progressed. The authors estimate the amount of materials from used cars including new energy vehicles (electric and fuel cell vehicles) and propose desirable policies for used vehicles. East Asia is interdependent with respect to carbon and waste as well as the economy. China has regulated the import of waste recently and has started recycling its own wastes, putting pressure on neigboring countries to recycle their waste domestically. The authors estimate the environmental and economic impacts of such policy changes. Preface Contents Editor and Contributors Part I: Environmental Policies in China Chapter 1: Climate Policies in China: Renewable Energy Introduction and National Emissions Trading Scheme 1 Introduction 2 Policies for RE Energy Promotion in China 2.1 Status of the Introduction of RE 2.2 Introduction of a Concession Bidding System for RE 2.3 Introduction of the FIT System 2.4 End of FIT System 3 ETS in China 3.1 Industries and Companies Covered by the ETS 3.2 Setting Emissions Allowances for ETS Pilot Projects 3.3 Characteristics of the Unified National ETS 3.4 ETS Price Movements 4 Future Issues 4.1 RE 4.2 ETS References Chapter 2: Introduction of Extended Producer Responsibility in China 1 Introduction 2 The Development of Motorization and the Emergence of ELV in China 2.1 Trends of End-of-Life Vehicles (ELV) in Japan 2.2 End-of-Life Vehicle Trends in China 3 Comparison of the Recycling Systems of Japan and China 3.1 The Japanese Legal Framework for Automotive Recycling 3.2 The Legal and Regulatory Framework for Automobile Recycling in China 4 The Introduction of EPR in the Chinese Automotive Sector 5 Establishing an EV Storage Battery Recycling System 5.1 The Background of EV Introduction in China 5.2 EV Adoption in China 5.3 Recovery of EV Storage Batteries in China EV Manufacturers and Storage Battery Manufacturers Final Owners Retrieval Agents Battery Disassembly Processors Government Normalization and Standardization of Design and Manufacture for Reuse Establish Laws Regarding the Storage and Transportation of Used Batteries Standardization of Treatment Processes and Recycling Methods and Improvement of Treatment Technologies 6 Conclusion References English Chinese Japanese WEB Information Chapter 3: Plastic Recycling Policy in China and the Waste Plastic Trade 1 China ́s Industrialization and Plastic Waste Problem 2 China ́s Ban on Waste Plastic Imports 3 Characteristics of the Circular Economy and Major Laws and Regulations Related to Waste in China 3.1 Characteristics of the Circular Economy in China 3.2 Major Laws and Regulations Related to Waste in China 3.3 Policy on Plastic Waste in China 4 Current Status and Issues of Recycling Policy in China 4.1 Waste Management in China 4.2 Achievements and Challenges of the Ordinance on Household Waste Management in Shanghai 5 Effectiveness and Challenges of Plastics Regulations in China 5.1 Plastic Restriction Order 2008 5.2 The 2020 Plastic Ban Order 5.3 Effectiveness and Challenges of the Plastics Ban 6 Problems of the Waste Plastics Trade 7 Conclusion References Part II: Industrial Structure and CO2 Emissions in China Chapter 4: Change of Industrial Structure and CO2 Emissions in China 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Model and Data 3.1 DPG Analysis on Output 3.2 DPG Analysis on CO2 Emissions 3.3 Data 4 Changes in China ́s Industrial Structure 4.1 Growth Source of the Macroeconomy 4.2 DPG Analysis on Output 2007-2012 4.3 DPG Analysis on Output 2012-2017 5 Changes in China ́s CO2 Emission Structure 5.1 Source of Changes in China ́s CO2 Emissions 5.2 DPG Analysis on CO2 Emissions 2007-2012 5.3 DPG Analysis on CO2 Emissions 2012-2017 6 Concluding Remarks References Statistical Data CO2 Emissions Price by Industry Input Output Table Chapter 5: Productivity and Eenergy Efficiency of Chinese Industries 1 Introduction 2 Model 3 Previous Research on TFP in China 3.1 Previous Research Covering the Period Up to the 1990s 3.2 Previous Research Covering the 2000s and Subsequent Years 4 Estimated TFP by Industrial Sector in China 4.1 Data Used 4.2 Estimated TFP Growth by Industrial Sector in China TFP Growth Rate from 2007 to 2012 Estimated Results from 2012 to 2017 5 The TFP Growth Rate and CO2 Emissions of the Chinese Economy 5.1 Energy Productivity Change Rate 5.2 Contribution Ratio of Per-Unit CO2 Emissions 5.3 TFP and Energy Productivity Change Rate 5.4 TFP and CO2 Emission Contribution Ratio 6 Discussion 6.1 Factors Contributing to Positive TFP 6.2 Factors Contributing to the Decline in the Rate of Increase in TFP 6.3 Relationship Between TFP-Increase Rate and CO2 Emissions Per Unit 7 Conclusion References Part III: Empirical Research on Environmental Policies in China Chapter 6: Optimal Location for Large-Scale Wind Farms in China 1 Introduction 2 China ́s Electric Power Supply System 3 A Model for Minimizing the Location Cost for Power Plants 3.1 Kainou Model 3.2 Estimation of Land Cost 3.3 Estimation of Power Cost 4 Estimation Results 5 Situation and Issues Surrounding Long-Distance Transmission Lines 6 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Initial Allocation of Emissions Trading Among Sub-regions in China 1 Introduction 2 Model and Data Sources 2.1 Model 2.2 Data Sources 3 Results 3.1 Emission Allowance Allocations According to the Five Approaches 3.2 Adjustment of Emission Allowance Allocations in All Regions 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Recycling Resources from End-of-Life Vehicles in China 1 Introduction 2 Prediction of the Number of New Registrations of Civil Vehicles in China 3 Number of End-of-life Vehicles in China 3.1 Weibull Distribution 3.2 Results of Estimating the Number of End-of-life Vehicles 4 Estimating the Recyclable Resource Potential of End-of-life Vehicles 5 Conclusion References Chapter 9: Carbon Leakage in Carbon Taxes and Emissions Trading Scheme Taking China as an Example 1 Introduction 2 Prior Research 3 Model and Data 3.1 GTAP-E Model 3.2 Data 4 Simulation Scenario 5 Carbon Pricing and Emissions Trading 5.1 Carbon Pricing 5.2 Emissions Trading 6 Macro Impact 6.1 Macroeconomic Impact 6.2 Carbon Leakage 7 Impact by Industry 7.1 Impact on the Energy Sector 7.2 Impact on Prices, Imports and Exports, and Production 7.3 CO2 Emissions by Industry 8 Discussion 9 Conclusion References Chapter 10: Environmental Effects of Plastic Waste Recycling: Compilation and Application of Waste Input-Output Table in China 1 Introduction 2 Current Status of Plastic Waste Recycling in China 3 Model and Data 3.1 What Is the WIOT? 3.2 Structure of the Chinese WIOT Basic Transaction Table Net Waste Discharge Table Environmental Impacts Allocation Matrix 3.3 Estimation of Chinese WIOT Estimation of Data Related to the Plastic Waste Amount of the Plastic Waste Discharged and Collected (Agricultural, Industrial, and Domestic) Amount of the Plastic Waste Discharged and Collected (Automobiles and Home Appliances) Allocation of the Plastic Waste by Column Sector Estimation of the Allocation Matrix for Plastic Waste Estimation for the Waste Disposal Sector Estimation of Environmental Load Factors The Square Footage of the Landfill Sector Landfill Volume of the Landfill Sector 4 Simulation Analysis and Results 4.1 Setting up Simulation Scenarios Scenario 1: Assuming an Increase in the Collection Rate of the Industrial Plastic Waste and the Domestic Plastic Waste Scenario 2: Assuming Fulfillment of the Latest Plastic Waste Collection Policy Targets Scenario 3: Assuming the Best Case in the Future 4.2 Estimation of Net Waste Discharge by Simulation 4.3 Analysis Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions and Future Challenges References