Elementary Technical Mathematics (tenth Edition)

Elementary Technical Mathematics Tenth Edition was written to help students with minimal math background prepare for technical, trade, allied health, or Tech Prep programs. The authors have included countless examples and applications surrounding such fields as industrial and construction trades, electronics, agriculture, allied health, CAD/drafting, HVAC, welding, auto diesel mechanic, aviation, natural resources, and others. This edition covers basic arithmetic including the metric system and measurement, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and statistics, all as they are related to technical and trade fields. The goal of this text is to engage students and provide them with the math background they need to succeed in future courses and careers. Cover Page 1 Title Page 2 Copyright Page 3 List of Applications 10 Preface 13 Contents 4 1 Basic Concepts 20 Unit 1A REVIEW OF OPERATIONS WITH WHOLE NUMBERS 21 1.1 Review of Basic Operations 21 1.2 Order of Operations 30 1.3 Area and Volume 33 1.4 Formulas 38 1.5 Prime Factorization 42 Unit 1A Review 46 Unit 1B REVIEW OF OPERATIONS WITH FRACTIONS 46 1.6 Introduction to Fractions 46 1.7 Addition and Subtraction of Fractions 52 1.8 Multiplication and Division of Fractions 64 1.9 The U.S. System of Weights and Measures 72 Unit 1B Review 75 Unit 1C REVIEW OF OPERATIONS WITH DECIMAL FRACTIONS AND PERCENT 76 1.10 Addition and Subtraction of Decimal Fractions 76 1.11 Rounding Numbers 85 1.12 Multiplication and Division of Decimal Fractions 88 1.13 Percent 94 1.14 Rate, Base, and Part 99 1.15 Powers and Roots 108 1.16 Applications Involving Percent: Personal Finance (Optional) 112 Unit 1C Review 116 Chapter 1 Group Activities 117 Chapter 1 Summary 118 Chapter 1 Review 121 Chapter 1 Test 123 2 Signed Numbers and Powers of 10 126 2.1 Addition of Signed Numbers 127 2.2 Subtraction of Signed Numbers 131 2.3 Multiplication and Division of Signed Numbers 133 2.4 Signed Fractions 136 2.5 Powers of 10 141 2.6 Scientific Notation 144 2.7 Engineering Notation 150 Chapter 2 Group Activities 153 Chapter 2 Summary 153 Chapter 2 Review 155 Chapter 2 Test 156 Cumulative Review Chapters 1–2 157 3 The Metric System 158 3.1 Introduction to the Metric System 159 3.2 Length 162 3.3 Mass and Weight 165 3.4 Volume and Area 167 3.5 Time, Current, and Other Units 171 3.6 Temperature 173 3.7 Metric and U.S. Conversion 175 Chapter 3 Group Activities 180 Chapter 3 Summary 180 Chapter 3 Review 181 Chapter 3 Test 182 4 Measurement 184 4.1 Approximate Numbers and Accuracy 185 4.2 Precision and Greatest Possible Error 188 4.3 The Vernier Caliper 192 4.4 The Micrometer Caliper 200 4.5 Addition and Subtraction of Measurements 208 4.6 Multiplication and Division of Measurements 212 4.7 Relative Error and Percent of Error 215 4.8 Color Code of Electrical Resistors 219 4.9 Reading Scales 223 Chapter 4 Group Activ 232 Chapter 4 Summary 232 Chapter 4 Review 233 Chapter 4 Test 235 Cumulative Review Chapters 1–4 236 5 Polynomials: An Introduction to Algebra 238 5.1 Fundamental Operations 239 5.2 Simplifying Algebraic Expressions 241 5.3 Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials 245 5.4 Multiplication of Monomials 249 5.5 Multiplication of Polynomials 251 5.6 Division by a Monomial 253 5.7 Division by a Polynomial 255 Chapter 5 Group Activities 258 Chapter 5 Summary 258 Chapter 5 Review 260 Chapter 5 Test 260 6 Equations and Formulas 262 6.1 Equations 263 6.2 Equations with Variables in Both Members 268 6.3 Equations with Parentheses 270 6.4 Equations with Fractions 273 6.5 Translating Words into Algebraic Symbols 278 6.6 Applications Involving Equations 279 6.7 Formulas 284 6.8 Substituting Data into Formulas 287 6.9 Reciprocal Formulas Using a Calculator 291 Chapter 6 Group Activities 294 Chapter 6 Summary 294 Chapter 6 Review 295 Chapter 6 Test 296 Cumulative Review Chapters 1–6 297 7 Ratio and Proportion 298 7.1 Ratio 299 7.2 Proportion 303 7.3 Direct Variation 309 7.4 Inverse Variation 314 Chapter 7 Group Activities 318 Chapter 7 Summary 318 Chapter 7 Review 319 Chapter 7 Test 320 8 Graphing Linear Equations 322 8.1 Linear Equations with Two Variables 323 8.2 Graphing Linear Equations 329 8.3 The Slope of a Line 336 8.4 The Equation of a Line 342 Chapter 8 Group Activities 347 Chapter 8 Summary 348 Chapter 8 Review 349 Chapter 8 Test 350 Cumulative Review Chapters 1–8 351 9 Systems of Linear Equations 352 9.1 Solving Pairs of Linear Equations by Graphing 353 9.2 Solving Pairs of Linear Equations by Addition 359 9.3 Solving Pairs of Linear Equations by Substitution 364 9.4 Applications Involving Pairs of Linear Equations 366 Chapter 9 Group Activities 372 Chapter 9 Summary 373 Chapter 9 Review 374 Chapter 9 Test 375 10 Factoring Algebraic Expressions 376 10.1 Finding Monomial Factors 377 10.2 Finding the Product of Two Binomials Mentally 379 10.3 Finding Binomial Factors 381 10.4 Special Products 384 10.5 Finding Factors of Special Products 386 10.6 Factoring General Trinomials 388 Chapter 10 Group Activities 391 Chapter 10 Summary 391 Chapter 10 Review 392 Chapter 10 Test 392 Cumulative Review Chapters 1–10 393 11 Quadratic Equations 394 11.1 Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring 395 11.2 The Quadratic Formula 398 11.3 Applications Involving Quadratic Equations 400 11.4 Graphs of Quadratic Equations 405 11.5 Imaginary Numbers 409 Chapter 11 Group Activities 412 Chapter 11 Summary 412 Chapter 11 Review 413 Chapter 11 Test 414 12 Geometry 416 12.1 Angles and Polygons 417 12.2 Quadrilaterals 424 12.3 Triangles 429 12.4 Similar Polygons 438 12.5 Circles 442 12.6 Radian Measure 449 12.7 Prisms 454 12.8 Cylinders 460 12.9 Pyramids and Cones 465 12.10 Spheres 472 Chapter 12 Group Activities 474 Chapter 12 Summary 475 Chapter 12 Review 479 Chapter 12 Test 481 Cumulative Review Chapters 1–12 482 13 Right Triangle Trigonometry 484 13.1 Trigonometric Ratios 485 13.2 Using Trigonometric Ratios to Find Angles 489 13.3 Using Trigonometric Ratios to Find Sides 492 13.4 Solving Right Triangles 493 13.5 Applications Involving Trigonometric Ratios 495 Chapter 13 Group Activities 503 Chapter 13 Summary 504 Chapter 13 Review 505 Chapter 13 Test 506 14 Trigonometry with Any Angle 508 14.1 Sine and Cosine Graphs 509 14.2 Period and Phase Shift 515 14.3 Solving Oblique Triangles: Law of Sines 519 14.4 Law of Sines: The Ambiguous Case 522 14.5 Solving Oblique Triangles: Law of Cosines 528 Chapter 14 Group Activities 533 Chapter 14 Summary 534 Chapter 14 Review 535 Chapter 14 Test 535 Cumulative Review Chapters 1–14 536 15 Basic Statistics 538 15.1 Bar Graphs 539 15.2 Circle Graphs 542 15.3 Line Graphs 545 15.4 Other Graphs 548 15.5 Mean Measurement 549 15.6 Other Average Measurements and Percentiles 551 15.7 Range and Standard Deviation 554 15.8 Grouped Data 556 15.9 Standard Deviation for Grouped Data 563 15.10 Statistical Process Control 565 15.11 Other Graphs for Statistical Data 569 15.12 Normal Distribution 572 15.13 Probability 575 15.14 Independent Events 577 Chapter 15 Group Activities 578 Chapter 15 Summary 579 Chapter 15 Review 581 Chapter 15 Test 582 16 Binary and Hexadecimal Numbers 584 16.1 Introduction to Binary Numbers 585 16.2 Addition of Binary Numbers 587 16.3 Subtraction of Binary Numbers 588 16.4 Multiplication of Binary Numbers 590 16.5 Conversion from Decimal to Binary System 591 16.6 Conversion from Binary to Decimal System 592 16.7 Hexadecimal System 593 16.8 Addition and Subtraction of Hexadecimal Numbers 595 16.9 Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion 598 16.10 Hexadecimal Code for Colors 600 Chapter 16 Group Activities 601 Chapter 16 Summary 602 Chapter 16 Review 603 Chapter 16 Test 603 Cumulative Review Chapters 1–16 604 Appendixes 606 Appendix A: Tables 606 Table 1: Formulas from Geometry 606 Table 2: Electrical Symbols 608 Appendix B: Exponential Equations 610 Appendix C: Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises and All Chapter Review and Cumulative Review Exercises 616 Index 644 Helps students with minimal math background prepare for technical, trade, allied health, or Tech Prep programs. This title covers basic arithmetic including the metric system and measurement, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and statistics, all as they are related to technical and trade fields. A work from Cengage Learning on "Elementary Technical Mathematics, International Edition".