Electronic Principles

This eighth edition of Malvino’s classic Electronic Principles offers students a definitive overview of electronic circuits and devices. Expert knowledge of electronic devices is presented in a stimulating, clearly written, conversational style. The new, streamlined book design is full-color throughout, with ample, clear illustrations. Greater emphasis on modern integrated circuit (IC) technology, and the revision of nearly one third of the previous edition’s chapter problems and review questions refresh this text while retaining its proven approach. In addition to the text there is a wealth of supplementary material included for both student and instructor. An upgraded Experiments Manual, the optional use of MultiSIM software, an instructor’s manual with an Instructor Productivity Center CD-ROM, and the brand new Online Learning Center website make this text a powerful learning tool." Electronic Principles is written for electronics students who have done course work in basic DC/AC circuit analysis, along with algebra and trigonometry prerequisites. The book gives clear, accessible coverage of basic electronics concepts in the first half of the book, then applies these to the important electronic circuits and devices most widely used in today’s industry. Cover 1 Copyright 2 Dedication 3 Contents 4 Preface 9 Guided Tour 11 Student Resources 15 Instructor Resources 16 Acknowledgments 17 Chapter 1: Introduction 20 1-1 The Three Kinds of Formulas 22 1-2 Approximations 24 1-3 Voltage Sources 25 1-4 Current Sources 28 1-5 Thevenin’s Theorem 31 1-6 Norton’s Theorem 34 1-7 Troubleshooting 38 Chapter 2: Semiconductors 46 2-1 Conductors 48 2-2 Semiconductors 49 2-3 Silicon Crystals 50 2-4 Intrinsic Semiconductors 53 2-5 Two Types of Flow 54 2-6 Doping a Semiconductor 54 2-7 Two Types of Extrinsic Semiconductors 55 2-8 The Unbiased Diode 56 2-9 Forward Bias 58 2-10 Reverse Bias 59 2-11 Breakdown 61 2-12 Energy Levels 61 2-13 Barrier Potential and Temperature 64 2-14 Reverse-Biased Diode 65 Chapter 3: Diode Theory 74 3-1 Basic Ideas 76 3-2 The Ideal Diode 79 3-3 The Second Approximation 82 3-4 The Third Approximation 84 3-5 Troubleshooting 87 3-6 Reading a Data Sheet 89 3-7 How to Calculate Bulk Resistance 92 3-8 DC Resistance of a Diode 93 3-9 Load Lines 94 3-10 Surface-Mount Diodes 95 3-11 Introduction to Electronic Systems 96 Chapter 4: Diode Circuits 104 4-1 The Half- Wave Rectifier 106 4-2 The Transformer 109 4-3 The Full-Wave Rectifier 111 4-4 The Bridge Rectifier 115 4-5 The Choke-Input Filter 119 4-6 The Capacitor-Input Filter 121 4-7 Peak Inverse Voltage and Surge Current 128 4-8 Other Power-Supply Topics 130 4-9 Troubleshooting 134 4-10 Clippers and Limiters 136 4-11 Clampers 141 4-12 Voltage Multipliers 143 Chapter 5: Special- Purpose Diodes 158 5-1 The Zener Diode 160 5-2 The Loaded Zener Regulator 163 5-3 Second Approximation of a Zener Diode 168 5-4 Zener Drop-Out Point 172 5-5 Reading a Data Sheet 174 5-6 Troubleshooting 177 5-7 Load Lines 180 5-8 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 180 5-9 Other Optoelectronic Devices 188 5-10 The Schottky Diode 190 5-11 The Varactor 193 5-12 Other Diodes 195 Chapter 6: BJT Fundamentals 206 6-1 The Unbiased Transistor 208 6-2 The Biased Transistor 209 6-3 Transistor Currents 211 6-4 The CE Connection 213 6-5 The Base Curve 214 6-6 Collector Curves 216 6-7 Transistor Approximations 221 6-8 Reading Data Sheets 225 6-9 Surface-Mount Transistors 230 6-10 Variations in Current Gain 232 6-11 The Load Line 233 6-12 The Operating Point 238 6-13 Recognizing Saturation 240 6-14 The Transistor Switch 243 6-15 Troubleshooting 245 Chapter 7: BJT Biasing 258 7-1 Emitter Bias 260 7-2 LED Drivers 263 7-3 Troubleshooting Emitter Bias Circuits 266 7-4 More Optoelectronic Devices 268 7-5 Voltage-Divider Bias 271 7-6 Accurate VDB Analysis 273 7-7 VDB Load Line and Q Point 276 7-8 Two-Supply Emitter Bias 278 7-9 Other Types of Bias 282 7-10 Troubleshooting VDB Circuits 284 7-11 PNP Transistors 286 Chapter 8 : Basic BJT Amplifiers 298 8-1 Base-Biased Amplifi er 300 8-2 Emitter-Biased Amplifier 305 8-3 Small-Signal Operation 308 8-4 AC Beta 310 8-5 AC Resistance of the Emitter Diode 311 8-6 Two Transistor Models 315 8-7 Analyzing an Amplifier 316 8-8 AC Quantities on the Data Sheet 321 8-9 Voltage Gain 323 8-10 The Loading Effect of Input Impedance 326 8-11 Swamped Amplifier 329 8-12 Troubleshooting 333 Chapter 9: Multistage, CC, and CB Amplifiers 344 9-1 Multistage Amplifiers 346 9-2 Two-Stage Feedback 349 9-3 CC Amplifier 352 9-4 Output Impedance 357 9-5 Cascading CE and CC 360 9-6 Darlington Connections 362 9-7 Voltage Regulation 365 9-8 The Common-Base Amplifier 368 9-9 Troubleshooting Multistage Amplifiers 373 Chapter 10: Power Amplifiers 384 10-1 Amplifier Terms 386 10-2 Two Load Lines 388 10-3 Class-A Operation 393 10-4 Class-B Operation 400 10-5 Class-B Push-Pull Emitter Follower 401 10-6 Biasing Class-B/AB Amplifiers 407 10-7 Class-B/AB Driver 409 10-8 Class-C Operation 411 10-9 Class-C Formulas 414 10-10 Transistor Power Rating 419 Chapter 11: JFETs 432 11-1 Basic Ideas 434 11-2 Drain Curves 436 11-3 The Transconductance Curve 438 11-4 Biasing in the Ohmic Region 440 11-5 Biasing in the Active Region 443 11-6 Transconductance 454 11-7 JFET Amplifiers 456 11-8 The JFET Analog Switch 462 11-9 Other JFET Applications 465 11-10 Reading Data Sheets 473 11-11 JFET Testing 476 Chapter 12: MOSFETs 488 12-1 The Depletion-Mode MOSFET 490 12-2 D-MOSFET Curves 490 12-3 Depletion-Mode MOSFET Amplifiers 492 12-4 The Enhancement-Mode MOSFET 494 12-5 The Ohmic Region 496 12-6 Digital Switching 503 12-7 CMOS 507 12-8 Power FETs 509 12-9 High-Side MOSFET Load Switches 516 12-10 MOSFET H-Bridge 520 12-11 E-MOSFET Amplifiers 526 12-12 MOSFET Testing 530 Chapter 13: Thyristors 542 13-1 The Four-Layer Diode 544 13-2 The Silicon Controlled Rectifier 548 13-3 The SCR Crowbar 556 13-4 SCR Phase Control 559 13-5 Bidirectional Thyristors 563 13-6 IGBTs 569 13-7 Other Thyristors 574 13-8 Troubleshooting 577 Chapter 14: Frequency Effects 586 14-1 Frequency Response of an Amplifier 588 14-2 Decibel Power Gain 593 14-3 Decibel Voltage Gain 597 14-4 Impedance Matching 599 14-5 Decibels above a Reference 602 14-6 Bode Plots 604 14-7 More Bode Plots 608 14-8 The Miller Eff ect 614 14-9 Risetime-Bandwidth Relationship 617 14-10 Frequency Analysis of BJT Stages 620 14-11 Frequency Analysis of FET Stages 627 14-12 Frequency Effects of Surface-Mount Circuits 633 Chapter 15: Differential Amplifiers 642 15-1 The Differential Amplifier 644 15-2 DC Analysis of a Diff Amp 647 15-3 AC Analysis of a Diff Amp 652 15-4 Input Characteristics of an Op Amp 658 15-5 Common-Mode Gain 665 15-6 Integrated Circuits 669 15-7 The Current Mirror 672 15-8 The Loaded Diff Amp 674 Chapter 16: Operational Amplifiers 684 16-1 Introduction to Op Amps 686 16-2 The 741 Op Amp 688 16-3 The Inverting Amplifi er 698 16-4 The Noninverting Amplifier 704 16-5 Two Op-Amp Applications 709 16-6 Linear ICs 713 16-7 Op Amps as Surface-Mount Devices 719 Chapter 17: Negative Feedback 728 17-1 Four Types of Negative Feedback 730 17-2 VCVS Voltage Gain 731 17-3 Other VCVS Equations 734 17-4 The ICVS Amplifier 738 17-5 The VCIS Amplifier 741 17-6 The ICIS Amplifier 743 17-7 Bandwidth 745 Chapter 18: Linear Op-Amp Circuit Applications 758 18-1 Inverting-Amplifier Circuits 760 18-2 Noninverting-Amplifier Circuits 762 18-3 Inverter/Noninverter Circuits 766 18-4 Differential Amplifiers 771 18-5 Instrumentation Amplifiers 777 18-6 Summing Amplifier Circuits 781 18-7 Current Boosters 786 18-8 Voltage-Controlled Current Sources 788 18-9 Automatic Gain Control 793 18-10 Single-Supply Operation 795 Chapter 19: Active Filters 806 19-1 Ideal Responses 808 19-2 Approximate Responses 811 19-3 Passive Filters 823 19-4 First-Order Stages 827 19-5 VCVS Unity-Gain Second- Order Low- Pass Filters 831 19-6 Higher-Order Filters 837 19-7 VCVS Equal-Component Low- Pass Filters 840 19-8 VCVS High-Pass Filters 844 19-9 MFB Bandpass Filters 847 19-10 Bandstop Filters 851 19-11 The All-Pass Filter 853 19-12 Biquadratic and State- Variable Filters 858 Chapter 20: Nonlinear Op-Amp Circuit Applications 868 20-1 Comparators with Zero Reference 870 20-2 Comparators with Nonzero References 877 20-3 Comparators with Hysteresis 882 20-4 Window Comparator 887 20-5 The Integrator 888 20-6 Waveform Conversion 891 20-7 Waveform Generation 895 20-8 Another Triangular Generator 898 20-9 Active-Diode Circuits 899 20-10 The Differentiator 903 20-11 Class-D Amplifier 905 Chapter 21: Oscillators 920 21-1 Theory of Sinusoidal Oscillation 922 21-2 The Wien-Bridge Oscillator 923 21-3 Other RC Oscillators 928 21-4 The Colpitts Oscillator 930 21-5 Other LC Oscillators 935 21-6 Quartz Crystals 938 21-7 The 555 Timer 942 21-8 Astable Operation of the 555 Timer 949 21-9 Circuit Applications 953 21-10 The Phase-Locked Loop 960 21-11 Function Generator ICs 963 Chapter 22: Regulated Power Supplies 976 22-1 Supply Characteristics 978 22-2 Shunt Regulators 980 22-3 Series Regulators 986 22-4 Monolithic Linear Regulators 996 22-5 Current Boosters 1003 22-6 DC-to-DC Converters 1004 22-7 Switching Regulators 1006 Appendix A: Data Sheet List 1028 Appendix B: Mathematical Derivations 1029 Appendix C: Multisim Primer 1035 Appendix D: Thevenizing the R/2R D/A Converter 1081 Appendix E: Summary Table Listing 1083 Appendix F: Digital/Analog Trainer System 1085 Glossary 1088 A 1088 B 1089 C 1089 D 1091 E 1092 F 1092 G 1092 H 1093 I 1093 J 1093 K 1094 L 1094 M 1094 N 1095 O 1095 P 1095 Q 1096 R 1096 S 1097 T 1098 U 1099 V 1099 W 1100 Z 1100 Answers: Odd-Numbered Problems 1101 CHAPTER 1 1101 CHAPTER 2 1101 CHAPTER 3 1101 CHAPTER 4 1101 CHAPTER 5 1102 CHAPTER 6 1102 CHAPTER 7 1102 CHAPTER 8 1102 CHAPTER 9 1103 CHAPTER 10 1103 CHAPTER 11 1103 CHAPTER 12 1103 CHAPTER 13 1103 CHAPTER 14 1103 CHAPTER 15 1104 CHAPTER 16 1104 CHAPTER 17 1105 CHAPTER 18 1105 CHAPTER 19 1105 CHAPTER 20 1105 CHAPTER 21 1106 CHAPTER 22 1106 Index 1107 A 1107 B 1108 C 1108 D 1109 E 1110 F 1110 G 1111 H 1111 I 1112 J 1112 K 1112 L 1112 M 1113 N 1113 O 1113 P 1114 Q 1115 R 1115 S 1115 T 1116 U 1117 V 1117 W 1118 X 1118 Z 1118 Offers students a definitive overview of electronic circuits and devices. In this book, expert knowledge of electronic devices is presented with emphasis on modern integrated circuit (IC) technology. It offers coverage of basic electronics concepts, and applies these to the important electronic circuits and devices used in today's industry.