Empirical Analyses on Rice Yield Determinants of Smart Farming in Japan

This book consists of the major findings of the series projects on smart rice farming in Japan, headed by President of the Society of Agricultural Informatics. It is the gateway to know the paddy agriculture, by incorporating the findings of series national projects. The scenario includes soil analysis, growth investigation, environmental observation of air temperature, water temperature, water depth, cultivation and management records, yield, and quality analysis. In addition to the analysis of this large database, it showcases the new generation large-scale rice farming technology system, integrated with agri-machineries, field sensors, visualized farming, and skill-transferring system. This book presents an analytical framework of big data in agriculture and shows the empirical results for rice farm innovation. The authors want to have the pleasure to contribute the agricultural innovations of adopting smart technologies and empirical studies, in countries no matter far or near to Japan. The authors also hope this book conveys the innovative and elaborate sprites of smart agriculture to the next generation and is of interest to students with curiosity on agriculture, smart technology, and empirical study. Preface 5 References 8 Acknowledgments 9 Contents 10 List of Contributors 12 Smart Rice Farming, Managerial Model and Empirical Analysis 13 1 Introduction 13 2 Concepts and Framework 15 2.1 Cost Reduction in Rice Production 15 2.2 Smart Farming Technology 17 2.3 Rice Yield and Measurement 19 3 Managerial Models of Smart Rice Farming 20 3.1 Adopting Practical Rice Cultivation Technology 20 3.2 Developing Innovative Production Technology 21 3.3 Developing Innovative Managerial Technology 21 4 Smart Rice Farming Models and GAP 23 4.1 GAP and Major Objectives 23 4.2 Impact of the Smart Models to GAP 24 4.3 Discussion on Overseas Extension 28 5 Data and Empirical Analyses 28 5.1 Project and the Research Consortium 28 5.2 Study Areas and Objectives 29 5.3 Sample and Statistical Analyses 30 6 Framework and Organization of This Book 34 6.1 General Outline of the Empirical Analyses 34 6.2 Book Organization 35 References 37 Variation in Rice Yields and Determinants Among Paddy Fields 38 1 Introduction 39 2 Materials and Methods 40 2.1 Yield Measurement and Estimation 40 2.2 Explanatory Variables 42 2.3 Statistical Analysis 45 2.4 Variation in the Yields and Ratios 46 3 Result and Discussion 50 3.1 Results of the Multivariate Regression 50 3.2 Discussion on Impact of the Continuous Determinants 52 3.3 Discussion on the Impact of Discrete Determinants 56 4 Conclusion 56 References 57 Impact of Rice Variety and Cultivation Regime Through ANOVA 60 1 Introduction 61 2 Materials and Methods 61 2.1 Paddy Production in the 351 Fields 61 2.2 Statistical Analysis 62 3 Results and Discussion 63 3.1 Result of ANOVA 63 3.2 Discussion on the Effect of Variety 66 4 Conclusion 70 References 70 Identifying the Rice Yield Determinants Among Comprehensive Factors 72 1 Introduction 73 2 Materials and Methods 75 2.1 Yield Definition 75 2.2 Continuous Explanatory Variables 76 2.3 Discrete Explanatory Variables 76 2.4 Statistical Analysis 79 3 Results and Discussion 79 3.1 Relationship Between Yield and the Determinants 79 3.2 Impact of the Continuous Determinants 81 3.3 Impact of the Discrete Determinants 83 4 Conclusion 83 References 84 Path Analysis on the Interacting Determinants and Paddy Yield 87 1 Introduction 88 2 Materials and Methods 88 2.1 Data of the Two Farms 88 2.2 Data of One Farm in Two Years 89 3 Results 91 3.1 Results of the Two Farms 91 3.2 Result of One Farm in Two Years 94 4 Discussion 95 4.1 Effect of Farm Difference 95 4.2 Solar Radiation and Temperature 95 4.3 Panicles Per Hill and Plant Height 97 4.4 The Other Determinants 98 5 Conclusion 100 References 100 Impact of Soil Fertility in 92 Paddy Fields of Kanto Region 101 1 Introduction 102 2 Materials and Methods 103 2.1 Sample and Data 103 2.2 Analysis Framework 103 3 Results and Discussion 104 3.1 Effect of the Fertilizer Nitrogen 104 3.2 Effect of the Individual Soil Properties 104 3.3 Soil Quality Index 107 3.4 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 108 4 Conclusion 111 References 111 Impact of Soil Fertility in 93 Paddy Fields of Hokuriku Region 113 1 Introduction 114 2 Materials and Methods 115 3 Results and Discussion 117 3.1 Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer 117 3.2 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 118 3.3 Multivariate Regression Analysis 121 3.4 Relationship Between the PCs and Rice Yield 123 3.5 Effects of Individual Soil Chemical Properties 124 4 Conclusion 128 References 128 Impact of Soil Fertility in 116 Paddy Fields of Kinki Region 131 1 Introduction 132 2 Materials and Methods 132 2.1 Sample and Data 132 2.2 Analysis Framework 133 3 Results and Discussion 133 3.1 Rice Yield Analysis 133 3.2 Soil Chemical Properties 133 3.3 Significant Rice Yield Determinants 134 3.4 Further Discussion 136 4 Conclusion and Suggestion 139 References 139 Production Efficiency and Irrigation of 110 Paddy Fields in Kanto Region 141 1 Introduction 142 2 Materials and Methods 144 2.1 Sample and Data 144 2.2 Theory of the DEA Model 147 2.3 Effect of Irrigation Management 148 3 Results and Discussion 149 3.1 DEA Analysis on Production Efficiency 149 3.2 Irrigation Management to the Production Efficiency 152 3.3 Effects of the Irrigation Management on the Technical Efficiency 156 4 Conclusion 158 References 159 Two-Stage DEA of 122 Paddy Fields in Hokuriku Region 161 1 Introduction 162 2 Materials and Methods 164 2.1 Sample and Data 164 2.2 Effects of Irrigation Management 166 3 Results 167 3.1 DEA Analysis of Production Efficiency 167 3.2 Effects of Irrigation Management on Production Efficiency 169 4 Discussion 170 5 Conclusion 174 References 175 List of Publications and Presentations 177 Index 179