Emerging Trends in Composite Structures: Select Proceedings of ICC-IDEA 2023 (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 387)

Contents About the Editors Structural Engineering and Health Monitoring Strength of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Aggregate with Granite 1 Introduction 2 Research Significance 3 Experimental Programme 3.1 Materials 3.2 Mix Combination and Casting 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References State-of-the-Art Review on Synthesis and Utilization on Graphene Oxide in Concrete Under Elevated Temperature 1 Introduction 2 Graphene Oxide 3 Composition of Graphene Oxide 4 Effect of Elevated Temperature on Mechanical Properties 5 Compressive Strength 6 Tensile Strength 7 Conclusion References Analyzing the Characteristics of Self-Compacting, Basalt Fiber, Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Using Nanowaste Product at Both High and Normal Temperature Changes 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Fresh State Properties 3.2 Hardened State Properties 3.3 Microstructure Analysis 4 Conclusions References Experimental Study on Nanomaterials in High-Performance Concrete 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology and Materials 3.1 Methodology 3.2 Materials 3.3 Preparation of Materials and Testing Procedure 4 Results 4.1 Raw Material Characterization 4.2 Slump Test 4.3 Compressive Strength of Nanoclay 4.4 Splitting Tensile Strength 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References An Investigation on Behaviour of Non-metallic Areca Fibre-Reinforced Concrete Beam 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusions References Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Copper Slag in Concrete: A State-of-the-Art Review 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Conclusion References Enhancement of Concrete Strength of Using PPF and Analysis by ANSYS for Strength Comparison 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology and Materials 3.1 Methodology 3.2 Material 3.3 Methods and Preparation of Materials 3.4 Model Based on Finite Elements (ANSYS) 4 Results and Analysis 4.1 Compressive Strength 4.2 Compressive Strain at Ultimate Strength 4.3 Flexural Strength 4.4 Displacement at Ultimate Flexural Strength 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Microstructural and Plastic Shrinkage Studies on M-Sand and Coconut Shell Used Self-Compacting Concrete 1 Introduction 2 Materials Used 2.1 Mix Proportion 3 Experimental Investigation 3.1 Workability Test 3.2 Plastic Shrinkage 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Slump Flow 4.2 T500 Test 4.3 V-Funnel Test 4.4 L-Box Test 4.5 GTM Screen Stability Test 4.6 Plastic Shrinkage 4.7 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Analysis 4.8 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 5 Conclusions References Hybrid Testing Approach for Thermo-Mechanical Testing of Structures Using Impedance Matching 1 Introduction 2 Impedance Matching Control Design 3 Transfer System (TS) Dynamics 4 Application to Coaxial bar 5 Concluding Remarks References Study on the Effect of Marble Dust as Partial Replacement to Cement with Steel Fibre in Concrete 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Study 2.1 Materials 2.2 Mix Proportion 2.3 Moulding and Curing 2.4 Specimen Testing 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusions References State of Art on Enhanced Energy-Efficient Building Through Various Materials and Construction Techniques 1 Important Aspects of EE Building 1.1 Identification of Key Factors 2 Energy-Efficient Building Materials 2.1 Coconut Fibre as Insulating Material 2.2 Recycled Plastic Aggregate in Concrete 2.3 Co-Fired Blended Ash (CBA) Walling Material 2.4 Aerogel 2.5 Preparation of BNT/HE Composite PCM 2.6 Structural Model Using Various Building Materials and Glass Windows 3 Energy Efficiency Building Construction Techniques 3.1 Ventilated Brick Cavity Wall 3.2 Static Sunshade Technique 3.3 Staggered Stud Wall 3.4 Orientation and Massing of the Building 4 Analysis on the Energy-Efficient Building Materials 4.1 Coconut Fibre Experimental Methodology 4.2 Energy Analysis on Recycled Plastic Concrete: Experimental Results 4.3 Comparative Study: CBA Brick and Fly Ash Brick 4.4 Aerogel-Based Cementitious Material 4.5 Laboratory Performance Analysis on BNT/HE 4.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis: Recycled Waste Thermoplastic Block 4.7 Analysis of Energy in Five Different Indian Climate Zones for Different Materials in Buildings and Windows 5 Analysis on the Constructional Techniques 5.1 Static Sunshade Over a Ventilated Brick Cavity Wall 5.2 Experimental Study on Static Sunshade Design 5.3 Experimental Study on a Staggered Stud Wall 5.4 Building Simulation 6 Conclusion References Steel and Composite Structure Study on Self-Consolidating Hybrid Fibre-Reinforced Concrete 1 Introduction 1.1 Objectives of the Work 1.2 Research Significance 1.3 Material Properties 1.4 Mix Proportions 1.5 Workability of SCC 2 Experimental Study 2.1 Compressive Strength of Cube 2.2 Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylinder 3 Conclusion References Effect of High Performance on Glass Fibre-Reinforced Concrete Beams 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Objectives of the Study 2.2 Materials 3 Experimental Program 3.1 Mix Combination 3.2 Mixing Methods, Casting, and Curing 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Investigation on Innovative Cold-Formed Steel Built-Up Columns Using Lipped and Unlipped Channels 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Test Specimen 2.1 Materials 2.2 Test Specimen 2.3 Geometrical Properties of Sections 2.4 Numerical Analysis 2.5 Geometry and Material Property 2.6 Experimental Analysis 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Results 3.2 Discussion 4 Conclusion References Strength Study on Engineered Cementitious Composites Using Hybrid Fibres 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Materials 2.2 Mix Proportions and Procedures 2.3 Mechanical Properties and Procedure 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Compressive Strength of Concrete 3.2 Split Tensile Test of Concrete 3.3 Flexural Strength of Concrete 3.4 Density Test on Concrete 4 Conclusion References Investigation of Bending Effect on Steel–Concrete–Steel (SCS) Sandwich Composite Sections Considering Width–Thickness Ratio and Global Provisional Codes Validation 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Modelling Setup 2.1 Numerical Methodology 3 Validation of Beams Models as Per Global Codes 4 Results 5 Conclusion References Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Properties of Steel Fibre in M50 Grade Concrete 1 Introduction 2 Materials 2.1 Cement 2.2 Fine Aggregate 2.3 Coarse Aggregate 2.4 Micro Silica 2.5 Superplasticizer 3 Experimental Work 3.1 Compressive Strength Test 3.2 Split Tensile Strength 3.3 Flexural Strength Test 4 Microstructural Analysis 4.1 SEM 4.2 XRD 4.3 FTIR 5 Failure Analysis of RCC Beams 6 Conclusion References Analytical Study on the Bending Behavior of the Composite Beam with T-shaped Shear Connector Under Partial Interaction 1 Introduction 2 Analytical Study 2.1 General 2.2 Modeling of Specimens 2.3 Geometry Creation 2.4 Assembly 2.5 Meshing 2.6 Loading Condition and Interaction 2.7 Material Properties 2.8 Analysis Setup 2.9 Analysis and Post-Processing 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Comparison of Experimental and Analytical Results 4 Conclusion References Planning and Analysis of G+2 Residential Building and Design of Slab and Beam with Sisal Fiber Polymer Reinforcement 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Analysis 4 Abstract of Analysis 5 Results of Analysis 6 Conclusion References Nonlinear Static Analysis Study on Progressive Collapse Behaviour of 2D RC Frame with Different Grades of Steel 1 Introduction 2 Validation Study 3 Analytical Details 4 Geometry of the Structure 5 Material Properties 6 Element Property of the Structure 7 Nonlinear Static Analysis 8 Procedure of Nonlinear Static Analysis 9 Results and Discussion for Nonlinear Static Analysis 10 Conclusion References Behaviour of Steel–Concrete Composite Beams Provided with Headed Stud Shear Connectors 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Investigation 3 Numerical Programme 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Bridge and Tunnel Engineering Behavior of Double Layer Compound Cold-Formed Steel Columns 1 Introduction 2 Experimental and Numerical Results 2.1 Section Properties 2.2 Coupon Test 2.3 Abaqus Results 2.4 Fabricated Models 2.5 Experimental Results 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion 5 Limitation of Work References Flexural Behaviour of Cold-Formed Ferritic Stainless Steel Built-Up Joists 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Material Property 2.2 Section Property 2.3 Finite Element Model 2.4 Mechanical Property 2.5 Interaction 2.6 Boundary Condition and Meshing Optimization 3 Experimental Investigation 3.1 Fabrication 3.2 Experimental Setup 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Numerical and Experimental Results 4.2 Failure Pattern 4.3 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Flexural Behaviour of Corrugated Web Beams Using Cold-Formed Steel Sections 1 Introduction 2 Material Property 2.1 Material 2.2 Coupon Test 3 Test Specimen 3.1 Details of Specimen 4 Analytical Investigation 5 Experimental Investigation 5.1 Fabrication 5.2 Test Set-Up 6 Results and Discussion 6.1 Results 6.2 Discussions 7 Conclusion References Analytical Behavior of Optimum Position of Multi-level Outriggers in RCC Frames 1 Introduction 2 Literature Study 3 Methodology 4 Objectives and Details of the Present Study 4.1 Details of Analytical Investigation 5 Analytical Results 5.1 Optimum Position and Efficiency of Core Frame with Single and Double Level Outrigger 5.2 Optimum Position and Efficiency of Core Frame with Multi-level Outrigger 5.3 Optimum Position of 7-Story Frame with Outrigger 6 Summary of Work References Study on the Shear Behavior of Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams 1 Introduction 1.1 Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Concrete 2 Literature Review 2.1 General 3 Analytical Study 3.1 Modeling, Assigning Property, and Assembly 3.2 Meshing and Load Assigning 4 Results Obtained from the Analysis 4.1 Deflection 4.2 Load–Deflection Relation 5 Testing of Beams for Shear Behavior 5.1 Test on CCB and HFRCB 5.2 Test Result of Beams 6 Conclusion References Plastic Shrinkage and Microstructural Analysis of Butyl Rubber in Light-Weight Concrete 1 Introduction 2 Materials 2.1 Cement 2.2 Fine Aggregate 2.3 Coarse Aggregate 2.4 Butyl Rubber 3 Experimental Program 3.1 Compressive Strength 3.2 Plastic Shrinkage 3.3 SEM Analysis 3.4 XRD Analysis 3.5 FTIR Analysis 4 Conclusion References Numerical Investigation of Encased Composite Beams with Reinforcements Passing Through the Web Openings 1 Introduction 2 Beam Specifications 2.1 Material Properties 2.2 Beam Models 2.3 Modelling of Composite Beams 3 Finite Element Analysis 3.1 Analysis of Encased Composite Beam Without Web Openings 3.2 Analysis of Encased Composite Beam with the Reinforcements Passing Through the Web Openings 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Convergence Study 4.2 S1- Encased Steel–Concrete Composite Beam (Without Web Opening) 4.3 S2-Encased Steel–Concrete Composite Beam (Rectangular Opening, B = 2D) 4.4 S3-Encased Steel–Concrete Composite Beam (Rectangular Opening, B = 3.2D) 4.5 S4-Encased Steel–concrete Composite Beam (Square Opening, B = D) 4.6 Comparative Study 5 Conclusion References Study on Behavior of Plastic Road—A Case Study 1 Introduction 2 Data Collection of Plastic Waste 3 Traffic Analysis 4 Soil Testing 4.1 Sieve Analysis 4.2 Standard Proctor Compaction Test 4.3 California Bearing Ratio Test 5 Design of Pavement 6 Analysis Using KENPAVE Software 7 Comparison on Performance of Plastic and Bitumen Road 7.1 Damage Analysis 8 Conclusion References Holonic Construction Scheduling System for Construction Projects Using Python Programming Language 1 Introduction 2 Research Background 2.1 Time Management in Construction Industry 2.2 Scheduling Methods 2.3 Research Gap 3 Methodology for Holonic Scheduling 3.1 Analytical Study 4 Result and Discussion 5 Conclusion 6 Future Scope and Improvement References Study of Characteristics of Expansive Soil Stabilized with Tire Derived Aggregate and Fish Scale Powder 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methodology 2.1 Soil Sample 2.2 Tire Derived Aggregate 2.3 Fish Scale Powder 2.4 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Influence of TDA on Soil Compaction Characteristics 3.2 Influence of TDA on Unconfined Compression Strength 3.3 Influence of Optimum% TDA with FSP on Soil Compaction Characteristics 3.4 Influence of Optimum% TDA with FSP on Unconfined Compression Strength 4 Conclusion References Earthquake Engineering Dynamic Response of Cable-Stayed Bridge Under Seismic Vulnerability Analysis: State of the Art 1 Introduction 1.1 Dynamic Response of Cable-Stayed Bridge: 1.2 Long-Span Bridges and Super-High Cable-Stayed Bridges: 1.3 Damping System for the Bridges 1.4 Seismic Fragility Analysis 1.5 Recent Developments and Works and Few Case Studies of Cable-Stayed Bridges 2 Research Gap from Literature Review 3 Conclusion 4 Implications of the Study References Complex and Lightweight Tensegrity Structure Under Dynamic and Impact Loads; State of the Art 1 Introduction 1.1 Response and Behavior of Tensegrity Structure Under Dynamic Loading 1.2 Stability of Tensegrity Structure 1.3 Geometry, Shape, and Topology Optimization of Tensegrity Structure 1.4 Minimal Mass Design Approach 2 Research Gap from Literature Review 3 Conclusion References Demountable Shear Connector in Steel–Concrete Composite Floors: A State-of-the-Art Review 1 Introduction 2 Studs with Threaded Heads 3 Friction-Grip Bolts 4 Bolt with Embedded Nuts 5 Bolt with Coupler System 6 Discussion 7 Conclusion References Effect of Steel Fibre and Plastering Sand on GGBS and Silica Fume Based Geo-Polymer Concrete 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methodology 2.1 Materials 2.2 Methodology 2.3 Casting Procedure 3 Experimental Study 3.1 Geopolymer Concrete of M60 Mix Design 3.2 Geopolymer Concrete of M60 with Steel Fibre Mix Design 3.3 Geopolymer Concrete of M60 with Plastering Sand Mix Design 4 Testing of Specimens 4.1 Compressive Strength Test 4.2 Split Tensile Strength Test 4.3 Flexural Beam Test 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Compressive Strength Test 5.2 Split Tensile Strength Test 5.3 Flexural Test 6 Conclusion References Shear Resistance Behavior of Partially Sandwich Composite Structures Considering Elements Varying Dimension and Comparison Using Global Provisional Codes 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Modelling Setup 2.1 Numerical Methodology 3 Theoretical Method of Shear Beams as Per Global Codes 4 Results 5 Conclusion References Effect of Bracing Structural System on the Seismic Response of High-Rise Reinforced Concrete Building for Strengthening with Soft Storey 1 Introduction 1.1 Soft Storey 1.2 Non-linear Pushover Analysis 1.3 Bracings 2 Review of Literature 3 Materials and Modelling Structures 4 Results 5 Conclusion References Experimental Studies on the Flexural Strength Using Bagasse Ash and M-Sand in Concrete 1 Introduction 2 Materials Used 2.1 Manufactured Sand 2.2 Bagasse Ash 3 Experimental Programme 4 Result and Discussion 4.1 Flexural Strength and Deflection 4.2 Crack Pattern 5 Conclusion References Performance-Based Seismic Analysis of RC Multi-storey Framed Building Equipped with Dampers 1 Introduction 2 Modelling and Analysis 2.1 Time History Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Numerical Studies on RC Beams Strengthened with an Externally Bonded Aramid FRP Sheets 1 Introduction 2 Analytical Modelling 2.1 General 2.2 Concrete 2.3 Steel Reinforcement Bars 2.4 Procedure of Assembly, Interaction and Meshing 2.5 Load and Boundary Condition 2.6 Meshing 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Analysis and Design of G+15 High-Rise Residential Structures with and Without Floating Column in Nepal 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Planning 4 Analysis 5 Design References Disaster Management Inferences on Strength and Ductility of High Performance Concrete Mixed with Steel and Macro-synthetic Fibres 1 Introduction 2 Experiments 2.1 Materials and Properties 2.2 Preparation of Specimens 2.3 Testing of Specimens 3 Results and Inferences 3.1 Strength Characteristics 3.2 Ductility Indices 4 Conclusions References Study the Interaction Behaviour of Integrated Infilled Frames with Interface Materials 1 Introduction 1.1 Infilled Frame 1.2 Interface Materials 2 Litreature Review 2.1 General 2.2 Study on Infilled and Interface Materials 3 Analytical Study 3.1 Modelling, Assigning Property, and Assemble of Frame 3.2 Properties of Infilled Frame 3.3 Analysis of Frame 3.4 Loading on Frame 3.5 Deformation of Frame 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Experimental Investigation on Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate (LECA) as a Coarse Aggregate in Concrete 1 Introduction 2 Materials 2.1 Cement 2.2 Fine Aggregate 2.3 Coarse Aggregate 2.4 LECA 3 Experimental Investigation 3.1 Mechanical Properties 3.2 Microstructural Analysis 4 Result and Discussion 4.1 Compressive Strength Test 4.2 Split Tensile Strength Test 4.3 Flexural Strength Test 4.4 SEM Analysis 4.5 XRD Analysis 4.6 FTIR Analysis 5 Conclusion References Experimental Study on Strengthening of Damaged Steel Flexural Members Using CFRP Composite Wraps 1 Introduction 2 Details of Materials Used 2.1 Selection of Polymer Type 2.2 Carbon Fiber Fabric 2.3 Epoxy Resin and Hardener 2.4 Properties of Steel Beam Specimens 3 Wrapping Process 3.1 Preparation of Specimen 3.2 Physical Analysis of Defect 3.3 CFRP Wrapping Process 4 Experimental Investigation 4.1 Retrofitting Techniques 5 Results and Discussions 6 Conclusions References Strengthening of Structures Using FRP Composites Fibres 1 Introduction 2 Materials Used 3 Methodology 4 Flexural Strengthening of Beams 5 Experimental Investigations 6 Preparation of Surface 7 Results and Discussion 8 Conclusions References The Behavior of RC Beam with an Opening Filled with the Hollow Square Section Under Static Loading 1 Introduction 2 Finite Element Modeling 2.1 Details of Test Specimens 2.2 Interaction, Meshing, and Boundary Condition 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Application of Data Mining Techniques and Hedonic Pricing Methods to Determine the Real Estate Land Prices in the Chengalpattu District 1 Introduction 2 Data Source and Methodology 2.1 Study Area 2.2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Factors Identified 3.2 Data Mining 3.3 Correlation 3.4 Hedonic Price Model 4 Conclusion References Optimization of Inventory Control Management to Impact on the Profitability of Construction Projects 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Ranking Analysis/RII(Relative Importance Index) 4 Conclusion References Developing Management Information System for Construction Equipment Maintenance 1 Introduction 2 Past Studies on Software Architecture 3 Research Design 4 Data Collection 5 Software Architecture 5.1 Parallel Process, Shared Structure Architecture 5.2 Process/Data/Connector Interdependence 6 Conclusion References Research Advancements in the Study of Microbiology of Aerosols 1 Introduction 1.1 General 1.2 Recent Studies in the Area 1.3 Conclusion References Coastal and Harbour Engineering Behaviour of Quartz Powder-Based Fibre-Reinforced Concrete 1 Introduction 1.1 Literature Review 1.2 Objective of Study 1.3 Materials 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Mix Combination 2.2 Mixing Methods, Casting, and Curing 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Investigations on Ambient Cured Alkali-Activated One-Part Geopolymer Concrete 1 Introduction 1.1 What is One-part Geopolymer? 1.2 Differentiation and Advantages Between Conventional Geopolymer and One-Part Geopolymer 1.3 Applications of One-Part Geopolymer 2 Materials or Precursor Used for One-Part Geopolymer Mix 2.1 Aluminosilicate Precursors 2.2 Solid Activators 2.3 Curing Condition 3 Preparation of One-Part Geopolymer 4 Properties of One-Part Geopolymer Concrete 5 Geopolymerization Process and Their Phases [16] 6 Mechanical Properties of One-Part Geopolymer Concrete 7 Durability Properties of One-Part Geopolymer [17] 8 Conclusion References Experimental Investigation on the Incorporation of Reed Plant Ash in Concrete 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Cement 2.2 Fine Aggregate 2.3 Coarse Aggregate 2.4 Reed Plant Ash 2.5 Mix Design 3 Results and Discussions Test on Fresh Concrete 3.1 Slump Test 3.2 Test on Hardened Concrete 4 Conclusion References Study on the Bonding Behavior of Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Using Ramie and Glass Fibers 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Study 2.1 General 2.2 Mix Proportion of Concrete 2.3 Casting of Specimens 2.4 Experimental Setup for Pull-Out Test 2.5 Bonding Behavior by Pull-Out Test Study 3 Conclusion References Study on Effectiveness of Reinforced Concrete Beam Strengthening with Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polymer 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Experimental Setup 3 Numerical Prediction of Control and CFRP Beam as Per ACI Standard 4 Results 5 Conclusion References Comparative Study on Structural Performance Between Reinforced Concrete Beam and Ferro-Cement Laminate Strengthening 1 Introduction 1.1 Ferro-Cement Rehabilitation and Retrofitting Technology 1.2 Applications of Ferro-Cement 1.3 Ferro-Cement Material Components 2 Materials and Experimental Set-Up 3 Numerical Predictions of Beams as Per American Codes 3.1 Numerical Prediction of Control Beam as Per ACI-318-11 4 Results 5 Conclusion References Experimental Investigation on Chemically Treated Hooked End Steel Fiber Embedded in Rubberized Concrete 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Materials and Mix Proportions 2.2 Preparation of Specimen 2.3 Test Setup and Procedure 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Compressive Strength of Concrete 3.2 Fiber Pull-Out Characteristics 4 Conclusion References Study on Mechanical Properties of Polymer Fiber-Reinforced Nano-Concrete Under Elevated Temperature 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methodology 2.1 Materials Properties 2.2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Effects on Compressive Strength 3.2 Effects on Split Tensile Strength 3.3 Effects on Flexural Strength 3.4 Effects on Deflection of Beams 4 Conclusion References Planning, Analysis and Design of Vented Drainage Canal Across River Ganga in Falta, West Bengal 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Planning of Model 4 Analysis 4.1 Load Calculations 4.2 Bending Moment, Shear Force and Deflection 4.3 Scheduling 4.4 Project Cost Estimation 5 Conclusion References Study on the Improvement of Properties of Expansive Soil Using Seashell Powder 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methodology 2.1 Materials 2.2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Standard Proctor Compaction Test 3.2 Unconfined Compression Test 3.3 Free Swell Test 4 Conclusion References