Emerging Zoonoses: A Worldwide Perspective (Emerging Infectious Diseases of the 21st Century)

The book begins with a review of zoonotic pandemics of the past: the “Black Death” or bubonic plague of the Middle Ages, the Spanish Influenza pandemic (derived from avian influenza) of the early 20 th century, to the more modern pandemic of AIDS/HIV infection, which originated in Africa from primates. However, the majority of chapters focus on more recent zoonoses, which have been recognized since the late 20 th century to the present: · SARS and MERS coronaviruses· New avian influenza viruses · The tick-borne Henan fever virus from China· The tick-borne Heartland virus from the United States · Recently recognized bacterial pathogens, such as Streptococcus suis from pigs. In addition, reemergence of established zoonoses that have expanded their niche are reviewed, such as the spread of Zika virus and Chikungunya virus to the Western Hemisphere, and the emergence and spread of Ebola virus infection in Africa. A chapter is also devoted to an overview of the mechanisms and various types of animals involved in the transmission of diseases to humans, and the potential means of control and prevention. Many endemic and sporadic diseases are still transmitted by animals, through either direct or indirect contact, and zoonoses are estimated to account for about 75% of all new and emerging infectious diseases. It is predicted by public health experts that the next major pandemic of infectious disease will be of animal origin, making Emerging Zoonoses: A Worldwide Perspective a crucial resource to all health care specialists by providing them with much needed information on these zoonotic diseases.iv> Contents 5 Chapter 1: Pandemic Zoonoses from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century 10 1.1 Historical Aspects 10 1.2 Plague Pandemics 11 1.2.1 History Revisited 11 1.2.2 Current Epidemiology 12 1.2.3 Microbiological and Clinical Aspects of Plague 12 1.3 Pandemic Zoonotic Influenza 13 1.3.1 Unique Features of the 1918 Pandemic 14 1.3.2 Other Pandemics of the Twentieth Century 15 1.4 The AIDS/HIV Pandemic 16 1.4.1 Progress in AIDS 18 1.4.2 Present State and Remaining Challenges 18 1.4.3 Prospects of Meeting the Challenges 19 References 21 Chapter 2: Animals and Mechanisms of Disease Transmission 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Various Means of Transmission 24 2.2.1 Socioecology Factors 24 2.2.2 Mechanisms of Transmission 24 2.3 Animal Disease via the Food Chain 25 2.3.1 Bacterial Foodborne Zoonoses 26 2.3.2 Foodborne Parasitic Zoonoses 30 2.4 Pets as a Source of Zoonoses 32 2.4.1 Vector-Borne Zoonoses from Pets 34 2.4.2 Parasitic Zoonoses from Pets 35 2.5 Birds and Bats in Zoonoses 36 2.5.1 Pet Birds 37 2.5.2 Bats 38 2.6 Animals in the Wild 39 References 43 Chapter 3: Swine and Avian Influenza Outbreaks in Recent Times 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Virology 47 3.3 Ecology and Host Tropism 48 3.4 Swine Influenza Viruses of the Twenty-First Century 50 3.4.1 Cross-Species Transmission and Mixing Vessel Concept 50 3.4.2 Reassortment of Influenza Viruses in Pigs 51 3.4.3 Transmission of Swine Reassortment Viruses to Humans 52 3.5 Avian Influenza in the Modern Era 53 3.5.1 Tissue Tropism 54 3.5.2 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 55 3.5.3 Emergence of Avian Influenza A H7N9 56 3.5.4 Current Status of the Emerging Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses 57 3.6 Strategies to Contain Zoonotic Influenza A 59 3.6.1 Vaccines for Zoonotic Influenza A 60 3.6.2 Treatment of Zoonotic Influenza 61 3.7 Future Directions 62 3.8 Conclusion 64 References 64 Chapter 4: Emerging Animal Coronaviruses: First SARS and Now MERS 70 4.1 Introduction 70 4.2 Virology 71 4.3 Pathogenesis 71 4.4 Transmission 73 4.5 Clinical Features 74 4.6 Diagnosis 76 4.7 Pathology and Immunology 77 4.8 Management 78 4.8.1 Animal Experiments 79 4.9 Experimental Antivirals and Vaccines 80 4.9.1 Future Direction 81 4.9.2 Conclusion 83 References 83 Chapter 5: Emergence of New Tickborne Infections 88 5.1 Introduction 88 5.2 Ticks 89 5.3 Historical Aspects 90 5.3.1 Tickborne Zoonoses: General Background 91 5.4 New Tickborne Bunyaviruses 92 5.4.1 Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome [SFTS] 93 5.4.1.1 Epidemiology of SFTSV Infection 94 5.4.1.2 Vector and Ecology 95 5.4.1.3 Reservoir Hosts 95 5.4.1.4 Pathogenesis and Immunity of SFTSV Infection 96 5.4.1.5 Animal Models of SFTSV Infection 97 5.4.1.6 Clinical Aspects of SFTS 97 5.4.1.7 Diagnosis of SFTS 98 5.4.1.8 Treatment of SFTS 99 5.4.2 Heartland virus 99 5.4.3 Clinical Features of Heartland virus Infection 99 5.4.4 Borrelia miyamotoi Disease 100 5.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 101 References 103 Chapter 6: Chikungunya Virus and Zika Virus Expansion: An Imitation of Dengue Virus 108 6.1 Introduction 108 6.2 Historical Aspects 109 6.2.1 CHIKV 109 6.2.2 DENV 110 6.2.3 Zika Virus 111 6.3 Virology 112 6.3.1 CHIKV 112 6.3.2 DENV 112 6.3.3 ZIKV 113 6.4 Vectors of CHIKV, ZIKV, and DENV 114 6.5 Pathogenesis of Disease 115 6.5.1 CHIKV Disease Pathogenesis 115 6.5.1.1 Immune Response to CHIKV 116 6.5.2 DENV Disease Pathogenesis 116 6.5.2.1 DENV Immunity 117 6.5.3 ZIKV Disease Pathogenesis 118 6.5.4 ZIKV Immunity 119 6.6 Clinical Manifestations 119 6.6.1 CHIKV Clinical Disease 119 6.6.2 DENV Disease 121 6.6.3 ZIKV Disease 123 6.6.3.1 Congenital ZIKV Syndrome 125 6.7 Potential Treatments and Vaccines 126 6.7.1 CHIKV Treatment 126 6.7.2 DENV Vaccines 127 6.7.3 ZIKV Vaccine 127 6.8 Future Prospects 128 References 130 Chapter 7: Ebola and Marburg: Out of Africa 138 7.1 Introduction 138 7.2 Historical Aspects 139 7.2.1 Marburg Virus [MARV] Infection 139 7.2.2 Ebola Virus [EBV] Infection 139 7.3 Virology 140 7.3.1 Ecology 141 7.3.2 Transmission 143 7.4 Pathogenesis 143 7.5 Scale of Ebola West African Epidemic 147 7.5.1 Clinical Manifestations 147 7.5.2 Diagnosis 149 7.5.3 Management 150 7.5.3.1 Initial Response 150 7.5.3.2 Treatment 151 7.5.4 Experimental Treatment 152 7.5.5 Vaccines in Development 154 7.6 Future Directions 155 References 156 Chapter 8: Hepatitis E: A Zoonosis 162 8.1 Introduction 162 8.2 Virology 162 8.2.1 Evolutionary History 162 8.2.2 Virology and Classification 163 8.3 Distribution of Human Genotypes 163 8.4 Epidemiology 164 8.5 Pathogenesis 165 8.6 Clinical Features 167 8.6.1 Extrahepatic Manifestations of HEV 168 8.6.2 Chronic HEV Infection 169 8.6.3 Diagnosis 170 8.7 Treatment 171 8.8 Prevention 173 8.9 Future Directions 173 References 174 Chapter 9: Zoonotic Malaria: Plasmodium knowlesi 179 9.1 Introduction 179 9.1.1 Evolution of Malaria 180 9.1.2 Historical Aspects 181 9.1.3 The Parasite 182 9.1.4 Pathogenesis 183 9.1.5 Vector and Transmission 184 9.1.5.1 Natural Hosts 185 9.1.6 Clinical Disease 186 9.1.6.1 Diagnosis 187 9.1.6.2 Treatment 188 9.1.7 Prevention 189 9.1.8 Future Direction 190 References 191 Chapter 10: Zoonotic Streptococci: A Focus on Streptococcus suis 195 10.1 Introduction 195 10.2 Classification of Streptococci 195 10.3 Zoonotic Streptococci 196 10.4 Streptococcus canis 197 10.5 Streptococcus equi, Streptococcus zooepidemicus, and Streptococcus equisimilis 198 10.6 Streptococcus iniae 200 10.7 Streptococcus suis 201 10.7.1 General Background 201 10.7.2 Epidemiology of S. suis 201 10.7.3 Microbiology of S. suis 202 10.7.4 Virulence and Pathogenesis of S. suis 203 10.7.5 Clinical Aspects of S. suis Infection 205 10.7.5.1 Human Epidemiology 205 10.7.5.2 Clinical Features of S. suis Infection 206 10.7.5.3 Diagnosis and Antimicrobial Resistance 208 10.7.5.4 Prevention and Potential Vaccines for S. Suis 208 10.7.6 Future Directions 210 References 210 Chapter 11: New and Emerging Parasitic Zoonoses 217 11.1 Introduction 217 11.2 Baylisascariasis 217 11.2.1 Epidemiology of Human Infection with B. procyonis 219 11.2.2 Pathogenesis of Baylisascariasis 220 11.2.3 Clinical Aspects of Baylisascariasis 221 11.2.4 Diagnosis of Baylisascariasis 222 11.2.5 Treatment of Baylisascariasis 223 11.2.6 Control and Prevention of Baylisascariasis 224 11.3 Dirofilariasis Emerging in Humans 224 11.3.1 Biology of Dirofilaria 225 11.3.2 Dirofilariasis in Animals 226 11.3.3 Human Dirofilariasis 227 11.3.4 Control of Dirofilariasis 229 11.4 Onchocerca lupi 229 11.4.1 Epidemiology of Zoonotic Ocular Onchocerciasis 230 11.4.2 O. lupi Clinical Aspects in Animals 230 11.4.3 Human Onchocerciasis Lupi 231 11.4.4 Control of O. lupi Infection 232 11.5 Trypanosoma evansi, T. lewisi, and Others: New Zoonotic Trypanosomiasis 232 11.5.1 Animal Infection with T. evansi 233 11.5.2 New Zoonotic Trypanosome Infections in Humans 234 11.6 Sarcocystosis 235 11.6.1 Biology of Sarcocystosis 236 11.6.2 Clinical Sarcocystosis in Humans 236 11.6.3 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Human Sarcocystosis 238 11.7 Future Directions 239 References 239 Index 246 The Book Begins With A Review Of Zoonotic Pandemics Of The Past: The Black Death Or Bubonic Plague Of The Middle Ages, The Spanish Influenza Pandemic (derived From Avian Influenza) Of The Early 20th Century, To The More Modern Pandemic Of Aids/hiv Infection, Which Originated In Africa From Primates. However, The Majority Of Chapters Focus On More Recent Zoonoses, Which Have Been Recognized Since The Late 20th Century To The Present: Sars And Mers Coronaviruses New Avian Influenza Viruses The Tick-borne Henan Fever Virus From China The Tick-borne Heartland Virus From The United States Recently Recognized Bacterial Pathogens, Such As Streptococcus Suis From Pigs. In Addition, Reemergence Of Established Zoonoses That Have Expanded Their Niche Are Reviewed, Such As The Spread Of Zika Virus And Chikungunya Virus To The Western Hemisphere, And The Emergence And Spread Of Ebola Virus Infection In Africa. A Chapter Is Also Devoted To An Overview Of The Mechanisms And Various Types Of Animals Involved In The Transmission Of Diseases To Humans, And The Potential Means Of Control And Prevention. Many Endemic And Sporadic Diseases Are Still Transmitted By Animals, Through Either Direct Or Indirect Contact, And Zoonoses Are Estimated To Account For About 75% Of All New And Emerging Infectious Diseases. It Is Predicted By Public Health Experts That The Next Major Pandemic Of Infectious Disease Will Be Of Animal Origin, Making Emerging Zoonoses: A Worldwide Perspective A Crucial Resource To All Health Care Specialists By Providing Them With Much Needed Information On These Zoonotic Diseases. Front Matter -- Pandemic Zoonoses From The Middle Ages To The Twentieth Century -- Animals And Mechanisms Of Disease Transmission -- Swine And Avian Influenza Outbreaks In Recent Times -- Emerging Animal Coronaviruses: First Sars And Now Mers -- Emergence Of New Tickborne Infections -- Chikungunya Virus And Zika Virus Expansion: An Imitation Of Dengue Virus -- Ebola And Marburg: Out Of Africa -- Hepatitis E: A Zoonosis -- Zoonotic Malaria: Plasmodium Knowlesi -- Zoonotic Streptococci: A Focus On Streptococcus Suis -- New And Emerging Parasitic Zoonoses -- Back Matter. I.w. Fong. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. The book begins with a review of zoonotic pandemics of the past: the “Black Death” or bubonic plague of the Middle Ages, the Spanish Influenza pandemic (derived from avian influenza) of the early 20th century, to the more modern pandemic of AIDS/HIV infection, which originated in Africa from primates. However, the majority of chapters focus on more recent zoonoses, which have been recognized since the late 20th century to the present: · SARS and MERS coronaviruses· New avian influenza viruses · The tick-borne Henan fever virus from China· The tick-borne Heartland virus from the United States · Recently recognized bacterial pathogens, such as __Streptococcus suis__ from pigs. In addition, reemergence of established zoonoses that have expanded their niche are reviewed, such as the spread of Zika virus and Chikungunya virus to the Western Hemisphere, and the emergence and spread of Ebola virus infection in Africa. A chapter is also devoted to an overview of the mechanisms and various types of animals involved in the transmission of diseases to humans, and the potential means of control and prevention. Many endemic and sporadic diseases are still transmitted by animals, through either direct or indirect contact, and zoonoses are estimated to account for about 75% of all new and emerging infectious diseases. It is predicted by public health experts that the next major pandemic of infectious disease will be of animal origin, making __Emerging Zoonoses: A Worldwide Perspective__ a crucial resource to all health care specialists by providing them with much needed information on these zoonotic diseases.iv> Front Matter....Pages i-ix Pandemic Zoonoses from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century....Pages 1-13 Animals and Mechanisms of Disease Transmission....Pages 15-38 Swine and Avian Influenza Outbreaks in Recent Times....Pages 39-61 Emerging Animal Coronaviruses: First SARS and Now MERS....Pages 63-80 Emergence of New Tickborne Infections....Pages 81-100 Chikungunya Virus and Zika Virus Expansion: An Imitation of Dengue Virus....Pages 101-130 Ebola and Marburg: Out of Africa....Pages 131-154 Hepatitis E: A Zoonosis....Pages 155-171 Zoonotic Malaria: Plasmodium knowlesi ....Pages 173-188 Zoonotic Streptococci: A Focus on Streptococcus suis ....Pages 189-210 New and Emerging Parasitic Zoonoses....Pages 211-239 Back Matter....Pages 241-250