Electrochemical Water Splitting: Fundamentals, Challenges and Advances (Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials)

Zusammenfassung: This book provides a comprehensive platform for the research, scientific and educational communities working on electrocatalysis. It covers water electrolysis from different fields of catalysis research, deals with the fundamentals and critically discusses the precise and correct use of evaluating parameters and their calculation for a fair evaluation. Readers find an analysis to probe the origin of different bottlenecks in water electrolysis and scientific methods to enhance the electrode selectivity with high intrinsic activity, effective mass and electron transfer ability, abundant active sites with super hydrophilicity-aerophobicity characteristics and structural, mechanical and chemical stability with high corrosion resistance Cover Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials Series Electrochemical Water Splitting. Fundamentals, Challenges and Advances Copyright Contents About the Author Abbreviations 1. Electrocatalysis Fundamentals for OER and HER 1.1 Hydrogen Energy: A Sustainable Future 1.2 Hydrogen Production Technologies 1.3 Electrochemical Water Splitting 1.4 Mechanism of Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 1.5 Mechanism of Oxygen Evolution Reaction 1.6 OER Mechanism with Consideration of Spin 1.7 d-Band Theory for HER 1.8 d-Band Theory for OER 1.9 Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Water Splitting References 2. Electrode Setups and Water Electrolysis Technologies 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Voltage and Potential 2.3 Electrocatalysts: Function and Role in Electrode Potential 2.3.1 Working Electrode 2.3.2 Reference Electrode 2.3.3 Counterelectrode 2.4 Electrode Setups: From 2 to 3 Electrode Systems 2.5 Water Electrolysis Technologies 2.5.1 Alkaline Water Electrolyzer (AWE) 2.5.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer (PEMWE) 2.5.3 Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell (SOEC) 2.6 Stability of Precious and Non-precious Metals in Different Medium References 3. Emerging Techniques for the Synthesis of Self-supported Electrocatalysts 3.1 Role of Electrocatalyst 3.2 Self-supported Electrocatalyst 3.3 Comparative Study of Different Synthesis Techniques for Self-supported Electrocatalysts 3.3.1 Electrodeposition 3.3.2 Hydro/solvothermal Synthesis 3.3.3 Supercritical Hydro/solvothermal Process 3.3.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition for the Development of Self-supported Electrocatalyst References 4. Electrochemical Methods for Measuring Water Splitting Efficiency 4.1 Electrochemical Methods 4.1.1 Cyclic Voltammogram 4.1.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 4.1.3 Tafel Plots 4.1.4 Exchange Current Density 4.1.5 Turnover Number and Turnover Frequency 4.1.6 Faradic Efficiency 4.1.7 Chronoamperometry and Chronopotentiometry 4.1.8 Corrosion Experiment 4.1.9 Electrochemical Active Surface Area References 5. Best Practices for Accurately Reporting Electrocatalytic Performance of Nanomaterials 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Electrolyte Preparations 5.2.1 Removal of Fe Impurities 5.3 How to Reliably Report the Overpotential 5.4 How to Calculate the Tafel Slope 5.4.1 Tafel Plot from Polarization Curve 5.4.2 Tafel Plot from Amperometry/Potentiometry 5.4.3 Tafel Slope from EIS 5.5 How to Properly Report TOF 5.5.1 Redox Peak Integration 5.6 Double-Layer Capacitance 5.7 Mass and Specific Activity 5.7.1 BET Surface Area Normalized Activity 5.7.2 ECSA Normalized Activity 5.8 Faradic Efficiency and Its Significance References 6. Bottlenecks in Water Electrolysis: A Comprehensive Exploration for Hydrogen Production 6.1 Challenges in Water Electrolysis 6.2 Membrane Challenges in Electrolysis 6.3 Metal Corrosion 6.3.1 Solution Composition and Concentrations 6.3.2 Diffusion Rate of Ions 6.3.3 Surrounding Conditions 6.3.4 Reaction Conditions 6.3.5 Electrode Configurations 6.4 Structural Instability 6.4.1 Mechanism Behind Structural Instability 6.4.2 Agglomerations 6.5 Mechanical Strength of Electrocatalysts 6.6 Support Degradation 6.7 Electrode Aerophilic Nature 6.7.1 Nucleation 6.7.2 Growth 6.7.3 Coalescence Top of Form 6.7.4 Bubble Detachment References 7. Electronic Modulation of Electrocatalysts for Enhanced Water Electrolysis 7.1 Electronic Modification 7.2 Cation Doping 7.2.1 Heteroatom Doping 7.2.2 Oxygen Vacancies 7.2.3 Multimetallic Electrocatalyst References 8. Structural Modification of Electrocatalysts for Enhanced Water Electrolysis 8.1 Catalyst Surface Structure 8.1.1 Chemical Composition 8.1.2 Crystal Structure 8.1.3 Morphology 8.2 Catalyst Surface Engineering 8.2.1 Core–Shell Nanostructure 8.2.2 3D Materials 8.2.3 2D Nanomaterials 8.2.4 Defects Engineering 8.2.5 Porous Materials References 9. Single-Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical Water Splitting 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Unique Features of Single-Atom Catalysts (SAC’s) 9.3 Effects of Support Materials on Single-Atom Catalysts 9.4 Chemical Natures of SACs 9.5 Stability and Durability of Single-Atom Catalysts 9.6 Noble Metal SACs for OER 9.7 Noble Metal SACs for HER 9.8 Transition Metal-Based SACs for HER 9.9 Transition Metal-Based SACs for OER References 10. Emerging Electrocatalytic Strategies for Hydrogen Production from Water 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Conventional Water Electrolysis 10.2.1 Challenges of Conventional Water Electrolysis 10.3 Approaches to Overcome Conventional Approach 10.3.1 Nonconventional/Overall Water Electrolysis 10.3.2 Hybrid Water Electrolysis 10.3.3 Decoupled Water Electrolysis 10.3.4 Tandem Water Electrolysis References