Emerging Syntheses In Science (A Proceedings volume in the Sante Fe Institute studies in the sciences of complexity) Volume 1

Santa Fe, October 1984. Many of the most accomplished creative minds in science—including four Nobel laureates—gather to create an institution unlike any other: where unconventional thinking flourishes and disciplinary boundaries fall away.From this meeting emerged some of the most generative research programs of the last three decades, including the physics of living systems, the mathematics of society, quantitative archaeology, the nature of mind, fundamentals of complex systems theory—and the implications of all of these on the future. The original vision of a boundary-spanning research center became what Nature has called “that mecca of multidisciplinary complexity studies”: the Santa Fe Institute. This republished volume includes chapters from the scientific talks given at the founding meetings as well as never-before-published transcripts of the roundtable discussions.The Santa Fe Institute, as key element in its founding activities, sponsored two workshops on ‘Emerging Syntheses in Science.’ There was unanimous agreement among the participants that Professor Gell-Mann’s keynote address and the ensuing talks were of such high quality and general interest that it would be highly desirable to publish these for broader distribution. Evolution of self-replicating macromolecules through natural selection is a dynamically ordered process. Two concepts are introduced to describe the physical regularity of macromolecular evolution: sequence space and quasi-species. Natural selection means localization of a mutant distribution in sequence space. This localized distribution, called the quasi-species, is centered around a master sequence (or a degenerate set), that the biologist would call the wild-type. The self-ordering of such a system is an essential consequence of its formation through self-reproduction of its macromolecular consti tuents, a process that in the dynamical equations expresses itself by positive diagonal coefficients called selective values. The theory describes how population numbers of wild type and mutants are related to the distribution of selective values, that is to say, how value topography maps into population topography. For selectively (nearly) neutral mutants appearing in the quasi- species distribution, population numbers are greatly enhanced as compared to those of disadvantageous mutants, even more so in continuous domains of such selectively valuable mutants. As a consequence, mutants far distant from the wild type may occur because they are produced with the help of highly populated, less distant precursors. Since values are cohesively distributed, like mountains on earth, and since their positions are multiply connected in the high-dimensional sequence space, the overpopulation of (nearly) neural mutants provides guidance for the evolutionary process. Localization in sequence space, subject to a threshold in the fidelity of reproduction, is steadily challenged until an optimal state is reached. The model has been designed according to experimentally determined properties of self-replicating molecules. The conclusions reached from the theoretical models can be used to construct machines that provide optimal conditions for the evolution of functional macromolecules.

the Santa Fe Institute, As Key Element In Its Founding Activities, Sponsored Two Workshops On 'emerging Syntheses In Science.' There Was Unanimous Agreement Among The Participants That Professor Gell-mann's Keynote Address And The Ensuing Talks Were Of Such High Quality And General Interest That It Would Be Highly Desirable To Publish These For Broader Distribution.

This book is an outcome of the workshop on Emerging Syntheses in Science in 1984 in New Mexico. It describes the concept of the Institute and aspects of emerging syntheses which might prove relevant to the future development of the Institute and some initial steps taken to create the Institute. It is a pleasure to welcome so many old friends and a few new ones to this beautiful place, kindly lent us by Douglas Schwartz of the School of American Research.