Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured (Book & Navigate 2 Essentials Access)

In 1971, The American Academy Of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) published the first edition of__**Emergency Care And Transportation Of The Sick And Injured**__and laid the foundation of EMS training. Today, the__Eleventh Edition__transforms how EMS education is delivered throughout the world and helps develop superior EMS providers around the globe.Based on the__National EMS Education Standards__and the__2015 CPR/ECC Guidelines__, the__Eleventh Edition__offers complete coverage of every competency statement with clarity and precision in a concise format that ensures students' comprehension and encourages critical thinking. New cognitive and didactic material is presented, along with new skills and features, to create a robust and innovative EMT training solution.Today, the AAOS suite of EMS educational resources, from first aid and CPR to critical care transport, is the gold standard in training materials, offering exceptional content and instructional resources that meet the diverse needs of today's educators and students. Title Page......Page 2 Celebrating 45 years of EMS education and innovation......Page 1 Brief Contents......Page 5 Contents......Page 7 Skill Drills......Page 32 Prepare for Class with Navigate 2 Digital Curriculum Solution Packages......Page 34 Acknowledgments......Page 37 Section 1: Preparatory......Page 60 CHAPTER 1 EMS Systems......Page 62 Course Description......Page 64 EMT Training: Focus and Requirements......Page 67 History of EMS......Page 69 Levels of Training......Page 71 Emergency Medical Responders......Page 76 Paramedic......Page 77 Components of the EMS System......Page 78 Public Access......Page 80 Communication Systems......Page 81 Clinical Care......Page 82 Legislation and Regulation......Page 83 Evaluation......Page 84 System Finance......Page 86 Education Systems......Page 87 Prevention and Public Education......Page 88 EMS Research......Page 90 Roles and Responsibilities of the EMT......Page 91 Professional Attributes......Page 93 Prep Kit......Page 97 CHAPTER 2 Workforce Safety and Wellness......Page 102 General Health and Wellness......Page 104 Wellness and Stress Management......Page 105 Sleep......Page 110 Infectious and Communicable Diseases......Page 112 Routes of Transmission......Page 113 Risk Reduction and Prevention for Infectious and Communicable Diseases......Page 115 Establishing an Infection Control Routine......Page 126 Immunity......Page 130 General Postexposure Management......Page 132 Scene Safety......Page 133 Scene Hazards......Page 134 Protective Clothing: Preventing Injury......Page 143 Turnout Gear......Page 144 Gloves......Page 145 Helmets......Page 146 Boots......Page 147 Ear Protection......Page 148 Caring for Critically Ill and Injured Patients......Page 149 Responses of the Critical Patient......Page 150 Techniques for Communicating With the Critical Patient......Page 152 Helping the Family......Page 154 The Grieving Process......Page 155 What Can the EMT Do?......Page 156 Stress Management on the Job......Page 157 Emotional Aspects of Emergency Care......Page 161 Stressful Situations......Page 162 Cultural Diversity on the Job......Page 166 Substance Abuse......Page 168 Injury and Illness Prevention......Page 169 Prep Kit......Page 174 CHAPTER 3 Medical, Legal, and Ethical Issues......Page 178 Consent......Page 180 Implied Consent......Page 181 Minors and Consent......Page 182 Forcible Restraint......Page 183 The Right to Refuse Treatment......Page 184 Advance Directives......Page 186 Presumptive Signs of Death......Page 189 Definitive Signs of Death......Page 191 Medical Examiner Cases......Page 192 Organ Donors......Page 193 Scope of Practice......Page 194 Standards of Care......Page 195 Standards Imposed by Local Custom......Page 196 Professional or Institutional Standards......Page 197 Standards Imposed by Textbooks......Page 198 Standards Imposed by States......Page 199 Abandonment......Page 200 Defamation......Page 201 Records and Reports......Page 202 Other Reporting Requirements......Page 203 Ethical Responsibilities......Page 204 The EMT in Court......Page 206 Prep Kit......Page 211 CHAPTER 4 Communications and Documentation......Page 217 Introduction......Page 219 Therapeutic Communication......Page 220 Age, Culture, and Personal Experience......Page 221 Nonverbal Communication......Page 222 Verbal Communication......Page 223 Written Communications and Documentation......Page 237 Patient Care Report......Page 238 Types of Forms......Page 241 Reporting Errors......Page 246 Documenting Refusal of Care......Page 248 Base Station Radios......Page 253 Mobile and Portable Radios......Page 254 Repeater-Based Systems......Page 255 Digital Equipment......Page 256 Other Communications Equipment......Page 257 Radio Communications......Page 259 Responding to the Scene......Page 260 Communicating With Medical Control and Hospitals......Page 262 Maintenance of Radio Equipment......Page 267 Prep Kit......Page 271 CHAPTER 5 Medical Terminology......Page 276 Introduction......Page 277 Prefixes......Page 278 Suffixes......Page 279 Combining Vowels......Page 280 Positions and Directions......Page 281 Directional Terms......Page 284 Movement Terms......Page 288 Other Directional Terms......Page 290 Breaking Terms Apart......Page 291 Abbreviations......Page 292 Master Tables......Page 293 Prep Kit......Page 310 CHAPTER 6 The Human Body......Page 314 The Planes of the Body......Page 316 The Skeletal System: Anatomy......Page 318 The Spinal Column......Page 321 The Appendicular Skeleton......Page 324 The Pelvis......Page 327 The Lower Extremities......Page 329 The Skeletal System: Physiology......Page 331 The Musculoskeletal System: Anatomy......Page 332 Skeletal Muscle......Page 333 The Upper Airway......Page 334 The Lower Airway......Page 337 Lungs......Page 338 Respiration......Page 342 Ventilation......Page 345 Characteristics of Normal Breathing......Page 346 Inadequate Breathing Patterns in Adults......Page 347 The Heart......Page 348 Arteries......Page 354 Capillaries......Page 356 Veins......Page 359 Blood Composition......Page 360 Normal Circulation in Adults......Page 361 Inadequate Circulation in Adults......Page 363 Nervous System Control of the Cardiovascular System......Page 364 The Central Nervous System......Page 368 The Peripheral Nervous System......Page 372 The Integumentary System (Skin): Anatomy......Page 374 The Abdomen......Page 375 Mouth......Page 379 Esophagus......Page 380 Large Intestine......Page 381 Rectum......Page 382 The Endocrine System: Anatomy and Physiology......Page 384 The Urinary System: Anatomy and Physiology......Page 387 The Female Reproductive System and Organs......Page 389 Life Support Chain......Page 391 Respiratory Compromise......Page 392 Shock......Page 394 Alteration of Cellular Metabolism......Page 395 Prep Kit......Page 399 CHAPTER 7 Life Span Development......Page 410 Introduction......Page 411 Neonates (Birth to 1 Month) and Infants (1 Month to 1 Year)......Page 412 Physical Changes......Page 413 Psychosocial Changes......Page 416 Physical Changes......Page 418 Psychosocial Changes......Page 421 Physical Changes......Page 422 Psychosocial Changes......Page 423 Physical Changes......Page 424 Psychosocial Changes......Page 426 Psychosocial Changes......Page 427 Physical Changes......Page 428 Psychosocial Changes......Page 430 Physical Changes......Page 431 Psychosocial Changes......Page 436 Prep Kit......Page 440 CHAPTER 8 Lifting and Moving Patients......Page 443 Introduction......Page 445 The Wheeled Ambulance Stretcher......Page 446 Backboards......Page 447 Moving and Positioning the Patient......Page 448 Anatomy Review......Page 449 Principles of Safe Reaching and Pulling......Page 455 Patient Weight......Page 460 Lifting and Carrying a Patient on a Backboard or Stretcher......Page 461 Moving a Patient With a Stair Chair......Page 465 Moving a Patient on Stairs With a Stretcher......Page 467 Loading a Wheeled Stretcher Into an Ambulance......Page 468 Directions and Commands......Page 472 Emergency Moves......Page 475 Rapid Extrication Technique......Page 477 Nonurgent Moves......Page 482 Direct Ground Lift......Page 483 Extremity Lift......Page 484 Transfer Moves......Page 485 Geriatrics......Page 489 Bariatrics......Page 494 Pneumatic and Electronic Powered Wheeled Stretchers......Page 496 Portable/Folding Stretchers......Page 497 Flexible Stretchers......Page 498 Short Backboards......Page 499 Basket Stretchers......Page 500 Scoop Stretchers......Page 501 Decontamination......Page 502 Medical Restraints......Page 503 Personnel Considerations......Page 505 Prep Kit......Page 510 Section 2: Patient Assessment......Page 515 CHAPTER 9 Patient Assessment......Page 517 Introduction......Page 521 Scene Size-up......Page 523 Ensure Scene Safety......Page 524 Determine Mechanism of Injury/Nature of Illness......Page 527 Take Standard Precautions......Page 528 Determine Number of Patients......Page 530 Consider Additional/Specialized Resources......Page 531 Primary Assessment......Page 534 Form a General Impression......Page 535 Assess Level of Consciousness......Page 537 Assess Breathing......Page 542 Assess Circulation......Page 545 Performing a Rapid Exam to Identify Life Threats......Page 553 Determine Priority of Patient Care and Transport......Page 556 History Taking......Page 560 Investigate the Chief Complaint (History of Present Illness)......Page 561 Obtain SAMPLE History......Page 565 Secondary Assessment......Page 572 Systematically Assess the Patient—Secondary Assessment......Page 573 Systematically Assess the Patient—Focused Assessment......Page 578 Assess Vital Signs Using the Appropriate Monitoring Device......Page 607 Reassessment......Page 615 Reassess Patient......Page 616 Prep Kit......Page 620 Section 3: Airway......Page 626 CHAPTER 10 Airway Management......Page 628 Anatomy of the Respiratory System......Page 631 Anatomy of the Upper Airway......Page 632 Anatomy of the Lower Airway......Page 637 Physiology of Breathing......Page 639 Ventilation......Page 640 Respiration......Page 645 Factors in the Nervous System......Page 648 Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation......Page 649 Circulatory Compromise......Page 650 Recognizing Abnormal Breathing......Page 651 Assessment of Respiration......Page 654 Opening the Airway......Page 658 Head Tilt–Chin Lift Maneuver......Page 659 Jaw-Thrust Maneuver......Page 660 Opening the Mouth......Page 664 Suctioning Equipment......Page 665 Techniques of Suctioning......Page 668 Oropharyngeal Airways......Page 671 Nasopharyngeal Airways......Page 673 Maintaining the Airway......Page 678 Supplemental Oxygen Equipment......Page 679 Procedures for Operating and Administering Oxygen......Page 685 Oxygen-Delivery Equipment......Page 689 Nonrebreathing Masks......Page 690 Nasal Cannulas......Page 691 Tracheostomy Masks......Page 692 Humidification......Page 694 Artificial Ventilation......Page 696 Continuous Positive Airway Pressure......Page 708 Mechanism......Page 709 Application......Page 710 Complications......Page 711 Stomas and Tracheostomy Tubes......Page 713 Recognition......Page 715 Emergency Medical Care for Foreign Body Airway Obstruction......Page 717 Facial Bleeding......Page 718 Prep Kit......Page 722 Section 4: Pharmacology......Page 730 CHAPTER 11 Principles of Pharmacology......Page 732 How Medications Work......Page 734 Medication Names......Page 735 Routes of Administration......Page 736 Solutions and Suspensions......Page 739 Topical Medications......Page 740 Gels......Page 741 General Steps in Administering Medication......Page 743 Medication Administration and the EMT......Page 745 Oral Medications......Page 746 Sublingual Medications......Page 751 Intramuscular Medications......Page 754 Intranasal Medications......Page 755 Inhalation Medications......Page 757 Patient Medications......Page 762 Medication Errors......Page 763 Prep Kit......Page 767 Section 5: Shock and Resuscitation......Page 773 CHAPTER 12 Shock......Page 775 Introduction......Page 776 Perfusion......Page 777 Causes of Shock......Page 780 Cardiogenic Shock......Page 782 Obstructive Shock......Page 784 Distributive Shock......Page 786 Respiratory Insufficiency......Page 790 The Progression of Shock......Page 791 Patient Assessment for Shock......Page 792 Emergency Medical Care for Shock......Page 794 Treating Cardiogenic Shock......Page 795 Treating Septic Shock......Page 798 Treating Anaphylactic Shock......Page 799 Treating Psychogenic Shock......Page 800 Treating Shock in Older Patients......Page 801 Prep Kit......Page 806 CHAPTER 13 BLS Resuscitation......Page 810 Elements of BLS......Page 813 The Components of CPR......Page 816 Basic Principles of BLS......Page 818 Special AED Situations......Page 819 Check for Breathing and a Pulse......Page 820 Provide External Chest Compressions......Page 821 Proper Hand Position and Compression Technique......Page 824 Opening the Airway in Adults......Page 826 Recovery Position......Page 829 Provide Artificial Ventilations......Page 830 One-Rescuer Adult CPR......Page 833 Two-Rescuer Adult CPR......Page 834 Devices and Techniques to Assist Circulation......Page 838 Active Compression-Decompression CPR......Page 841 Impedance Threshold Device......Page 842 Mechanical Piston Device......Page 843 Load-Distributing Band CPR or Vest CPR......Page 844 Infant and Child CPR......Page 846 Determining Responsiveness......Page 847 Check for Breathing and a Pulse......Page 848 Airway......Page 852 Provide Rescue Breathing......Page 853 When Not to Start CPR......Page 855 When to Stop CPR......Page 857 Recognizing Foreign Body Airway Obstruction......Page 859 Removing a Foreign Body Airway Obstruction in an Adult......Page 860 Removing a Foreign Body Airway Obstruction in a Child......Page 864 Removing a Foreign Body Airway Obstruction in Infants......Page 866 Grief Support for Family Members and Loved Ones......Page 869 Education and Training for the Public......Page 871 Prep Kit......Page 876 Section 6: Medical......Page 883 CHAPTER 14 Medical Overview......Page 885 Types of Medical Emergencies......Page 887 Patient Assessment......Page 888 Scene Time......Page 895 Type of Transport......Page 896 General Management Principles......Page 897 Herpes Simplex......Page 898 HIV Infection......Page 899 Hepatitis......Page 901 Tuberculosis......Page 904 Travel Medicine......Page 906 Conclusion......Page 907 Prep Kit......Page 910 CHAPTER 15 Respiratory Emergencies......Page 914 Anatomy of the Respiratory System......Page 916 Physiology of Respiration......Page 917 Carbon Dioxide Retention and Hypoxic Drive......Page 921 Causes of Dyspnea......Page 923 Upper or Lower Airway Infection......Page 924 Acute Pulmonary Edema......Page 928 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease......Page 930 Asthma, Hay Fever, and Anaphylaxis......Page 932 Spontaneous Pneumothorax......Page 936 Pleural Effusion......Page 937 Pulmonary Embolism......Page 938 Environmental/Industrial Exposure......Page 941 Patient Assessment......Page 942 Emergency Medical Care......Page 951 Metered-Dose Inhaler and Small-Volume Nebulizer......Page 952 Administration of a Metered-Dose Inhaler......Page 954 Administration of Small-Volume Nebulizer......Page 956 Acute Pulmonary Edema......Page 959 Asthma, Hay Fever, and Anaphylaxis......Page 960 Environmental/Industrial Exposure......Page 961 Asthma......Page 962 Cystic Fibrosis......Page 963 Prep Kit......Page 967 CHAPTER 16 Cardiovascular Emergencies......Page 973 Introduction......Page 975 Anatomy and Physiology......Page 976 Circulation......Page 979 Atherosclerosis......Page 987 Acute Coronary Syndrome......Page 989 Congestive Heart Failure......Page 992 Hypertensive Emergencies......Page 994 Patient Assessment......Page 995 Administering Nitroglycerin......Page 1000 Cardiac Monitoring......Page 1002 Heart Surgeries and Cardiac Assistive Devices......Page 1008 Automatic Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators......Page 1009 Left Ventricular Assist Devices......Page 1010 Automated External Defibrillation......Page 1011 Preparation......Page 1017 Performing Defibrillation......Page 1018 Prep Kit......Page 1027 CHAPTER 17 Neurologic Emergencies......Page 1032 Introduction......Page 1034 Anatomy and Physiology......Page 1035 Headache......Page 1037 Types of Stroke......Page 1039 Signs and Symptoms of Stroke......Page 1042 Conditions That May Mimic Stroke......Page 1043 Causes of Seizures......Page 1046 The Postictal State......Page 1048 Causes of Altered Mental Status......Page 1049 Patient Assessment......Page 1052 Emergency Medical Care......Page 1062 Seizure......Page 1064 Altered Mental Status......Page 1065 Prep Kit......Page 1069 CHAPTER 18 Gastrointestinal and Urologic Emergencies......Page 1073 Introduction......Page 1075 The Genital System......Page 1077 The Urinary System......Page 1078 Pathophysiology......Page 1080 Causes of Acute Abdomen......Page 1081 Kidneys......Page 1086 Other Organ Systems......Page 1087 Patient Assessment......Page 1088 Dialysis Emergencies......Page 1093 Prep Kit......Page 1097 CHAPTER 19 Endocrine and Hematologic Emergencies......Page 1101 Anatomy and Physiology......Page 1103 Pathophysiology......Page 1105 Patient Assessment of Diabetes......Page 1117 Giving Oral Glucose......Page 1120 Altered Mental Status......Page 1123 Anatomy and Physiology......Page 1124 Pathophysiology......Page 1125 Patient Assessment of Hematologic Disorders......Page 1128 Emergency Medical Care for Hematologic Disorders......Page 1130 Prep Kit......Page 1132 CHAPTER 20 Immunologic Emergencies......Page 1137 Anatomy and Physiology......Page 1139 Pathophysiology......Page 1140 Common Allergens......Page 1143 Insect Stings......Page 1144 Patient Assessment of an Immunologic Emergency......Page 1146 Emergency Medical Care of Immunologic Emergencies......Page 1150 Epinephrine......Page 1151 Prep Kit......Page 1160 CHAPTER 21 Toxicology......Page 1163 Identifying the Patient and the Poison......Page 1165 How Poisons Enter the Body......Page 1169 Inhaled Poisons......Page 1171 Absorbed and Surface Contact Poisons......Page 1172 Ingested Poisons......Page 1174 Injected Poisons......Page 1175 Patient Assessment......Page 1176 Emergency Medical Care......Page 1179 Alcohol......Page 1181 Opiates and Opioids......Page 1183 Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs......Page 1184 Abused Inhalants......Page 1186 Sympathomimetics......Page 1187 Hallucinogens......Page 1189 Cholinergic Agents......Page 1190 Miscellaneous Drugs......Page 1191 Food Poisoning......Page 1192 Plant Poisoning......Page 1195 Prep Kit......Page 1202 CHAPTER 22 Psychiatric Emergencies......Page 1206 Myth and Reality......Page 1208 The Magnitude of Mental Health Disorders......Page 1209 Functional......Page 1210 Safe Approach to a Behavioral Crisis......Page 1211 Patient Assessment......Page 1212 Acute Psychosis......Page 1216 Excited Delirium......Page 1217 Risks Associated With Patient Restraint......Page 1218 The Process of Restraining a Patient......Page 1219 Performing Patient Restraint......Page 1221 The Potentially Violent Patient......Page 1223 Suicide......Page 1225 Signs and Symptoms of PTSD......Page 1227 Caring for the Combat Veteran......Page 1228 Limited Legal Authority......Page 1229 Prep Kit......Page 1234 CHAPTER 23 Gynecologic Emergencies......Page 1238 Anatomy and Physiology......Page 1240 Pathophysiology......Page 1242 Sexually Transmitted Diseases......Page 1243 Patient Assessment......Page 1244 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease......Page 1248 Sexual Assault and Rape......Page 1249 Prep Kit......Page 1255 Section 7: Trauma......Page 1259 CHAPTER 24 Trauma Overview......Page 1261 Energy and Trauma......Page 1263 Vehicular Crashes......Page 1267 Car Versus Bicycle......Page 1279 Car Versus Motorcycle......Page 1280 Falls......Page 1281 Penetrating Trauma......Page 1283 Blast Injuries......Page 1286 Tissues at Risk......Page 1287 Golden Principles of Prehospital Trauma Care......Page 1289 Injuries to the Neck and Throat......Page 1290 Injuries to the Abdomen......Page 1291 Type of Transport......Page 1292 Destination Selection......Page 1293 Special Considerations......Page 1299 Prep Kit......Page 1303 CHAPTER 25 Bleeding......Page 1307 Anatomy and Physiology of the Cardiovascular System......Page 1309 Blood Vessels and Blood......Page 1311 Pathophysiology and Perfusion......Page 1315 The Significance of External Bleeding......Page 1318 Characteristics of External Bleeding......Page 1320 Nature of Illness for Internal Bleeding......Page 1323 Patient Assessment for External and Internal Bleeding......Page 1324 Emergency Medical Care for External Bleeding......Page 1327 Hemostatic Agents......Page 1331 Tourniquets......Page 1333 Splints......Page 1338 Bleeding From the Nose, Ears, and Mouth......Page 1340 Emergency Medical Care for Internal Bleeding......Page 1344 Prep Kit......Page 1349 CHAPTER 26 Soft-Tissue Injuries......Page 1354 Introduction......Page 1356 Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin......Page 1357 Anatomy......Page 1358 Pathophysiology of Closed and Open Injuries......Page 1359 Closed Injuries......Page 1360 Open Injuries......Page 1364 Patient Assessment of Closed and Open Injuries......Page 1375 Emergency Medical Care for Open Injuries......Page 1381 Abdominal Wounds......Page 1384 Impaled Objects......Page 1387 Neck Injuries......Page 1388 Bites......Page 1390 Burns......Page 1394 Burn Severity......Page 1395 Patient Assessment of Burns......Page 1402 Emergency Medical Care for Burns......Page 1405 Management of Specific Burns......Page 1406 Sterile Dressings......Page 1421 Bandages......Page 1423 Prep Kit......Page 1427 CHAPTER 27 Face and Neck Injuries......Page 1431 Anatomy and Physiology......Page 1433 The Eye......Page 1440 Injuries of the Face and Neck......Page 1442 Soft-Tissue Injuries......Page 1443 Dental Injuries......Page 1444 Patient Assessment......Page 1445 Emergency Medical Care......Page 1449 Injuries of the Eyes......Page 1453 Injuries of the Nose......Page 1476 Injuries of the Ear......Page 1482 Facial Fractures......Page 1486 Dental Injuries......Page 1488 Injuries of the Neck......Page 1490 Laryngeal Injuries......Page 1493 Prep Kit......Page 1498 CHAPTER 28 Head and Spine Injuries......Page 1502 Introduction......Page 1504 Nervous System......Page 1505 How the Nervous System Works......Page 1510 Skeletal System......Page 1512 Head Injuries......Page 1514 Skull Fracture......Page 1517 Traumatic Brain Injuries......Page 1521 Intracranial Pressure......Page 1523 Concussion......Page 1526 Patient Assessment......Page 1527 Managing the Airway......Page 1538 Circulation......Page 1540 Immobilization of the Cervical Spine......Page 1543 Supine Patients......Page 1550 Sitting Patients......Page 1558 Standing Patients......Page 1559 Spinal Immobilization Devices......Page 1562 Preferred Method......Page 1565 Alternate Method......Page 1569 Prep Kit......Page 1575 CHAPTER 29 Chest Injuries......Page 1579 Anatomy and Physiology......Page 1581 Mechanics of Ventilation......Page 1583 Injuries of the Chest......Page 1586 Signs and Symptoms of Chest Injury......Page 1588 Patient Assessment......Page 1589 Pneumothorax......Page 1594 Hemothorax......Page 1601 Cardiac Tamponade......Page 1603 Rib Fractures......Page 1604 Flail Chest......Page 1605 Other Fractures......Page 1606 Commotio Cordis......Page 1607 Laceration of the Great Vessels......Page 1608 Prep Kit......Page 1613 CHAPTER 30 Abdominal and Genitourinary Injuries......Page 1617 Abdominal Quadrants......Page 1619 Hollow and Solid Organs......Page 1621 Injuries to the Abdomen......Page 1623 Closed Abdominal Injuries......Page 1624 Open Abdominal Injuries......Page 1626 Hollow Organ Injuries......Page 1629 Solid Organ Injuries......Page 1630 Patient Assessment of Abdominal Injuries......Page 1631 Assessment of an Isolated Abdominal Injury......Page 1635 Open Abdominal Injuries......Page 1636 Anatomy of the Genitourinary System......Page 1641 Injuries to the Urinary Bladder......Page 1644 Injuries of the Female Genitalia......Page 1645 Patient Assessment of the Genitourinary System......Page 1646 External Male Genitalia......Page 1649 Sexual Assault and Rape......Page 1650 Prep Kit......Page 1654 CHAPTER 31 Orthopaedic Injuries......Page 1657 Introduction......Page 1659 Muscles......Page 1660 The Skeleton......Page 1663 Musculoskeletal Injuries......Page 1672 Mechanism of Injury......Page 1673 Fractures......Page 1676 Dislocations......Page 1684 Sprains......Page 1686 Complications......Page 1687 Assessing the Severity of Injury......Page 1688 Patient Assessment......Page 1690 Emergency Medical Care......Page 1693 Splinting......Page 1695 Injuries of the Clavicle and Scapula......Page 1710 Dislocation of the Shoulder......Page 1714 Fracture of the Humerus......Page 1716 Elbow Injuries......Page 1718 Fractures of the Forearm......Page 1723 Injuries of the Wrist and Hand......Page 1724 Fractures of the Pelvis......Page 1726 Dislocation of the Hip......Page 1729 Fractures of the Proximal Femur......Page 1731 Injuries of Knee Ligaments......Page 1732 Fractures About the Knee......Page 1733 Injuries of the Tibia and Fibula......Page 1736 Foot Injuries......Page 1737 Amputations......Page 1740 Compartment Syndrome......Page 1741 Prep Kit......Page 1746 CHAPTER 32 Environmental Emergencies......Page 1750 Factors Affecting Exposure......Page 1753 Hypothermia......Page 1754 Local Cold Injuries......Page 1757 Assessment of Cold Injuries......Page 1760 General Management of Cold Emergencies......Page 1762 Emergency Care of Local Cold Injuries......Page 1763 Heat Exposure......Page 1764 Heat Stroke......Page 1765 Assessment of Heat Emergencies......Page 1766 Heat Cramps......Page 1768 Heat Exhaustion......Page 1769 Heat Stroke......Page 1771 Spinal Injuries in Submersion Incidents......Page 1773 Ascent Emergencies......Page 1778 Assessment of Drowning and Diving Emergencies......Page 1780 Emergency Care for Drowning or Diving Emergencies......Page 1782 Lightning......Page 1783 Bites and Envenomations......Page 1784 Spider Bites......Page 1785 Snake Bites......Page 1787 Scorpion Stings......Page 1791 Tick Bites......Page 1792 Injuries From Marine Animals......Page 1794 Prep Kit......Page 1800 Section 8: Special Patient Populations......Page 1805 CHAPTER 33 Obstetrics and Neonatal Care......Page 1807 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System......Page 1810 Diabetes......Page 1813 Bleeding......Page 1814 Abuse......Page 1817 Special Considerations for Trauma and Pregnancy......Page 1818 Cultural Value Considerations......Page 1819 Patient Assessment......Page 1820 Stages of Labor......Page 1823 Preparing for Delivery......Page 1824 The Delivery......Page 1828 Postdelivery Care......Page 1834 Neonatal Assessment and Resuscitation......Page 1836 Additional Resuscitation Efforts......Page 1837 The Apgar Score......Page 1839 Breech Delivery......Page 1842 Presentation Complications......Page 1843 Multiple Gestation......Page 1845 Premature Birth......Page 1846 Fetal Demise......Page 1847 Postpartum Complications......Page 1848 Prep Kit......Page 1852 CHAPTER 34 Pediatric Emergencies......Page 1856 Communication With the Patient and the Family......Page 1860 The Infant......Page 1861 The Toddler......Page 1863 The Preschool-Age Child......Page 1865 School-Age Years......Page 1867 Adolescents......Page 1868 Anatomy and Physiology......Page 1869 The Respiratory System......Page 1870 The Nervous System......Page 1873 Patient Assessment......Page 1874 Respiratory Emergencies and Management......Page 1897 Airway Obstruction......Page 1898 Asthma......Page 1903 Bronchiolitis......Page 1904 Airway Adjuncts......Page 1905 Oxygen Delivery Devices......Page 1911 Shock......Page 1917 Seizures......Page 1919 Meningitis......Page 1922 Gastrointestinal Emergencies and Management......Page 1923 Poisoning Emergencies and Management......Page 1924 Dehydration Emergencies and Management......Page 1927 Fever Emergencies and Management......Page 1928 Drowning Emergencies and Management......Page 1929 Injury Patterns......Page 1930 Injuries to Specific Body Systems......Page 1931 Burns......Page 1936 Pain Management......Page 1938 Disaster Management......Page 1939 Signs of Abuse......Page 1941 Sexual Abuse......Page 1945 Scene Assessment......Page 1946 Communication and Support of the Family After the Death of a Child......Page 1947 Apparent Life-Threatening Event......Page 1950 Prep Kit......Page 1953 CHAPTER 35 Geriatric Emergencies......Page 1960 Introduction......Page 1962 Generational Considerations......Page 1963 Communication Techniques......Page 1964 Changes in the Body......Page 1965 Pathophysiology......Page 1967 Pathophysiology......Page 1968 Anatomy and Physiology......Page 1971 Pathophysiology......Page 1973 Pathophysiology......Page 1976 Pathophysiology......Page 1977 Changes in the Immune System......Page 1978 Pathophysiology......Page 1979 Toxicology......Page 1980 Suicide......Page 1982 The GEMS Diamond......Page 1983 Special Considerations in Assessing a Geriatric Medical Patient......Page 1985 Trauma and Geriatric Patients......Page 1989 Anatomic Changes and Fractures......Page 1990 Environmental Injury......Page 1991 Special Considerations in Assessing Geriatric Trauma Patients......Page 1992 Response to Nursing and Skilled Care Facilities......Page 1997 Advance Directives......Page 1998 Elder Abuse and Neglect......Page 1999 Assessment of Elder Abuse......Page 2000 Signs of Physical Abuse......Page 2001 Prep Kit......Page 2006 CHAPTER 36 Patients With Special Challenges......Page 2010 Intellectual Disability......Page 2013 Down Syndrome......Page 2014 Visual Impairment......Page 2016 Hearing Impairment......Page 2018 Cerebral Palsy......Page 2021 Spina Bifida......Page 2022 Interaction With Patients With Obesity......Page 2023 Tracheostomy Tubes......Page 2024 Mechanical Ventilators......Page 2026 Apnea Monitors......Page 2027 Left Ventricular Assist Devices......Page 2028 Gastrostomy Tubes......Page 2029 Shunts......Page 2031 Home Care......Page 2032 Poverty and Homelessness......Page 2033 Prep Kit......Page 2038 Section 9: EMS Operations......Page 2043 CHAPTER 37 Transport Operations......Page 2046 Introduction......Page 2048 Emergency Vehicle Design......Page 2049 The Preparation Phase......Page 2054 En Route to the Scene......Page 2077 Arrival at the Scene......Page 2078 The Transfer Phase......Page 2082 The Transport Phase......Page 2083 En Route to the Station......Page 2084 The Postrun Phase......Page 2085 Defensive Ambulance Driving Techniques......Page 2086 Driver Characteristics......Page 2087 Safe Driving Practices......Page 2088 Air Medical Operations......Page 2096 Establishing a Landing Zone......Page 2098 Landing Zone Safety and Patient Transfer......Page 2099 Special Considerations......Page 2101 Medivac Issues......Page 2102 Prep Kit......Page 2106 CHAPTER 38 Vehicle Extrication and Special Rescue......Page 2109 Safety.. In 1971, the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) published the first edition of Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured and laid the foundation of EMS training. Today, the Eleventh Edition transforms how EMS education is delivered throughout the world and helps develop world-class EMS providers around the globe.. Based on the National EMS Education Standards and the 2015 CPR/ECC Guidelines, the Eleventh Edition offers complete coverage of every competency statement with clarity and precision in a concise format that ensures students'comprehension and encourages critical thinking. New cognitive and didactic material is presented, along with new skills and features, to create a robust and innovative EMT training solution. Today, the AAOS suite of EMS educational resources, from first aid and CPR to critical care transport, is the gold standard in training programs by offering exceptional content and instructional resources that meet the diverse needs of today's educators and students. Current State-of-the-Art Medical Content The Eleventh Edition aligns with current medical standards—from PHTLS to NASEMSO—and incorporates evidence-based medical concepts to ensure students and instructors have accurate, insightful interpretation of medical science as it applies to prehospital medicine today. Application to Real-World EMS Through evolving patient case studies in each chapter, the Eleventh Edition gives students real-world context to apply the knowledge gained in the chapter, clarifying how the information is used to care for patients in the field, and pushing students to engage in critical thinking and discussion. A Foundation for Life The Eleventh Edition is built on the premise that students need a solid foundation in the basics and then appropriate reinforcement. The Eleventh Edition provides students with a comprehensive understanding of anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology, and medical terminology. Concepts are briefly reviewed within related subsequent chapters, solidifying the foundational knowledge and offering a context when studying specific emergencies. Patient Assessment, a critical topic, is presented as a single, comprehensive chapter, to ensure students understand patient assessment as a single, integrated process—the way providers actually practice it in the field. Core concepts of Patient Assessment are reinforced in clinical chapters, where the unique aspects of the illness or injury are highlighted. In 1971, The American Academy Of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) published the first edition of Emergency Care And Transportation Of The Sick And Injured and laid the foundation of EMS training. Today, the Eleventh Edition transforms how EMS education is delivered throughout the world and helps develop superior EMS providers around the globe. Based on the National EMS Education Standards and the 2015 CPR/ECC Guidelines , the Eleventh Edition offers complete coverage of every competency statement with clarity and precision in a concise format that ensures students' comprehension and encourages critical thinking. New cognitive and didactic material is presented, along with new skills and features, to create a robust and innovative EMT training solution. Today, the AAOS suite of EMS educational resources, from first aid and CPR to critical care transport, is the gold standard in training materials, offering exceptional content and instructional resources that meet the diverse needs of today's educators and students.