Electronics

0.1 Foreword 1 Aim of This Textbook 2 Preface 2.1 Importance of Electronics 3 Charge and Coulomb's Law 3.1 Basic Understanding 3.2 Balance of Charge 3.3 Conductors 3.4 Insulators 3.5 Quantity of Charge 3.6 Force between Charges: Coulomb's Law 4 Basic Concepts 4.1 What is Electronics? 4.2 Electricity 4.3 Electric Charge 4.4 Electricity and Matter 4.5 Electricity and Conductors 4.6 Black Body Radiation 5 Cells 5.1 Cells 6 Resistors 6.1 Resistor 6.2 Resistor's Symbol 6.3 Resistance 6.4 Resistor's Labeling (See also Identification) 6.5 Resistor's Construction 6.6 Resistor Connection 6.7 Resistor variations 6.8 Applications 6.9 Specifications 6.10 Related Wikimedia resources 7 Capacitors 7.1 General remarks 7.2 Capacitors 7.3 Capacitance 7.4 Capacitor & Direct Current Voltage (DC) 7.5 Capacitor & Alternating Current Voltage (AC) 7.6 Capacitor Connection 7.7 RC Circuit 7.8 Capacitors - general remarks 7.9 Capacitor - types and styles 7.10 Capacitor - Electrical characteristics 7.11 Additional information 7.12 Footnotes 8 Inductors 8.1 Inductor 8.2 Inductance 8.3 Inductor and Direct Current Voltage (DC) 8.4 Inductor and Alternating Current Voltage (AC) 8.5 Inductor's Connection 8.6 See Also 9 Other Components 10 See also 11 DC Voltage and Current Laws 11.1 Ohm's Law 11.2 Kirchoff's Voltage Law 11.3 Voltage as a Physical Quantity 11.4 Kirchoff's Current Law 11.5 Consequences of KVL and KCL 12 Nodal Analysis 12.1 Nodes 12.2 Nodal Analysis 12.3 Complications in Nodal Analysis 12.4 Example 12.5 External Links 13 Mesh Analysis 13.1 Meshes 13.2 Mesh Analysis 13.3 Complication in Mesh Analysis 13.4 Example 14 Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits 14.1 Source Transformation 14.2 Thevenin Equivalents 14.3 Techniques For Finding Thevenin Equivalents 14.4 Norton Equivalents 14.5 Thevenin and Norton Equivalent 15 Superposition 15.1 Superposition Principle 16 Diagnostic Equipment 17 Diagnostic and Testing Equipment 17.1 Ammeter 17.2 Ohmmeter 17.3 Voltmeter 17.4 Multimeter 17.5 Oscilloscope 17.6 Spectrum Analyzer 17.7 Logic analyzer 17.8 Frequency counter 17.9 Electrometer 17.10 Signal Generator 18 DC Circuit Analysis 18.1 DC Circuit Analysis 18.2 Capacitors and Inductors at DC 18.3 Resistors 19 Measuring Instruments 20 Measuring Instruments 20.1 Ammeters 20.2 Ohmmeters 20.3 Multimeters 21 Electronics Laboratory Instruments 21.1 Oscilloscope 21.2 Spectrum Analyzer 21.3 Signal Generator 21.4 Logic Probe 22 Noise in electronic circuits 22.1 Classification 22.2 Noise Calculations 22.3 Analog Noise Models 22.4 Noise in digital circuits: 22.5 Methods of reducing noise 22.6 References 22.7 Chapter 2: AC Circuits 23 AC Circuits 23.1 Relationship between Voltage and Current 23.2 Resonance 23.3 See also 24 Phasors 24.1 Phasors 24.2 Sinusoidal Signals 24.3 Example 24.4 Footnotes 25 Impedance 25.1 Definition 25.2 Resistors 25.3 Capacitors 25.4 Inductors 25.5 Circuit Analysis Using Impedance 26 Steady State 26.1 Steady State 26.2 Chapter 3: Transient Analysis 27 RC Circuits 28 RL Circuits 29 LC Circuits 30 RCL Circuits 30.1 Chapter 4: Analog Circuits 31 Analog Circuits 32 Vacuum Tubes 32.1 Passive Versus Active Components 32.2 Vacuum Tube equals Thermonic Valve 32.3 Klystron 32.4 Magnetron 32.5 Cathode Ray Tube 32.6 External Links 33 Diodes 33.1 Diode 33.2 Operation 33.3 Diode Variations 34 Transistors 34.1 Transistor 34.2 Transistor Operation 34.3 External links 35 FET 35.1 Field Effect Transistor 35.2 Current Voltage Characteristics 35.3 Disadvantages 36 MOSFET 36.1 Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor 36.2 Construction & Operation 37 Amplifiers 37.1 Circuit Models for Amplifiers 37.2 Gain 37.3 Transistor amplifiers 37.4 FET Configurations 37.5 Biased Voltage Class 37.6 Amplifier 38 Operational amplifiers 39 Analog multipliers 39.1 Analog multipliers 39.2 Diode Implementations 39.3 MOS implementation 39.4 Chapter 4: Digital Circuits 40 Digital Circuits 40.1 Overview 41 Boolean Algebra 41.1 Boolean Algebra 42 TTL 42.1 Introduction 42.2 The NOT Gate 43 CMOS 43.1 CMOS 43.2 Logic Gates 44.1 Elements of Digital Circuits 45 Transistors 45.1 Transistor 45.2 Transistor Operation 45.3 External links 46 Basic gates 46.1 Basic Gates 46.2 Five Basic Logic Gates 46.3 Complement of Basic Logic gates 46.4 Summary 47 Combination gates 47.1 Complement of Basic Logic gates 47.2 XOR 48 Flip Flops 48.1 Flip Flop 48.2 Gated Flip Flop 48.3 Clock - Controlled Flip Flops 49 Counters 49.1 Overview 49.2 Types of Counters 50 Adders 50.1 Intro 50.2 Digital Adder 50.3 Multiple-bit adders 50.4 Reference 51 Decoders and Encoders 51.1 Encoders 52 Multiplexers 52.1 Overview 52.2 Configuration 52.3 Computer Architecture 53 RAM and ROM 53.1 Basics 53.2 RAM (Random Access Memory) 53.3 ROM (Read Only Memory) 54 Registers 54.1 Registers 55 ALU 56 Arithmetic and Logic Unit 57 Control Unit 57.1 further reading 58 I/O 59 Input/Output 59.1 Input 59.2 Output 60 RTN 60.1 RTN (Register Transfer Notation) 61 Contributors List of Figures 62 Licenses 62.1 GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE 62.2 GNU Free Documentation License 62.3 GNU Lesser General Public License