Electromechanical Energy Conversion Through Active Learning

This book introduces electromechanical energy conversion through active learning. The book contains numerous hands-on challenges that encourage a creative and determined approach to problem solving, making it an ideal text for undergraduate courses. Covering linear and non-linear magnetic circuits, transformers, electromechanical energy and forces, and excited electromechanical systems, along with detailed examination of various machines involved, Electromechanical Energy Conversion Through Active Learning is an essential guide for teachers and an invaluable companion for students studying energy conversion. PRELIMS.pdf 1 Preface 12 Acknowledgments 13 Author biographies 14 Jose Roberto Cardoso 14 Mauricio Barbosa de Camargo Salles 14 Mauricio Caldora Costa 15 CH001.pdf 1 Chapter 1 The magnetic circuit 16 1.1 Some magnetic properties of the material 16 1.2 The basis for the linear magnetic circuit 18 1.3 The real world 22 1.4 Air-gap in a magnetic structure 25 Example 1.1 27 1.5 Axisymmetric geometry 29 Example 1.2 29 1.6 The permanent magnet 31 1.7 The inductance 33 1.8 Summary 35 Problems 36 Project 1 41 Further reading 42 CH002.pdf 1 Chapter 2 The non-linear magnetic circuit 43 2.1 Some magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials 43 2.2 Solving a non-linear magnetic circuit 43 2.3 The Kirchhoff law approach 49 2.4 The magnetization curves 49 Example 2.1 49 2.5 Mapping the magnetic circuit 52 Example 2.2 55 2.6 Numerical method: the finite element method 58 2.7 Summary 61 Problems 61 Further reading 66 CH003.pdf 1 Chapter 3 Transformers 67 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 The ideal transformer 68 3.2.1 Conventions 68 3.2.2 The electromotive force relation 69 3.2.3 The voltage relation 69 3.2.4 The electric current relation 69 3.2.5 The electric power relation 70 3.2.6 The transformer under load 71 Example 3.1 72 3.3 A non-ideal linear transformer 74 3.3.1 The leakage inductances 77 3.3.2 The magnetization inductance 78 3.3.3 The sinusoidal steady-state—the AC system 79 3.3.4 The induced electromotive force 80 3.3.5 Approximate equivalent electric circuit 81 3.3.6 The rated values of a transformer 82 Example 3.2 82 3.4 The real transformer 85 3.4.1 Constructive aspects 85 3.4.2 The iron losses 86 3.4.3 Considering the iron loss in the equivalent electric circuit 90 3.4.4 Obtaining parameters from tests 91 3.4.5 Efficiency 93 3.4.6 Voltage regulation 93 3.4.7 The phasor diagrams 94 3.5 Summary 96 3.5.1 Transformer design guidelines: a project-based learning approach 97 Problems 102 Further reading 107 CH004.pdf 1 Chapter 4 The elementary electromechanical energy conversion 108 4.1 Introduction 108 4.2 The electromotive force in a straight conductor 109 Example 4.1 110 Example 4.2 112 4.3 The magnetic force in a straight conductor 115 Steady state × transient analysis 116 Example 4.3 116 4.4 The elementary DC machine 118 Example 4.4 119 The harmonic steady state 121 Example 4.5 121 The rotating electrical machine fundamentals 125 Example 4.6 126 4.5 The Faraday disc 128 Example 4.7 132 4.6 The axisymmetric symmetry 136 4.7 Summary 141 Project 141 Problems 142 Further reading 146 CH005.pdf 1 Chapter 5 The flow of electromechanical energy 147 5.1 Introduction 147 5.1.1 The variation of the energy stored in magnetic field 149 5.1.2 The variation of the energy supplied by the electrical source 152 5.1.3 The variation of the electromechanical energy 153 5.1.4 The co-energy 157 5.1.5 The average developed electromechanical force 158 Example 5.1 159 Example 5.2 162 Example 5.3 165 5.2 Electromechanical devices with permanent magnet 168 Example 5.4 171 5.3 Summary 173 5.3.1 Project of magnetic crane with a PM 174 Problems 175 Further reading 180 CH006.pdf 1 Chapter 6 Electromechanical forces and torques 181 6.1 Introduction 181 6.1.1 The evaluation of energies from lumped parameters 182 6.2 The simply excited electromechanical device 183 6.2.1 First case: DC constant current operation 183 Example 6.1 185 Example 6.2 189 6.2.2 A little bit of the transient analysis 191 6.2.3 Second case: the constant flux operation 193 6.3 The translational magnetic system under constant magnetic flux operation 194 6.3.1 The shading coil 196 6.4 The rotational magnetic system under constant magnetic flux operation 197 6.4.1 Imposing rotor angular speed 200 6.5 Summary 202 6.5.1 Project: design of a rotational magnetic system 203 Problems 204 Further reading 209 CH007.pdf 1 Chapter 7 Multiply excited electromechanical systems 210 7.1 Introduction 210 7.2 Flux linkages in multiple excitation 210 Example 7.1 214 7.3 The double-excited rotational magnetic system 216 First case 218 Second case 218 Third case 221 Example 7.2 223 7.4 Rotor with a salient pole 225 7.5 Summary 227 Problems 227 Further reading 230 CH008.pdf 1 Chapter 8 Synchronous machine: the windings 231 8.1 Design aspects of a synchronous machine 231 8.2 How a synchronous machines works 234 8.2.1 The magnetic flux density distribution by the armature winding 234 8.3 The AC distributed winding 237 8.3.1 The fractional pitch winding 241 Example 8.1 242 8.3.2 Winding for more than two magnetic poles 244 8.3.3 The electrical angle 246 Example 8.2 248 8.4 The triphasic winding 253 8.4.1 The magnetic flux density distribution of a 3-phase winding 255 8.4.2 Physical analysis of Bg(θ,t) 256 8.4.3 The induced electromotive force—emf 257 8.4.4 The synchronous reactance 260 Example 8.3 260 8.5 The rotor winding 263 8.5.1 The field winding of a non-salient pole machine 263 8.5.2 The field winding of a salient pole machine 264 8.5.3 The effect of the rotor winding in the SM operation 264 Example 8.4 265 8.6 Summary 267 8.6.1 Project 268 Problems 269 Further reading 271 CH009.pdf 1 Chapter 9 Synchronous machine: operation 272 9.1 Introduction 272 9.2 No-load operation 273 9.3 On-load operation 273 9.3.1 The rated quantities of synchronous generator 277 9.3.2 Drawing the phasor diagram 278 9.3.3 Power and torques 279 9.3.4 The voltage regulation 281 Example 9.1 282 9.4 Motor operation 286 9.4.1 Properties of synchronous motor phasor diagram 287 9.4.2 ‘V’ curves 289 Example 9.2 291 9.5 Summary 294 9.5.1 Project 294 Problems 294 Further reading 296 CH010.pdf 1 Chapter 10 Asynchronous machine: operation 297 10.1 Introduction 297 10.2 Design aspects of an asynchronous machine 297 10.3 How the asynchronous machine works 299 The energy balance for induction motors 304 Example 10.1 307 The generator operation 310 Example 10.2 310 The break operation 313 Example 10.3 313 Frequency converter operation 315 Example 10.4 317 10.4 The torque speed characteristics 317 First case (0 < n < ns): 322 Second case (n > ns): 322 Third case (n < 0): 322 Example 10.5 325 Series rheostat 329 The acceleration of the induction motor 329 Speed control of the induction motor 330 10.5 The single-phase induction motor 330 10.6 The shade-pole induction motor 335 10.7 Summary 337 Project 337 Problems 338 Further reading 341 CH011.pdf 1 Chapter 11 Special electrical machines 342 11.1 DC motor 342 11.1.1 Design aspects of a DC machine 342 11.1.2 How a DC machines works 342 11.1.3 The induced electromotive force 345 11.1.4 The rotor speed equation 346 11.1.5 Operation under constant field current 346 11.1.6 Operating under constant voltage 347 11.1.7 The developed torque 347 11.1.8 Configurations of the DC motor 348 Example 11.1 352 Example 11.2 354 11.2 Switched reluctance motor 356 11.2.1 Design aspects of the switched reluctance motor 356 11.2.2 How switched reluctance motor works 357 11.2.3 The torque production 359 Example 11.3 359 11.3 Stepper motor 361 11.3.1 The elemental stepper motor 362 Example 11.4 363 11.3.2 The hybrid stepper motor—digital motor 363 11.3.3 How the hybrid stepper motor works 364 11.4 Brushless DC motor 367 11.4.1 Small BLDC motor 368 11.4.2 Integral BLDC motor 368 11.4.3 The multiphase BLDC motor 369 Example 11.5 372 11.5 Synchronous reluctance motor 373 11.5.1 Design aspects of synchronous reluctance motor 373 11.5.2 How the SyRM works 373 11.5.3 PM synchronous reluctance motor 374 11.6 Linear induction motor 375 11.7 Summary 379 11.7.1 Project 380 Further reading 381 "This book introduces electromechanical energy conversion through active learning. Covering linear and non-linear magnetic circuits, transformers, electromechanical energy and forces, and excited electromechanical systems, along with detailed examination of various machines involved, the book contains numerous 'hands-on' challenges that encourage a creative and determined approach to problem-solving, making it an ideal text for undergraduate courses." -- Prové de l'editor