EMPIRE OF HELL : religion and the campaign to end convict transportation in the british empire,... 1788-1875

Empire of Hell: Religion and the Campaign to End Convict Transportation in the British Empire, 1788–1875 by Hilary M. Carey. 2019 | ISBN: 1107043085 | English | 372 pages | PDF | 3 MB This revisionist history of convict transportation from Britain and Ireland will challenge much that you thought you knew about religion and penal colonies. Based on original archival sources, it examines arguments by elites in favour and against the practice of transportation and considers why they thought it could be reformed, and, later, why it should be abolished. In this, the first religious history of the anti-transportation campaign, Hilary M. Carey addresses all the colonies and denominations engaged in the debate. Without minimising the individual horror of transportation, she demonstrates the wide variety of reformist experiments conducted in the Australian penal colonies, as well as the hulks, Bermuda and Gibraltar. She showcases the idealists who fought for more humane conditions for prisoners, as well as the 'political parsons', who lobbied to bring transportation to an end. The complex arguments about convict transportation, which were engaged in by bishops, judges, priests, politicians and intellectuals, crossed continents and divided an empire. Cover......Page 1 Half-title......Page 3 Title page......Page 5 Copyright information......Page 6 Dedication......Page 7 Contents......Page 9 Tables......Page 10 Acknowledgements......Page 12 Abbreviations......Page 14 1 Introduction: 'Empire of Hell'......Page 15 Reform and Religion......Page 17 British Penal Transportation......Page 24 Anti-Transportation and Its Historians......Page 29 Conclusion......Page 37 2 Saints, Whigs and Penal Colonies, 1788-1822......Page 39 Age of Atonement......Page 40 Evangelicals and Penal Colonies......Page 44 Gaol Chaplains......Page 52 The Penitentiary Movement......Page 56 Prison Discipline Society......Page 59 Bigge Reports......Page 62 Conclusion......Page 66 3 'Hell upon Earth': Sir George Arthur in Van Diemen's Land, 1823-1837......Page 68 Arthur the Evangelical......Page 70 Ministering to Convicts......Page 75 'Gaol to the Empire'......Page 79 Arthur v Whately......Page 83 Observations on Secondary Punishments (1833)......Page 84 Defence of Transportation (1835)......Page 88 Conclusion......Page 89 4 Quakers and Convict Concerns......Page 91 Anti-Slavery and Its Heirs......Page 92 Quakers and Penal Reform......Page 93 Elizabeth Fry and Convict Women......Page 96 Backhouse and Walker......Page 100 Later Travellers......Page 110 Conclusion......Page 112 5 Christian Utilitarianism and Archbishop Richard Whately......Page 115 Christian Utilitarianism and Penal Reform......Page 116 Liberal Anglicans......Page 118 Thomas Chalmers, 1832......Page 120 Richard Whately......Page 121 Transportation (1829)......Page 124 Thoughts on Secondary Punishments (1832)......Page 125 Remarks on Transportation (1834)......Page 128 Responses to Whately......Page 130 Conclusion......Page 135 6 Catholics, Protestants and the 'Horrors of Transportation'......Page 137 Catholics and Convicts......Page 138 Judge Burton (1835)......Page 144 Molesworth SC on Transportation, 1836......Page 148 William Bernard Ullathorne......Page 152 The Catholic Mission in Australasia (1837)......Page 156 The Horrors of Transportation 1838......Page 159 Horrors of Transportation......Page 161 Conclusion......Page 167 7 'Ocean Hell': Captain Maconochie and Norfolk Island, 1837-1855......Page 169 Norfolk Island......Page 171 Captain Maconochie......Page 174 Report on the State of Prison Discipline, 1838......Page 176 Maconochie on Norfolk Island, 1840-1844......Page 180 Norfolk Island (1847)......Page 185 The Mark System, 1847......Page 186 Verdict on Maconochie......Page 190 Conclusion......Page 195 8 Probation in Van Diemen's Land, 1839-1857......Page 197 Pentonville, 1842......Page 198 'Portal to the Penal Colony'......Page 201 Probation and Lord John Russell......Page 204 Probation in Van Diemen's Land......Page 213 Religious Instructors......Page 218 La Trobe's Verdict on Probation......Page 224 After Probation......Page 228 Conclusion......Page 231 9 'Political Parsons' and the Anti-Transportation Movement, 1847-1854......Page 233 Last Convicts to New South Wales......Page 236 Earl Grey's Exiles......Page 241 The Hashemy: 1849......Page 244 The Neptune, 1851......Page 246 John McEncroe......Page 253 John West......Page 255 No Political Parsons......Page 261 Conclusion......Page 268 10 'Floating Hells': Bermuda, Gibraltar and the Hulks, 1850-1875......Page 271 Bermuda, 1824-1865......Page 272 Gibraltar, 1842-1875......Page 273 Religion and the Hulks......Page 279 Elliot and the Irish Prisoners......Page 284 Rev. John Melville Guilding......Page 290 Conclusion......Page 294 11 'Reformatory Colony': Western Australia, 1850-1868......Page 296 Convicts to Western Australia......Page 297 Reformation Not Punishment......Page 299 Anti-Transportation and the Garrotting Panic......Page 313 The End of Transportation......Page 317 12 Conclusion: 'This Great Scheme of Human Redemption'......Page 320 Reformative Transportation......Page 322 Debating Transportation......Page 324 Legacies of Transportation......Page 329 Postscript: 'This Great Scheme of Human Redemption'......Page 331 Australia......Page 334 United Kingdom......Page 335 B British Parliamentary Papers and Official Publications......Page 336 D Published Primary Sources......Page 340 E Published Secondary Sources......Page 348 F Theses......Page 365 Index......Page 367 Cover 1 Half-title 3 Title page 5 Copyright information 6 Dedication 7 Contents 9 Tables 10 Acknowledgements 12 Abbreviations 14 1 Introduction: 'Empire of Hell' 15 Reform and Religion 17 British Penal Transportation 24 Anti-Transportation and Its Historians 29 Conclusion 37 2 Saints, Whigs and Penal Colonies, 1788-1822 39 Age of Atonement 40 Evangelicals and Penal Colonies 44 Gaol Chaplains 52 The Penitentiary Movement 56 Prison Discipline Society 59 Bigge Reports 62 Conclusion 66 3 'Hell upon Earth': Sir George Arthur in Van Diemen's Land, 1823-1837 68 Arthur the Evangelical 70 Ministering to Convicts 75 'Gaol to the Empire' 79 Arthur v Whately 83 Observations on Secondary Punishments (1833) 84 Defence of Transportation (1835) 88 Conclusion 89 4 Quakers and Convict Concerns 91 Anti-Slavery and Its Heirs 92 Quakers and Penal Reform 93 Elizabeth Fry and Convict Women 96 Backhouse and Walker 100 Later Travellers 110 Conclusion 112 5 Christian Utilitarianism and Archbishop Richard Whately 115 Christian Utilitarianism and Penal Reform 116 Liberal Anglicans 118 Thomas Chalmers, 1832 120 Richard Whately 121 Transportation (1829) 124 Thoughts on Secondary Punishments (1832) 125 Remarks on Transportation (1834) 128 Responses to Whately 130 Conclusion 135 6 Catholics, Protestants and the 'Horrors of Transportation' 137 Catholics and Convicts 138 Judge Burton (1835) 144 Molesworth SC on Transportation, 1836 148 William Bernard Ullathorne 152 The Catholic Mission in Australasia (1837) 156 The Horrors of Transportation 1838 159 Horrors of Transportation 161 Conclusion 167 7 'Ocean Hell': Captain Maconochie and Norfolk Island, 1837-1855 169 Norfolk Island 171 Captain Maconochie 174 Report on the State of Prison Discipline, 1838 176 Maconochie on Norfolk Island, 1840-1844 180 Norfolk Island (1847) 185 The Mark System, 1847 186 Verdict on Maconochie 190 Conclusion 195 8 Probation in Van Diemen's Land, 1839-1857 197 Pentonville, 1842 198 'Portal to the Penal Colony' 201 Probation and Lord John Russell 204 Probation in Van Diemen's Land 213 Religious Instructors 218 La Trobe's Verdict on Probation 224 After Probation 228 Conclusion 231 9 'Political Parsons' and the Anti-Transportation Movement, 1847-1854 233 Last Convicts to New South Wales 236 Earl Grey's Exiles 241 The Hashemy: 1849 244 The Neptune, 1851 246 John McEncroe 253 John West 255 No Political Parsons 261 Conclusion 268 10 'Floating Hells': Bermuda, Gibraltar and the Hulks, 1850-1875 271 Bermuda, 1824-1865 272 Gibraltar, 1842-1875 273 Religion and the Hulks 279 Elliot and the Irish Prisoners 284 Rev. John Melville Guilding 290 Conclusion 294 11 'Reformatory Colony': Western Australia, 1850-1868 296 Convicts to Western Australia 297 Reformation Not Punishment 299 Anti-Transportation and the Garrotting Panic 313 The End of Transportation 317 12 Conclusion: 'This Great Scheme of Human Redemption' 320 Reformative Transportation 322 Debating Transportation 324 Legacies of Transportation 329 Postscript: 'This Great Scheme of Human Redemption' 331 Bibliography 334 A Archives 334 Australia 334 Ireland 335 United Kingdom 335 B British Parliamentary Papers and Official Publications 336 C Newspapers and Magazines 340 D Published Primary Sources 340 E Published Secondary Sources 348 F Theses 365 Index 367 This revisionist history challenges current ideas about convict transportation from Britain and Ireland, penal colonies and religion. It examines religious arguments for and against convict transportation, asks why elites believed it could be reformed, and, later, why it should be abolished.