Emerging Nanotechnologies for Water Treatment-Royal Society of Chemistry No. 4

Rapid population growth, urbanisation and industrialisation have caused serious problems in terms of water pollution and the supply of safe water. Solutions for monitoring pollutants in water and for removing them are urgently needed and they must be both efficient and sustainable. Recent advances in emerging environmental nanotechnologies provide promising solutions for these issues. The physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials can be tailored by controlling attributes such as their size, shape, composition, and surface, so that they can be both highly specific and highly efficient. This makes them perfect platforms for a variety of environmental applications including sensing, treatment and remediation. Providing an array of cutting-edge nanotechnology research in water applications, including sensing, treatment, and remediation, as well as a discussion of progress in the rational design and engineering of nanomaterials for environmental applications, this book is a valuable reference for researchers working in applications for nanotechnology, environmental chemistry and environmental engineering as well as those working in the water treatment industry. Cover Half Title Chemistry in the Environment Series Emerging Nanotechnologies for Water Treatment-Royal Society of Chemistry Copyright Preface Contents 1. Functionalized Metal Nanoclusters for Biosensing Applications 1.1 Introduction 1.2 MNC-based Optical Biosensors 1.2.1 Detection of Small Biomolecules 1.2.2 Detection of Proteins and Enzymes 1.2.3 Detection of Oligonucleotides 1.2.4 Detection of Diseases 1.2.5 Labeling and Imaging 1.2.6 Detection of Bacteria 1.3 MNC-based Electrochemical Biosensors 1.3.1 Detection of Small Biomolecules 1.3.2 Detection of Proteins and Enzymes 1.3.3 Detection of Oligonucleotides 1.4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 2. Label-free Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Water Pollutant Analysis 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Principles of SERS 2.3 Labeled and Label-free SERS 2.4 SERS Substrates 2.5 Label-free SERS Detection of Organic Micropollutants 2.5.1 Drugs 2.5.2 Pesticides 2.5.3 Explosives 2.5.4 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 2.6 Label-free SERS Detection of Biotoxins 2.7 Label-free SERS Detection of Waterborne Pathogens 2.7.1 Bacteria 2.7.2 Viruses 2.8 Conclusion and Perspectives Acknowledgements References 3. Merging of MOFs and Graphene Analogous: Strategies for Enhanced Sensing Properties 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Preparation and Properties of MOF–GA Materials 3.2.1 Preparation of MOF–GA Composites 3.2.2 Preparation of MOF–GA Derivatives 3.2.3 Enhanced Properties of MOF–GA Materials 3.3 Sensing of Environmental Contaminants 3.3.1 Detecting Gaseous Contaminants 3.3.2 Detecting Organic Contaminants 3.3.3 Detecting Inorganic Ion Contaminants 3.4 Conclusions and Perspectives Acknowledgements References 4. Nano Meets Membrane: Toward Enhancing the Performance of Water Treatment 4.1 Introduction 4.2 NM-enhanced UF Performance 4.2.1 Binding NMs Upon Membrane Surfaces 4.2.2 Blending NMs with the Membrane Matrix 4.2.3 In Situ Generation of NMs 4.3 NM-assisted Dual-functional Membranes 4.3.1 Adsorptive Membranes 4.3.2 Catalytic Membranes 4.4 Marriage Between NMs and NF/RO Membranes 4.4.1 In NF Membranes 4.4.2 In RO Membranes 4.5 NM-supported Non-pressure-driven Membrane Processes 4.5.1 NM-supported Membrane Distillation (MD) 4.5.2 NM-supported Pervaporation (PV) 4.5.3 NM-supported Forward Osmosis (FO) 4.6 Summary Abbreviations Acknowledgements References 5. Tuning Iron Oxide-based Nanomaterials as Next Generation Adsorbents for Environmental Applications 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Synthesis Methodologies 5.2.1 Synthesis Methods for Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 5.2.2 One-dimensional Iron Oxide Nanocomposites 5.2.3 Two-dimensional Iron Oxide Nanocomposites 5.2.4 Three-dimensional Iron Oxide Nanocomposites 5.3 Surface Modification 5.3.1 Organic Surface Coatings 5.3.2 Inorganic Coatings 5.4 Sorption of Metals/Metalloids 5.4.1 Arsenic 5.4.2 Chromium 5.4.3 Uranium 5.4.4 Rare Earth Elements 5.4.5 Removal of Multi-contaminants 5.5 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 6. Novel Nanoadsorbents for the Separation of Hazardous Pollutants from Water 6.1 Hazardous Pollutants in Water 6.1.1 Heavy Metal Pollutants 6.1.2 Nonmetallic Inorganic Pollutants 6.1.3 Organic Pollutants 6.2 Novel Nanoadsorbents for Water Pollutant Elimination 6.2.1 Selective Nanoadsorbents 6.2.2 Regenerable and Separable Nanoadsorbents 6.2.3 Nanoadsorbents Equipped with Indicators 6.2.4 Rare Earth Nanoadsorbents 6.2.5 Broad-spectrum Nanoadsorbents 6.3 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 7. Application of Titanate Nanotubes for Water Treatment 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Synthesis and Characterizations of TNTs 7.2.1 Synthesis of TNTs 7.2.2 Morphology, Crystal Phase and Composition of TNTs 7.3 Applications of TNTs for Heavy Metal Removal 7.3.1 Adsorption of Heavy Metals in Waters Using TNTs and Modified TNTs 7.3.2 Photocatalytic Transformation of Heavy Metals Using TNTs and Modified TNTs 7.3.3 Reductive and Oxidative Immobilization of Heavy Metals Using Modified TNTs 7.4 Applications of TNTs for Organic Pollutant Removal 7.4.1 Adsorption of Organic Pollutants in Waters Using TNTs and Modified TNTs 7.4.2 Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants in Waters using TNTs and Modified TNTs 7.4.3 Catalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants in Waters via Enhanced Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) Using TNTs and Modified TNTs 7.4.4 Co-removal of Heavy Metals and Organic Pollutants in Waters Using TNTs and Modified TNTs 7.5 Implications of TNTs in Aqueous Systems 7.6 Conclusions and Outlook Abbreviations Acknowledgements References 8. Control of Disinfection Byproduct (DBP) Formation by Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Brief Introduction to DBPs 8.2.1 DBPs and Regulations 8.2.2 Current DBP Control Approaches and Their Limitations 8.3 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) 8.3.1 H2O2, PMS, PDS and Their Activation 8.3.2 Direct Electron Transfer Processes for PMS and PDS Activation 8.3.3 UV–HOX Systems 8.4 The Application of AOPs or Related Oxidants to DBP Control 8.4.1 Removal of DBP Precursors—NOM 8.4.2 Removal of DBP Precursors—Halides 8.4.3 Removal of DBP Precursors—ECs 8.4.4 Direct Removal of DBPs 8.5 Summary Acknowledgements References 9. Nanocatalyst-enabled Persulfate Activation for Water Decontamination and Purification 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Nanocatalysts 9.2.1 Metals and Metal Oxides 9.2.2 Titanium Dioxide 9.2.3 Molybdenum Disulfide 9.2.4 Carbonaceous Nanomaterials 9.3 Prospects and Outlook References 10. Fenton-like Nanocatalysts for Water Purification 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Background 10.1.2 Scope of the Chapter 10.2 Chemistry of Fenton Reactions 10.2.1 Homogeneous Fenton Catalytic Processes 10.2.2 Heterogeneous Fenton Catalytic Processes 10.2.3 Influencing Parameters 10.3 Typical Heterogeneous Fenton-like Nanocatalysts 10.3.1 Metal Oxide Fenton-like Catalysts 10.3.2 Metal–Metal Oxide@Porous Carbon Hybrid Fenton-like Catalysts 10.3.3 Metal-free Fenton-like Catalysts 10.4 Design of Novel Fenton-like Nanocatalysts 10.4.1 Dual Reaction Center Fenton-like Catalytic Processes 10.4.2 Fenton-like Catalytic Processes Dominated by Singlet Oxygen 10.4.3 Single-atom Fenton-like Catalytic Processes 10.5 Hybrid Fenton Processes 10.5.1 Electro-Fenton Processes 10.5.2 Photo-Fenton Processes 10.5.3 Microwave-Fenton Processes 10.5.4 Cavitation-Fenton Process 10.5.5 Combination of Hybrid Fenton Processes 10.6 Conclusions and Future Research Directions Abbreviations Acknowledgements References 11. Functional Carbon Nanomaterials for Advanced Oxidation Processes 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Carbocatalysts 11.2.1 Graphene 11.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes 11.2.3 Nanodiamonds 11.2.4 Metal–Carbon hybrids 11.3 Advanced Oxidation Processes 11.3.1 Water Treatment Methods 11.3.2 Different Advanced Oxidation Processes 11.3.3 Reactive Oxygen Species 11.3.4 Pollutants 11.4 Applications of Carbocatalysts in Sulfate Radical-based AOPs 11.4.1 Graphene 11.4.2 Carbon Nanotubes 11.4.3 Nanodiamonds 11.4.4 Metal–Carbon Composites 11.5 Conclusion Abbreviations References 12. Zero Valent Iron-induced Fenton-like Oxidation Towards Water Treatment 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Principle of ZVI-induced Fenton-like Oxidation 12.2.1 Rate-limiting Step of Classical Fenton Systems 12.2.2 Fenton-like Chemistry During ZVI Corrosion 12.3 ZVI-based Fenton-like Oxidation with Ex Situ Peroxides Peroxides 12.3.1 Coupling ZVI with Ex Situ Hydrogen Peroxide 12.3.2 Coupling ZVI with Ex Situ Persulfates 12.3.3 pH-dependent Reactivity 12.3.4 Simultaneously Removing Heavy Metals and Organic Contaminants 12.4 Reactive Oxygen Species 12.4.1 Hydroxyl Radicals 12.4.2 Sulfate Radicals 12.4.3 Ferryl Ion Species (Fe(IV)) 12.5 Promoting the Application of ZVI Towards Industrial Wastewater Treatment 12.6 Conclusions and Prospects Acknowledgements References 13. Photocatalysis for Water Treatment: From Nanoparticle to Single Atom, From Lab-scale to Industry-trial 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Basic Processes and Mechanism for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Pollutants 13.3 Typical Photocatalytic Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation 13.3.1 TiO2 13.3.2 g-C3N4 13.3.3 Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) 13.3.4 Perovskite Photocatalytic Materials 13.3.5 Ag3PO4 13.3.6 Elemental Semiconductor Photocatalysts 13.4 Modulation of Crucial Surfaces and Interface Processes for Nano-photocatalysts 13.5 Emerging Single Atomic Photocatalytic Materials for Water Treatment 13.6 Industrial Application Cases of Photocatalytic Water Treatment 13.6.1 Photocatalytic Wastewater Treatment Devices 13.7 Conclusion and Outlook Abbreviations Acknowledgements References 14. The Potential Applications of MOF-based Materials in Wastewater Treatment 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Detection of Pollutants in Water via Luminescent Sensing 14.3 Adsorptive Removal of Pollutants in Water 14.4 Photocatalytic Pollutant Elimination 14.5 Fenton-like and Sulfate Radical-based Advanced Oxidation Processes 14.6 Conclusion and Outlook Acknowledgements References 15. Engineering Biochars for Environmental Applications 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Definition of Biochar 15.3 Functionalization of Biochar Materials 15.3.1 Physical Modification 15.3.2 Chemical Modification 15.4 Environmental Applications of Biochar 15.4.1 Adsorption of Contaminants from Water 15.4.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes 15.5 Economic Analysis 15.6 Concluding Remarks and Prospects Abbreviations Acknowledgements References 16. Nanobubble Technology: Generation, Properties and Applications 16.1 Introduction 16.1.1 Definition of Nanobubbles 16.1.2 Generation Methods of MBs and NBs 16.2 Bubble Properties and Behavior in Aquatic Environments 16.2.1 Bubble Sizes, Shapes, and Rising Behavior 16.2.2 Colloidal Behavior and Interactions of Ultrafine Bubbles 16.2.3 Internal Pressures and Dependence on Bubble Sizes 16.2.4 Dissolution Behavior 16.2.5 Radical Formation and Plausible Mechanisms of NBs in Liquid 16.2.6 Potential Redox Chemistry in Water Suspensions of NBs 16.3 Reported Engineered Applications of MBs and NBs 16.3.1 Aeration with Enhanced Mass Transfer 16.3.2 Surface Cleaning and Biofoulant Prevention and Removal 16.3.3 Antimicrobial Activity of NBs and Biofilm Mitigation 16.3.4 Harmful Algal Bloom Mitigation and Ecological Restoration and Remediation 16.3.5 Agricultural Applications Acknowledgements References 17. The Different Toxicity and Mechanism of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) and Titanate Nanotubes (TNTs) on Escherichia coli 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Methods and Materials 17.2.1 Chemicals 17.2.2 Characterization of TiO2 and TNTs 17.2.3 Preparation of E. coli Strain 17.2.4 Nanomaterial Inactivation Experiment 17.2.5 Inactivation Mechanism Exploration 17.3 Results 17.3.1 Material Characterization 17.3.2 Inactivation Performance of TiO2 and TNT Nanomaterials 17.3.3 Protein Degradation and K+ Leakage 17.3.4 Cell Membrane Permeability 17.3.5 Lipid Peroxidation 17.3.6 Cellular ATP Level 17.4 Discussion 17.5 Conclusion Acknowledgements References Subject Index