Empires and Nations from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century: Volume 1

This volume is the result of an international conference held at Sapienza University in Rome on June 20 and 21, 2013, as the final stage of the PRIN (Progetto di rilevante interesse nazionale) project "Empires and Nations from the 18th to the 20th century", during which scholars from all over the world - academics, specialists, young researchers, PhD students and post-doctorates - confronted diverse, but connected, topics on the relations between multinational empires and the idea of the nation. In this way, the reality of the historical empires and national states was represented, and concepts such as identity, nationality, and sovereignty analyzed. The first part of this work is dedicated to the analysis of the origins of nation-states in the context of the multinational Habsburg, Ottoman and Tsarist empires, while the second pays particular attention to the issue of national minorities, which followed the dissolution of the great empires. The third part is related to national identity and focuses on art and culture by presenting artists, painters, writers and intellectuals who had played key roles in the formation of their national identities. Such pioneers include Hungarians, Romanians, Serbs, Georgians, Chinese, and Brazilians. Specific sections are dedicated to theoretical approaches and concepts such as imperialism, geopolitics, nationality, and regionalism, and to the analysis of religious and gender issues.-- Provided by Publisher TABLE OF CONTENTS 5 INTRODUCTION 11 PART I 17 CHAPTER ONE 19 LIVING AT THE CROSSROADS OF EMPIRES 19 FROM THE BALKANSTO THE HABSBURG EMPIRE 31 IN SEARCH OF A NEW POLITICAL PROJECT 40 LEGITIMACY AND INNOVATIONIN THE CHINESE IMPERIAL TRADITIONAS SEEN BY THE JESUITS 45 CHAPTER TWO 55 THE CRISIS OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRESEEN BY SEVENTEENTH- AND EIGHTEENTHCENTURYITALIANS 55 THE TANZIMAT AND THE STRUGGLEOF NON-MUSLIM MINORITIESFOR CITIZENSHIP 65 BECOMING A TURK 73 MYTH OR REALITY?THE PRESUMPTIVE ROMANIAN-TURKISHMILITARY CONVENTIONAND THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC OPINION 81 AN ANTI-NATIONALISTIC DREAM 90 CHAPTER THREE 99 AN ITALIAN DIPLOMATBETWEEN EAST AND WEST 99 THE RUSSIAN SECRET MISSIONIN THE VATICAN BETWEEN 1887 AND 1906 112 THE STRENGTHENING OF THE POLITICALPOWER OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIREIN THE STEPPE AREA OF THE NORTHCAUCASUS REGION IN THE MIDDLEOF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 121 PART II 127 CHAPTER FOUR 129 FROM THE CREATION OF NATIONALIDENTITIES TO THE INTERETHNIC CONFLICT 129 THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN LANGUAGE POLICYIN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 138 ORIENTALS AMONG THE PEOPLE OF THE EAST 147 CHAPTER FIVE 157 FROM “MILLET” TO “NATIONS”AND/OR “MINORITIES” 157 THE HISTORICAL GENESISOF THE 1919 MINORITY TREATIES 167 SOCIAL INCLUSIONAND IDENTITY STRATEGIES 180 THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGEAMONG HUNGARIANSIN THE TRANSCARPATHIANREGION (UKRAINE) 185 PART III 197 CHAPTER SIX 199 VITTORIO ALFIERI’SPAZZI CONSPIRACY AND DON GARCIA 199 NATIONS AND NATIONAL MINORITIESIN THE LIGHT OF PASQUILS 209 CONCEPTUALIZING THE GEORGIAN NATIONWITHIN THE ROMANOV EMPIRE 218 “THE AMAZONIAN IDOL” 230 ORIENTAL EXOTICISMIN THE SERBIAN ART OF THE EIGHTEENTHAND NINETEENTH CENTURIES 238 THE SERBIAN ELITE AND THE ISSUEOF DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL CULTUREIN THE LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY 247 MONTENEGRO THROUGH THE LENSOF THE MARUBI ATELIER 258 FROM PITTSBURGH TO MAROSVÉCS 264 BYZANTINE TRADITION IN EAST-CENTRALEUROPE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 272 AVANT-GARDISM OR CULT OF THE PAST?BRAZILIAN INTELLECTUALSAND THE DISPUTES BETWEEN NATIONALISMSIN THE INTERWAR PERIOD 281 SHIFTING BALKANIZATIONFROM THE NINETEENTH CENTURYTO THE PRESENT DAY 289 HEADSMAN, SPECTERS AND MONSTERS 298 A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF CHINESE POLITICALCULTURE IN THE MODERNAND CONTEMPORARY PERIODS 307 CHAPTER SEVEN 317 THE COLLAPSE OF EMPIRES OF MODERNTIMES ON THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDOF THE COLLAPSE OF ANCIENT ROME 317 DEFINING IMPERIALISM 325 FICHTE AND THE NATION-STATE 334 INTERNATIONAL MODELS OF CATALANNATIONALISM (1882–1914) 343 THE CAUCASUS IN THE GEOPOLITICALCOORDINATE SYSTEM 353 EXTERNAL SHOCKS, INTERNATIONAL STATUSAND THE CHANGE OF REGIME IN THE JAPANOF THE MEIJI RESTORATION 361 MARXIST INTELLECTUALS’ DEBATEON THE NATIONAL QUESTION 370 INDIAN POSTCOLONIAL SCHOLARS’THOUGHTS ON NATION AND NATIONALISM 378 THE “RETURN OF THE PAST” 388 “WHY GET ANGRY ABOUT LOSINGJUST A TERRITORY?”TEACHING NINETEENTH-CENTURYEUROPEAN NATION-STATES AND EMPIRES 397 MANIFEST DESTINY 409 REVOLUTIONS AND GEOPOLITICALTRANSFORMATIONS 415 STATES, NATIONS AND REGIONALISMIN THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE EUROPEANINTEGRATION PROCESS 420 CHAPTER EIGHT 429 GEORGIAN SELF-DETERMINATIONIN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY(SAINTS AND COLLECTIVE MEMORY) 429 THE RECEPTION OF ITALY AND THE ITALIANRISORGIMENTO IN THE PUBLIC CONSCIENCEOF THE ROMANIAN ECCLESIASTICALINTELLECTUALS FROM TRANSYLVANIA 438 CATHOLICISM AND THE IDEA OF NATIONIN THE ITALIAN RISORGIMENTOIN THE FIRST HALFOF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 447 RELIGION IN THE POST-IMPERIAL STATE 458 CHAPTER NINE 471 THE MARRIAGE POLICYOF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE 471 THE SECCIÓN FEMENINAIN THE SPANISH SAHARA 478 THE COMFORT WOMEN 484