Embedded Systems and Computer Architecture

Content: Preface, __Pages xi-xii__Notation used in the text, __Page xiii__1 - Binary numbers, __Pages 3-11__2 - Logic expressions, __Pages 12-32__3 - Electronic logic circuits, __Pages 33-51__4 - Computer arithmetic, __Pages 52-67__5 - Computer design, __Pages 71-85__6 - Instruction set and code assembly, __Pages 86-99__7 - Program structures, __Pages 100-124__8 - Simple computer circuits, __Pages 125-137__9 - Input and output ports, __Pages 138-147__10 - Input and output methods, __Pages 148-171__11 - More devices, __Pages 172-184__12 - Assembler and linker tools, __Pages 185-195__13 - The control unit, __Pages 196-211__14 - Larger computers, __Pages 215-224__15 - Cache memory, __Pages 225-234__16 - Memory management, __Pages 235-244__Appendix A - G80 instruction set, __Pages 245-260__Appendix B - ASCII character codes, __Page 261__Appendix C - the input and output devices, __Pages 262-283__Appendix D - The GDS assembler and linker, __Pages 284-290__Index, __Pages 291-294__ Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 12 Notation used in the text......Page 14 1.1 Numbers within a computing machine......Page 18 1.3 Representing signed integers......Page 20 1.4 Addition and subtraction of signed integers......Page 21 1.6 Use of hexadecimal representation......Page 23 1.7 Problems......Page 24 2.1 Logic - the bank vault......Page 27 2.2 Evaluating the logic expression for the bank vault......Page 28 2.3 Another solution......Page 30 2.4 Simplifying logical expressions*......Page 31 2.5 Rules for simplifying logical expressions using a map*......Page 34 2.6 Karnaugh-Veitch program, KVMap*......Page 38 2.7 Quine- McCluskey method*......Page 40 2.8 Problems......Page 45 3.2 Development of the bank vault controller design......Page 48 3.3 Gates - electronic circuits that perform logical operations......Page 49 3.4 Decoder circuit......Page 51 3.5 Multiplexer circuit......Page 52 3.6 Flip-flops......Page 54 3.8 State machines*......Page 56 3.9 Programmable logic devices*......Page 62 3.10 Problems......Page 63 4.1 Circuit to add numbers......Page 67 4.2 Adder/Subtractor......Page 68 4.3 Arithmetic and logic unit......Page 69 4.4 Shifting data......Page 71 4.4 Fast adders*......Page 73 4.5 Floating-point numbers*......Page 75 4.6 Problems......Page 82 5.1 A manual computing system......Page 86 5.3 Connecting the machine components......Page 89 5.4 Architecture of Simple Machine......Page 90 5.5 More general view of the design of Simple Machine*......Page 92 5.6 Improvements to Simple Machine......Page 96 5.7 Architecture of the G80 microprocessor......Page 99 5.8 Problems......Page 100 6.1 Programmer's model ......Page 101 6.2 Instruction format and addressing modes......Page 102 6.3 Converting the code to machine code - manual assembly ......Page 104 6.4 Using the assembler......Page 105 6.5 Assembly language......Page 106 6.6 Types of instruction......Page 107 6.7 Problems......Page 112 7.1 Program control structures ......Page 115 7.2 Data structures......Page 120 7.3 Subroutines......Page 132 7.4 Problems......Page 137 8.2 Read-only memory device - ROM......Page 140 8.3 COMP1 computer - G80 with ROM only......Page 142 8.4 RAM device......Page 145 8.5 COMP2 computer - G80 with ROM and RAM......Page 146 8.6 COMP3 computer......Page 149 8.7 Microprocessor control signals......Page 151 8.8 Problems......Page 152 9.1 Simple output port ......Page 153 9.2 Port address space......Page 155 9.4 Programmable ports*......Page 157 9.5 Serial data - UART*......Page 160 9.6 Problems......Page 162 10.2 Handshaking......Page 163 10.3 Simple output to a slow device......Page 166 10.4 Do-forever loop......Page 167 10.5 Processor interrupt......Page 168 10.6 Possible interrupt mechanisms......Page 169 10.7 Interrupt priority mechanisms......Page 172 10.9 G80 interrupt mechanisms......Page 174 10.10 Direct memory access......Page 182 10.11 Problems......Page 184 11.1 Counter device and its use in a conveyor belt......Page 187 11.2 Timer device......Page 188 11.4 Pottery kiln......Page 192 11.5 Multitasking*......Page 193 11.6 Problems......Page 198 12.1 How an assembler works......Page 200 12.2 Linker......Page 206 12.3 Intel format file......Page 209 12.5 Problems......Page 210 13.2 Register transfers......Page 211 13.3 Instruction fetch......Page 213 13.4 Examples of instruction execution......Page 214 13.5 Hardwired controller......Page 219 13.6 More about the hardwired controller......Page 220 13.7 Microprogrammed control......Page 221 13.8 Problems......Page 226 14.1 General-purpose computers......Page 230 14.3 Storage within a computer......Page 231 14.4 Data bus width and memory address space......Page 232 14.6 Organization of 32- bit memory......Page 233 14.9 Operating systems......Page 237 15.1 Basic operation of cache......Page 240 15.2 Cache organization - direct mapping......Page 242 15.3 Cache organization - set- associative mapping......Page 245 15.4 Cache organization - fully associative mapping......Page 247 15.5 Problems......Page 249 16.1 Virtual and physical addresses - imaginary and real memory......Page 250 16.3 Page Tables......Page 251 16.4 Handling a page fault......Page 253 16.6 Two-level paging*......Page 256 16.8 Memory protection......Page 258 16.9 Problems......Page 259 Appendix A: G80 instruction set......Page 260 Appendix B: ASCII character codes......Page 276 Appendix C: Specifications of the input and output devices......Page 277 1 Format of the assembly source program......Page 299 2 Symbols and expressions......Page 300 3 Assembler directives......Page 302 4 Linker command......Page 305 Index ......Page 306 Contents 6 Preface 12 Notation used in the text 14 1 Binary numbers 18 1.1 Numbers within a computing machine 18 1.2 Adding binary integers 20 1.3 Representing signed integers 20 1.4 Addition and subtraction of signed integers 21 1.6 Use of hexadecimal representation 23 1.7 Problems 24 2 Logic expressions 27 2.1 Logic - the bank vault 27 2.2 Evaluating the logic expression for the bank vault 28 2.3 Another solution 30 2.4 Simplifying logical expressions* 31 2.5 Rules for simplifying logical expressions using a map* 34 2.6 Karnaugh-Veitch program, KVMap* 38 2.7 Quine- McCluskey method* 40 2.8 Problems 45 3 Electronic logic circuits 48 3.1 Electronic controller 48 3.2 Development of the bank vault controller design 48 3.3 Gates - electronic circuits that perform logical operations 49 3.4 Decoder circuit 51 3.5 Multiplexer circuit 52 3.6 Flip-flops 54 3.7 Storage registers 56 3.8 State machines* 56 3.9 Programmable logic devices* 62 3.10 Problems 63 4 Computer arithmetic 67 4.1 Circuit to add numbers 67 4.2 Adder/Subtractor 68 4.3 Arithmetic and logic unit 69 4.4 Shifting data 71 4.4 Fast adders* 73 4.5 Floating-point numbers* 75 4.6 Problems 82 5 Computer design 86 5.1 A manual computing system 86 5.3 Connecting the machine components 89 5.4 Architecture of Simple Machine 90 5.5 More general view of the design of Simple Machine* 92 5.6 Improvements to Simple Machine 96 5.7 Architecture of the G80 microprocessor 99 5.8 Problems 100 6 Instruction set and code assembly 101 6.1 Programmer's model 101 6.2 Instruction format and addressing modes 102 6.3 Converting the code to machine code - manual assembly 104 6.4 Using the assembler 105 6.5 Assembly language 106 6.6 Types of instruction 107 6.7 Problems 112 7 Program structures 115 7.1 Program control structures 115 7.2 Data structures 120 7.3 Subroutines 132 7.4 Problems 137 8 Simple computer circuits 140 8.1 G80 external connections 140 8.2 Read-only memory device - ROM 140 8.3 COMP1 computer - G80 with ROM only 142 8.4 RAM device 145 8.5 COMP2 computer - G80 with ROM and RAM 146 8.6 COMP3 computer 149 8.7 Microprocessor control signals 151 8.8 Problems 152 9 Input and output ports 153 9.1 Simple output port 153 9.2 Port address space 155 9.3 A simple input port 157 9.4 Programmable ports* 157 9.5 Serial data - UART* 160 9.6 Problems 162 10 Input and output methods 163 10.1 Simple input and output 163 10.2 Handshaking 163 10.3 Simple output to a slow device 166 10.4 Do-forever loop 167 10.5 Processor interrupt 168 10.6 Possible interrupt mechanisms 169 10.7 Interrupt priority mechanisms 172 10.8 Non-maskable interrupt 174 10.9 G80 interrupt mechanisms 174 10.10 Direct memory access 182 10.11 Problems 184 11 More devices 187 11.1 Counter device and its use in a conveyor belt 187 11.2 Timer device 188 11.3 Calendar device 192 11.4 Pottery kiln 192 11.5 Multitasking* 193 11.6 Problems 198 12 Assembler and linker tools 200 12.1 How an assembler works 200 12.2 Linker 206 12.3 Intel format file 209 12.4 High-level 210 12.5 Problems 210 13 The control unit 211 13.1 Requirements of control unit 211 13.2 Register transfers 211 13.3 Instruction fetch 213 13.4 Examples of instruction execution 214 13.5 Hardwired controller 219 13.6 More about the hardwired controller 220 13.7 Microprogrammed control 221 13.8 Problems 226 14 Larger computers 230 14.1 General-purpose computers 230 14.2 Memory bottleneck 231 14.3 Storage within a computer 231 14.4 Data bus width and memory address space 232 14.6 Organization of 32- bit memory 233 14.8 Locality of reference 237 14.9 Operating systems 237 15 Cache memory 240 15.1 Basic operation of cache 240 15.2 Cache organization - direct mapping 242 15.3 Cache organization - set- associative mapping 245 15.4 Cache organization - fully associative mapping 247 15.5 Problems 249 16 Memory management 250 16.1 Virtual and physical addresses - imaginary and real memory 250 16.2 Pages and page frames 251 16.3 Page Tables 251 16.4 Handling a page fault 253 16.5 Page size 256 16.6 Two-level paging* 256 16.7 Translation look- aside buffer 258 16.8 Memory protection 258 16.9 Problems 259 Appendix A: G80 instruction set 260 Appendix B: ASCII character codes 276 Appendix C: Specifications of the input and output devices 277 Appendix D: The GDS assembler and linker 299 1 Format of the assembly source program 299 2 Symbols and expressions 300 3 Assembler directives 302 4 Linker command 305 Index 306 The author has taught the design and use of microprocessor systems to undergraduate and technician level students for over 25 years.

*A core text for academic modules on microprocessors, embedded systems and computer architecture
*A practical design-orientated approach
*FREE CD-ROM features a unique microprocessor simulator, and accompanying website contains solutions, FAQs and updates to software The author has taught the design and use of microprocessor systems to undergraduate and technician level students for over 25 years. *A core text for academic modules on microprocessors, embedded systems and computer architecture *A practical design-orientated approach *FREE CD-ROM features a unique microprocessor simulator, and accompanying website contains solutions, FAQs and updates to software Adopting a practical design-orientated approach, this book talks about academic modules on microprocessors, embedded systems and computer architecture. It includes a CD-ROM that features a microprocessor simulator, and accompanying website contains solutions, FAQs and updates to software