Electromagnetic distance measurement : a symposium held in Oxford under the auspices of Special Study Group No. 19, 6-11 September, 1965

This book brings together the work of forty-eight geodesists from twenty-five countries. They discuss various new electromagnetic distance measurement (EDM) instruments - among them the Tellurometer, Geodimeter, and air- and satellite-borne systems - and investigate the complex sources of error. Foreword 7 Contents 9 Opening Ceremony 11 General Subjects and Reports 15 EDM Research in Austria 15 Electromagnetic Distance Measurements in Finland 34 The Caithness Base Investigation 37 Report on Polish Electromagnetic Distance Measurements Programme 57 Electromagnetic Distance Measurement in the US Geological Survey 67 Zur Elektronischen Messung sehr langer Entfernungen (50-120 km) mit dem Electrotape DM-20 74 Propagation Problems 93 Microwave Reflection Problems 93 Some Aspects of the Meteorology and Refractive Index of the Air near the Earth's Surface 108 Multiple Meteorological Observations Applied to Microwave Distance Measurement 116 Some Results of Microwave Refraction Measurements over Snow and Ice Fields 131 The Meteorological Conditions of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation above the Sea 134 On the Path Curvature of Electromagnetic Waves 149 Multiple Wavelength Optical Distance Measurements 171 The Use of Atmospheric Dispersion for the Refractive Index Correction of Optical Distance Measurements 177 Microwave Systems 187 The Tellurometer Model MRA-101 187 Principles and Performance of a High-Resolution 8-mm-Wavelength Tellurometer 196 Tellurometer Zero Error 220 Electro-Optical Systems 235 The AGA Geodimeter Model 6 235 First Experiences of the Model 6 Geodimeter in the Field 247 The Accuracy of a 50-km Over-Sea Geodimeter Distance and a Study of Temperature Correction by means of a Temperature Gradient Formula 255 Geodimeter 2 A Measurements in Base Extension Nets 259 Distance Measurement by Means of a Modulated Light Beam yet Independent of the Speed of Light 275 NPL-Hilger & Watts Mekometer 290 Range and Accuracy of the EOS Electro-Optical Telemeter 299 Air and Satellite Borne Systems 309 Shiran 309 Radio Ranging on Artificial Earth Satellites 312 Experiences with Secor Planning and Data Reduction 324 Tropospheric and Ionospheric Propagation Effects on Satellite Radio-Doppler Geodesy 351 Télémétrie des Satellites Artificiels par Laser 365 Report on Aerodist Surveys carried out by the Australian Division of National Mapping since 1963 370 Adjustments of Aerodist Observations 379 Laser Applications 403 Progress in the Application of Lasers to Distance Measurement 403 Experiments with Lasers in the Measurement of Precise Distances 411 Phase-Modulated-Laser Alignment Interferometer 419 Measurement of Short Distances 431 Use of Lasers for Displacement Measurement 431 Long-Distance Interferometry with an He-Ne Laser 436 The Application of Gallium Arsenide Light-Emitting Diodes to Electronic Distance Measuring Equipment 448 Final Plenary Session 460 List of Participants 462 Electromagnetic distance measurement, by using light and microwaves for direct linear measurements and thus circumventing the need for traditional methods of triangulation, may well introduce a new era in surveying. This book brings together the work of forty-eight geodesists from twenty-five countries. They discuss various new EDM instruments—among them the Tellurometer, Geodimeter, and air- and satellite-borne systems—and investigate the complex sources of error. The book is therefore a unique and comprehensive source on the subject. UNESCO and R.I.C.S. have assisted financially in its production.