Empires and Nations from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century : Volume 2

This volume is the result of an international conference held at Sapienza University in Rome on June 20 and 21, 2013, as the final stage of the PRIN (Progetto di rilevante interesse nazionale) project “Empires and Nations from the 18th to the 20th century”, during which scholars from all over the world – academics, specialists, young researchers, PhD students and post-doctorates – confronted diverse, but connected, topics on the relations between multinational empires and the idea of the nation. In this way, the reality of the historical empires and national states was represented, and concepts such as identity, nationality, and sovereignty analyzed. The second volume is dedicated to the age of empires and colonialism, with particular reference to the colonial policy of the Great Powers (England, Russia, and Italy), the reality of post-colonial states, and to the different patterns of decolonization, including specific cases such as South Sudan, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Afghanistan and Palestine. Particular attention is paid to the economic systems of different countries and to the area of Southeastern Europe, particularly to Romania and its multicultural area Transylvania. To the Great War and the dissolution of the multinational empires ample space is dedicated, providing insights on border issues, ethnic conflicts, foreign policies, the Adriatic question, and the territorial conflict between Yugoslavia and Italy. The final part of the book analyzes communism, the bipolar system, and the East-West conflict that divided Europe for almost half a century, with specific contributions that discuss post-communist nations and states. TABLE OF CONTENTS 5 PART IV 13 CHAPTER TEN 15 THE IMPACT OF BRITISH POLICYON THE INSTITUTIONAL SYSTEMOF THE KHANATE OF KALAT(NORTH-WEST INDIA, 1870–1914) 15 THE FIRST TUNISIAN CRISIS (1864) 24 THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN SOUTH AFRICA,1875–1881 30 IMPERIALISM OF KAISER WILHELM II 42 “THE MORO PROBLEM” 48 DEFENSIVE MODERNIZATIONAND SELF-INDUCED COLONIALISM 57 COLONIALISM THROUGH EMIGRATION 67 THE RUSSIAN ATTEMPTTO COLONIZE EAST AFRICA 74 CHAPTER ELEVEN 85 SOUTH SUDAN 85 THE CHALLENGESOF A POSTCOLONIAL NATION 95 THE FIRST FAILURESOF THE UNO IN PALESTINE 102 IRAQ AND THE OIL COLD WAR 110 THE SOVIET INTERVENTION IN AFGHANISTANAS A CONTINUATION OF THE IMPERIAL POLICYOF TSARIST RUSSIA 122 THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTIONSYSTEM IN THE AFRICAN FRENCHAND BRITISH COLONIES DURING 1945–1989 132 CHAPTER TWELVE 139 GERMAN CAPITAL IN GEORGIA AT THE ENDOF THE NINETEENTH AND THE BEGINNINGOF THE TWENTIETH CENTURYAND ITS IMPORTANCE 139 DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES BETWEEN ITALYAND ROMANIA AFTER THE WARAND THE BIRTH OF THE ROMANIAN-ITALIANCOMMERCIAL BANK 147 SOCIAL INTEGRATION IN THE CONTEXTOF REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION(ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE SOUTHCAUCASIAN STATES) 154 RECONFIGURING ROMANIAN ARCHITECTUREBY THE SECOND HALF OF THE 1950S 164 WAR AND EMPIRE 174 COMPANIES AND FIRMSIN THE “ITALIAN SOMALIA”(1960–1970) 185 PART V 195 CHAPTER THIRTEEN 197 EARLY BRITISH DISCURSIVE CONSTRUCTIONSOF MONTENEGRO (1840–1880) 197 THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTSOF THE ALBANIAN POPULATION OF CHAMERIAIN FRONT OF GREEK MUNICIPAL LAWAND INTERNATIONAL LAW 1913–1926 204 THE GREEK ORTHODOXCOMMUNITY OF MYTILENE 212 CHAPTER FOURTEEN 223 REFLECTIONS ON THE POLITICAL CULTUREOF THE ROMANIANS FROM TRANSYLVANIAAND HUNGARY (1848–1914) 223 THE ECCLESIASTICAL ELITEIN THE ROMANIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENTFROM TRANSYLVANIADURING THE SEMI-LIBERAL PERIOD(1860–1865) 233 HOW THE LIBERALS MONOPOLIZEDCULTURAL NATIONALISM INFUSING POLITICSWITH NATIONAL IDEOLOGY IN ROMANIAAT THE TURN OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 243 THE NATIONAL QUESTION IN TRANSYLVANIAIN THE PERIOD AROUND THE AUSGLEICH 255 FROM PROTEST PETITIONSTO PARLIAMENTARY ACTION 260 POLITICS AND PARLIAMENTARISM 270 COMING LATE TO THE PARTY 278 CHAPTER FIFTEEN 289 GERMANY’S NEXT WAR 289 MONTENEGRO IN ITALIAN FOREIGN POLICYDURING THE BALKAN WARS (1912–1913) 296 THE ITALIAN INTELLIGENTSIA AND ARMEDINTERVENTION IN THE GREAT WAR 302 RELIGIOUS AND ETHNIC IDENTITIESIN THE FIRST WORLD WAR MACEDONIA 311 DRAFTING THE HUNGARIAN-YUGOSLAVBORDE 321 ETHNIC CONFLICTS IN CILICIAAND THE TURKISH WAR OF INDEPENDENCE1918–1922 331 RECONSTRUCTION PROJECTS OF ROMANIANAND HUNGARIAN STATES AFTER 1918 340 CHAPTER SIXTEEN 349 FROM THE SECOND TO THE THIRD REICH 349 ASPECTS OF POLITICAL COOPERATIONBETWEEN ITALIAN AND GERMANCOMMUNISTS DURING THE PERIODOF THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC 357 DIPLOMACY AND PROPAGANDA IN ROMANIA(1918–1946) 363 THE PERSPECTIVES OF THE MONARCHYIN INTERWAR ROMANIA 374 REGIONAL SECURITY PACTS IN SOUTHEASTEUROPE BETWEEN THE TWO WORLD WARS 383 CHAPTER SEVENTEEN 389 BETWEEN WAR AND REVOLUTION 389 YUGOSLAV-ITALIAN RELATIONSAND THE ADRIATIC ISSUE IN THE LATE1918 AND THE EARLY 1919 396 THE EASTERN ADRIATICIN THE CROATIAN NATIONAL REVIVAL 405 THE TRIESTE QUESTIONAND THE 1948 ELECTIONS IN ITALY 414 THE LAST RISORGIMENTO 423 PART VI 431 CHAPTER EIGHTEEN 433 THE FAILURE TO COPE WITH SOCIALISTREALISM IN THE SOVIET UNION OF THE 1930S(ANDREI PLATONOV) 433 NATIONALISM AND SOCIALISM IN ROMANIA 439 GH. GHEORGHIU-DEJ AND THE ROOTSOF THE ROMANIAN DISSIDENCE INSIDETHE COMMUNIST CAMP 449 NATIONAL INTERESTSAND INTERNATIONAL COMMUNISM 458 ENVIRONMENT, REAL SOCIALISMAND SUSTAINABILITY IN RUSSIA 469 ENVIRONMENT, POLLUTIONAND ECO-NATIONALISM IN THE USSR 479 CHAPTER NINETEEN 489 OUTER SPACE 489 THE FEAR AND THE SOLUTION 499 SOCIALISM AND NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY 508 IMPERIAL LEGACYAND COLD WAR RATIONALE 519 THE END OF THE COLD WARAND NEW CHALLENGES TO DEMOCRACY 531 CHAPTER TWENTY 541 THE DEBATE ON THE GERMAN NATIONAFTER THE FALL OF THE BERLIN WALL 541 THE CZECH REPUBLICAND THE MODERN CZECH NATION 549 THE ALIBI OF MEMORIES 558 POISONED SUPPORT?A HYPOTHESIS ON US POLICY TOWARDSYUGOSLAVIA, 1981–1991 566 THE DEFEAT OF DEMOCRATIC YUGOSLAVISMIN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 575 BETWEEN NATIONS AND EMPIRES 587 SOFT POWER AND ITS INFLUENCEON THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 594 THE ROMANIAN STRUGGLE FOR DÉTENTEINSIDE THE WARSAW TREATY (1955–1965) 602