Emotion, 2nd ed.

Drs. James W. Kalat and Michelle N. Shiota wrote EMOTION, International Edition in response to a growing need for a broad-based text on the topic. Now in its Second Edition, this text includes the most recent research to reflect new thinking about the area of emotion, and surveys both theoretical and practical topics ranging from neuroscience to development and culture. It also includes a strong emphasis on research methods and measurement. Blending unprecedented scholarship with a friendly and accessible writing style, this text resonates with students by making the study of emotion both interesting and relevant. Features This text provides in-depth coverage of neuroscience as it relates to the study of emotion, clearly showing the connection between the brain and the emotional state of an individual. The authors encourage students to consider and discuss culture and its effect on emotion, helping them to understand the subject matter by linking it to their surroundings. Each chapter concludes with suggestions for class-discussion topics and small-scale research projects. Throughout the text, the authors remind students about the tentative nature of most conclusions in this field, the need for critical evaluation of evidence, and the need for new research. The text contains extensive references, reflecting the large body of research available on the topic of emotion and offering many opportunities for further exploration. Cover Page 1 Figures 2 Title Page 5 Copyright Page 6 Dedication Page 7 Brief Contents 9 Contents 11 Preface 23 PART I: General Principles and Issues 27 Chapter 1: The Nature of Emotion 28 What Is Emotion? 29 Research Methods: Inducing Emotion 32 Research Methods: Measuring Emotion 33 Theories of Emotion 39 Relationships Among Cognition, Feeling, Physiology, and Behavior 43 Classification of Emotions 51 Summary 56 Key Terms 57 Thought Questions 58 Suggestions for Research Projects 58 Suggestions for Further Reading 58 Chapter 2: The Evolution of Emotion 59 An Evolutionary Perspective on Emotion 60 Intrapersonal Functions of Emotion 68 Social Functions of Emotion 68 Are Some Aspects of Emotion Universal? 69 Summary 82 Key Terms 82 Thought Questions 83 Suggestions for Research Projects 83 Suggestions for Further Reading 83 Chapter 3: Culture and Emotion 84 What Is Culture? 85 Cultural Differences in Concepts of Emotion 86 Cultural Differences in Emotion Processes 92 Aspects of Culture That Predict Differences in Emotion 97 Methodological Issues in Studying Culture 102 Integrating Evolutionary and Cultural Approaches 103 Summary 106 Key Terms 107 Thought Questions 107 Suggestions for Research Projects 108 Suggestions for Further Reading 108 Chapter 4: Emotion and the Body: Autonomic Nervous System and Hormones 109 The Autonomic Nervous System 110 Hormones and the Endocrine System 114 Measuring Physiological Aspects of Emotion 115 The Sympathetic Nervous System and Emotion 119 Stress and Its Health Consequences 125 The Parasympathetic Nervous System and Emotion 133 Summary 133 Key Terms 134 Thought Questions 135 Suggestions for Research Projects 135 Suggestions for Further Reading 135 Chapter 5: Emotion and the Brain: The Central Nervous System 136 Methods Used to Study Emotion and the Brain 137 The Amygdala and Emotion: A History 143 Emotion Neuroanatomy: Some Important Structures 149 Emotion Neurochemistry: Some Important Neurotransmitters 156 Summary 159 Key Terms 159 Thought Questions 160 Suggestions for Research Projects 161 Suggestions for Further Reading 161 Chapter 6: Emotion Regulation 162 Freud’s Ego Defense Mechanisms: An Early Taxonomy of Coping 162 A Process Model of Emotion Regulation 164 Situation-Focused Strategies 165 Cognition-Focused Strategies 168 Response-Focused Strategies 173 The Neurobiology of Emotion Regulation 177 Which Emotion Regulation Strategies Are Best? 178 Summary 180 Key Terms 180 Thought Questions 181 Suggestion for Research Project 181 Suggestion for Further Reading 181 PART II: Some Individual Emotions 183 Chapter 7: Fear and Anxiety 184 What Do We Fear? 185 Fear and Attention to Threats 186 Behavioral Measures of Fear and Anxiety 188 The Biology of Fear and Anxiety 190 Individual Differences in Fear and Anxiety 197 Summary 200 Key Terms 200 Thought Questions 201 Suggestions for Further Reading 201 Chapter 8: Anger and Disgust 202 What Elicits Anger? 203 Measuring Anger and Aggression 207 The Biology of Anger and Aggression 211 Individual and Situational Differences 213 Application: Violence Prevention 219 Disgust 221 Summary 226 Key Terms 227 Thought Questions 227 Suggestions for Further Reading 228 Chapter 9: Love 229 Is Love an Emotion? 230 The Prototype Approach to Love 230 Three Types of Love?: Bowlby and the “Affectional Bonds” 231 Oxytocin: The Love Transmitter? 238 The Biology of Attachment? Endogenous Opiates 240 Empathy 241 Romantic Love and Marriage 243 Attachment and Friendship 252 Summary 253 Key Terms 254 Thought Questions 255 Suggestion for Research Project 255 Suggestions for Further Reading 255 Chapter 10: Happiness and the Positive Emotions 256 Is Happiness an Emotion? 257 What Makes People Happy? 259 Positive Emotion States 266 Enthusiasm: The Anticipation of Reward 271 Contentment 272 Hope and Optimism 273 Amusement and Humor 274 Summary 278 Key Terms 278 Thought Questions 279 Suggestions for Research Projects 279 Suggestions for Further Reading 279 Chapter 11: The Self-Conscious Emotions 280 Embarrassment, Shame, and Guilt: One Emotion or Three? 280 Embarrassment 282 Shame and Guilt 287 Pride 290 Cultural Differences in Embarrassment, Shame, and Pride 291 Jealousy and Envy 292 Summary 293 Key Terms 293 Thought Questions 294 Suggestion for Further Reading 294 PART III: Emotion Research in Subdisciplines of Psychology 295 Chapter 12: Development of Emotion 296 Emotion in Newborn Infants 298 The Emergence of Differentiated Emotions 302 Development of Emotional Communication: Perceiving, Sharing, and Talking About Emotions 305 Development of Emotional Bonds: Attachment 309 Socialization of Emotional Expression 310 Emotion in Adolescence 313 Emotional Development in Adulthood 314 Summary 317 Key Terms 318 Thought Questions 318 Suggestions for Research Projects 319 Suggestions for Further Reading 319 Chapter 13: Emotion and Personality 320 Individual Differences in Emotional Responding 321 Emotional Intelligence 326 Measuring Emotional Intelligence 327 Is Emotional Intelligence Teachable? 333 Summary 334 Key Terms 334 Thought Questions 335 Suggestions for Research Project 335 Suggestions for Further Reading 335 Chapter 14: Effects of Emotion on Cognition 336 Emotions and Attention 337 Emotions and Memory 339 Emotions and Information Processing 345 Emotions and Decision-Making 351 Summary 359 Key Terms 360 Thought Questions 360 Suggestions for Research Project 360 Suggestions for Further Reading 361 Chapter 15: Emotion in Clinical Psychology 362 Depression 363 Mania and Bipolar Disorder 370 Anxiety Disorders 372 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders 376 Antisocial Personality Disorder and Empathy 376 Summary 377 Key Terms 377 Thought Questions 378 Suggestions for Research Projects 379 Suggestions for Further Reading 379 Epilogue 380 What Is Emotion? 380 How Do We Measure Emotion? 382 What Causes Emotions? 382 How Do Emotions Affect Our Lives? 383 REFERENCES 385 PHOTO CREDITS 444 NAME INDEX 447 A 447 B 448 C 449 D 450 E 451 F 452 G 452 H 453 I 454 J 454 K 455 L 456 M 457 N 458 O 459 P 459 Q 460 R 460 S 461 T 463 U 463 V 463 W 464 X 464 Y 465 Z 465 SUBJECT INDEX 466 A 466 B 468 C 469 D 470 E 471 F 472 G 473 H 474 I 474 J 474 K 475 L 475 M 475 N 476 O 476 P 476 Q 477 R 477 S 478 T 479 U 480 V 480 W 480 Y 480