Electroactive Polymeric Materials

Electroactive polymers are smart materials that can undergo size or shape structural deformations in the presence of an electrical field. These lightweight polymeric materials possess properties such as flexibility, cost-effectiveness, rapid response time, easy controllability (especially physical to electrical), and low power consumption. Electroactive Polymeric Materials examines the history, progress, synthesis, and characterization of electroactive polymers and then details their application and potential in fields including biomedical science, environmental remediation, renewable energy, robotics, sensors and textiles. Highlighting the flexibility, lightweight, cost-effective, rapid response time, easy controllability, and low power consumption characteristics of electroactive polymers, respected authors in the field explore their use in sensors, actuators, MEMS, biomedical apparatus, energy storage, packaging, textiles, and corrosion protection to provide readers with a powerhouse of a reference to use for their own endeavors. Features: Explores the most recent advances in all categories of ionic/electroactive polymer composite materials Includes basic science, addresses novel topics, and covers multifunctional applications in one resource Suitable for newcomers, academicians, scientists and R&D industrial experts working in polymer technologies . Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Editors Contributors 1 State-of-the-art and Perspectives for Electroactive Polymers 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Types of Electroactive Polymer 1.2.1 Electronic Electroactive Polymers 1.2.1.1 Dielectric Elastomers 1.2.1.2 Ferroelectric Polymers 1.2.1.3 Electrostrictive Graft Elastomer 1.2.1.4 Liquid Crystal Elastomers 1.2.2 Ionic Electroactive Polymers 1.2.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes 1.2.2.2 Ionic Polymer Gels 1.2.2.3 Ionic Polymer–Metal Composite 1.2.2.4 Conducting Polymers 1.3 Polyaniline 1.4 Polythiophene 1.5 Polypyrrole 1.6 Polyacetylene 1.7 Outlook and Future Perspectives References 2 Overview of Electroactive Polymers: Types and Their Applications 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Conducting Polymers 2.2.1 Stimuli-Responsive Applications 2.2.2 Energy Applications 2.2.3 Electrocatalysis and Sensor Applications 2.3 Polyelectrolyte Gels 2.3.1 Applications for Polyelectrolyte Gels 2.4 Liquid Crystal Polymers 2.4.1 Applications for Liquid Crystal Polymers 2.5 Piezoelectric Polymers 2.5.1 Applications for Piezoelectric Polymers 2.6 Final Remarks References 3 Properties of Electroactive Polymers 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Electroactive Polymeric Materials 3.2.1 Ionic Polymer–Metal Composites 3.2.2 Ion Gels 3.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes 3.2.4 Polymer Dots 3.2.5 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers 3.2.6 Conductive Polymers 3.2.7 Bistable Electroactive Polymers 3.2.8 Ferroelectric Polymers 3.2.9 Dielectric Elastomers 3.2.10 Polymer Electrets 3.2.11 Electrostrictive Polymers References 4 Intelligent Electroactive Polymers 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Intelligent Electroactive Polymers 4.3 Classification of Electroactive Polymers 4.4 Conductive Electroactive Polymers 4.4.1 Polyaniline 4.4.2 Polypyrrole 4.4.3 Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) 4.4.4 Functionalized Conducting Polymers 4.5 Applications 4.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives Acknowledgments References 5 History and Progress of Electroactive Polymers 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Historical Background 5.3 Types of Electroactive Polymer 5.3.1 Ionic Electroactive Polymers 5.3.1.1 Conducting Polymers 5.3.1.2 Ionic Polymer–Metal Composites 5.3.1.3 Ionic Polymer Gels 5.3.1.4 Carbon Nanotubes 5.3.1.5 Electrorheological Fluid 5.3.2 Electronic Electroactive Polymers 5.3.2.1 Dielectric Elastomers 5.3.2.2 Liquid Crystal Polymers 5.3.2.3 Piezoelectric Polymers 5.3.2.4 Electrostrictive Graft Polymers 5.4 Comparative Study of Ionic and Dielectric Electroactive Polymers 5.5 Application Areas for Electroactive Polymers 5.6 Electroactive Polymers for Biomedical Applications 5.7 Conclusions and Future Scope References 6 Electroactive Polymers for Smart Window Technology 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Relevant Physical Parameters 6.3 Smart Windows 6.4 Conductive and Conjugated Polymers 6.5 Polymer Doping 6.6 Main Types of Electrochromic Conjugated Polymers 6.6.1 Electrochromic Polythiophenes 6.6.2 Electrochromic Polypyrrole 6.6.3 Electrochromic Polyaniline 6.6.4 Electrochromic Polycarbazoles 6.6.5 Electrochromic Copolymers 6.7 Conclusions and Prospects Acknowledgments References 7 Systematic Investigation of the Revolutionary Role of Electroactive Polymers in Modifying Microelectromechanical Systems 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Methods 7.2.1 Search Strategy 7.3 Broad Categorization of Electroactive Polymers 7.3.1 Ionic Electroactive Polymers 7.3.1.1 Polymeric Gels 7.3.1.2 Conducting Polymers 7.3.1.3 Carbon Nanotubes 7.3.1.4 Ionic Polymer–Metal Composites 7.3.2 Electronic Electroactive Polymers 7.3.2.1 Electrostrictive Elastomers 7.3.2.2 Ferroelectric Polymers 7.3.2.3 Dielectric Elastomers 7.4 Microelectromechanical Systems as Revolutionizers 7.5 Microelectromechanical Systems: Commercially Significant Applications 7.5.1 Microcooling 7.5.2 Microelectromechanical System-Based Microscopy 7.6 Electroactive Polymer-Based Microelectromechanical Systems and Energy Harvesting 7.7 Challenges and Conclusions References 8 Electroactive Polymers for Sensors 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Electronic Electroactive Polymers for Sensors 8.2.1 Dielectric Elastomers for Sensors 8.2.1.1 Capacitive Sensors 8.2.1.2 Triboelectric Sensors 8.2.2 Piezoelectric Polymers for Sensors 8.3 Ionic Electroactive Polymers for Sensors 8.3.1 Conducting Ionic Polymer Gels for Sensors 8.3.2 Ionic Polymer–metal Composites for Sensors 8.3.3 Carbon Nanotubes for Sensors 8.4 Summary References 9 Conductive Electroactive Polymers in Electrocatalysis and Sensing Applications 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Conducting Polymers for Electrochemical Sensing Applications 9.2.1 Conducting Polymers: Synthesis and Applications 9.2.1.1 Polyaniline 9.2.1.2 Polypyrrole 9.2.1.3 Polythiophene 9.2.1.4 Poly-amidoamine 9.2.1.5 Polymerized Ionic Liquids and Other Conducting Polymers 9.2.2 Sensors Based on Conducting Polymers for the Detection of Phenolic Compounds 9.2.3 Conducting Polymers as Sensor Modifiers for Cancer Detection 9.2.4 Conducting Polymer-Based Carbon Nanocomposites 9.3 Electrodeposition Methods for Conductive Polymers 9.3.1 Potentiodynamic Electropolymerization 9.3.2 Potentiostatic Electropolymerization 9.3.3 Galvanostatic Electropolymerization 9.4 Biopolymer-Based Conducting Nanocomposites 9.4.1 Polylactide 9.4.2 Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) 9.5 Conclusions References 10 Electroactive Polymers for Artificial Muscles 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Electroactive Polymers 10.2.1 Ionic Electroactive Polymers 10.2.1.1 Polymer Gels 10.2.1.2 Conductive Polymers 10.2.1.3 Ionic Polymer–metal Composites 10.2.1.4 Carbon Nanotubes 10.2.2 Electronic Electroactive Polymers 10.2.2.1 Dielectric Elastomers 10.2.2.2 Electrostrictive Polymers 10.2.2.3 Piezoelectric Polymers 10.2.2.4 Ferroelectric Polymers 10.2.2.5 Liquid Crystal Elastomers 10.3 Applications for Electroactive Polymer-Based Artificial Muscles 10.4 Conclusions and Outlook References 11 Electroactive Polymers for Electrochromic Applications 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Classification of Electrochromic Organic Materials 11.2.1 Conjugated Conductive Polymers 11.2.1.1 Polyanilines 11.2.1.2 Polythiophenes 11.2.1.3 Polypyrrole 11.2.1.4 Polycarbazoles 11.2.1.5 Polyamides 11.2.2 Viologen-Based Electrochromes 11.3 Conductive Composite Films 11.3.1 Metal Coordination Complex-Based Composite Films 11.3.2 Composites with Carbon Nanomaterials 11.3.3 Metal Oxide Composite Films 11.4 Conclusions and Outlook Acknowledgments References 12 Electroactive Polymers for Batteries 12.1 Introduction 12.2 History 12.2.1 Batteries 12.2.2 Polymers 12.3 Synthesizing Polymeric Films 12.4 Polymers as Redox Materials 12.5 Electrochemical Aging of Conducting Polymers 12.6 Impedance Spectroscopy as a Characterization Method 12.7 State of the Art 12.7.1 Pristine Polymers 12.7.2 Composite Materials 12.8 the Next Challenges References 13 Electroactive Polymeric Membranes 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Classification 13.3 Electroactive Polymer Membranes 13.3.1 Electroactive Polymer Membranes for Sensing 13.3.1.1 Ionic Electroactive Polymers for Sensing 13.3.1.2 Conducting Polymer-Based Sensors 13.3.1.3 Conducting Polymer-Based Free-standing Membrane 13.3.1.4 Conducting Polymer-Based Trilayer Structure 13.3.2 Ionic Polymer–Metal Composite-Based Sensors 13.3.3 Ionic Electroactive Polymer-Based Sensors 13.3.4 Electronic Electroactive Polymers for Sensing 13.3.4.1 Introduction to Electronic Electroactive Polymers 13.3.4.2 Dielectric Elastomer-Based Sensors 13.3.5 Liquid Crystal Polymer-Based Sensors 13.3.6 Piezoelectric Polymer-Based Sensors 13.4 Electroactive Polymer Membranes for Drug Delivery 13.5 Electroactive Polymer Membranes for Tissue Regeneration Applications 13.5.1 Conducting Polymers 13.5.2 Polypyrrole 13.5.3 Polyaniline 13.5.4 Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) 13.6 Electroactive Polymer Membrane for Antimicrobial and Anti-fouling Applications References 14 Electroactive Polymers for Environmental Remediation 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Environmental Concerns Related to Electroactive Polymer Fabrication 14.2.1 Environmentally Friendly Fabrication of Electroactive Polyvinylidene Fluoride 14.2.2 Environmentally Friendly Synthesis of Conducting Polymers 14.3 Application of Electroactive Polymers to Remediate Environmental and Energy Issues 14.3.1 Electroactive Polymer Actuators with Low Energy Consumption 14.3.2 Application of Conducting Polymers in Environmental Remediation 14.3.3 Application of Piezoelectric Polymers in Environmental Remediation 14.3.4 Energy Harvesting from Environmental Energy Resources 14.3.5 Application of Dielectric Electroactive Polymers in Nanogenerators 14.3.6 Ionic Electroactive Polymers in Anticorrosion Applications 14.4 Conclusions References 15 Electroactive Polymers for Space Applications 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Space Environment 15.3 Electroactive Polymers 15.4 Electronic Electroactive Polymers 15.5 Ionic Electroactive Polymers 15.6 Electroactive Polymers in Space Applications 15.6.1 Electroactive Polymer Actuator That Drives a Dust Wiper for a Camera Lens 15.6.2 Dielectric Elastomers for Actuation of Large Lightweight Mirrors 15.6.3 Jumping Rover for Mars 15.6.4 Particle Distribution Mechanisms in Space 15.7 Robotics Applications 15.7.1 Humanoids 15.7.2 Artificial Insects and Worms 15.7.3 Human Support in Space Suits 15.8 Electroactive Polymers for Aerospace Applications 15.9 Aircraft Morphing Applications 15.10 Conclusions and Recommendations References 16 Electroactive Polymers in Industry 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Types of Electroactive Polymers 16.2.1 Classification of Electronic Electroactive Polymers 16.2.2 Classification of Ionic Electroactive Polymers 16.3 Electroactive Polymers in Industry 16.4 Applications in Industry 16.4.1 Electroactive Polymer-Based Sensors and Actuators in Microelectromechanical Systems 16.4.1.1 Microgripper Microactuator Array 16.4.1.2 Microrobot 16.4.2 Electroactive Polymers for Micro and Nanoscale Actuators and Sensors Using Thermoplastic Nanoimprint Lithography 16.4.2.1 Imprinting of P(vinylidene Fluoride-Trifluoroethylene-Chlorofluoroethylene) Terpolymer 16.4.3 Gold Nanoparticle-doped Electroactive Polyimide as a Chemiresistor Sensor for Hydrogen Sulfide 16.4.3.1 Evaluation of Fabricated Sensor for Hydrogen Sulfide 16.4.3.2 Quality Analysis of the Sensor 16.4.4 Electroactive Polymers in Tissue Regeneration, Wound Healing, Medical Research, and Pharmaceutical Industries. 16.4.4.1 Biological Response of Electroactive Polymers to Electrical Stimulation 16.4.4.2 Application of Different Types of Electroactive Polymers in Tissue Regeneration 16.4.4.3 Conducting Polymers 16.4.4.4 Piezoelectric Polymers 16.4.4.5 Polyelectrolyte Gels 16.4.4.6 Challenges When Employing Electroactive Polymers for Tissue Regeneration 16.4.5 Electroactive Polymers as Important Tools in Biomimetics 16.4.6 Electroactive Polymers as Energy Harvesting Power Generators 16.4.6.1 Background 16.4.6.2 Development of Water Mill Electroactive Polymer Artificial Muscles Generator 16.4.6.3 Current and Future Trends in Wave Power Generators 16.4.7 Diaphragm Actuator Arrays for Haptic Displays 16.4.8 Electrodes for Rechargeable Batteries in Electronics 16.4.9 Electroactive Polymers in the Manufacture of Electroacoustic Transducers 16.5 Conclusion References 17 Electroactive Polymers in Biomedicine 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Need for Electroactive Polymers in Biomedicine 17.3 Types of Electroactive Polymers and Their Mechanisms 17.3.1 Mechanism of Action of Electroactive Polymers 17.4 Processed Electroactive Polymer Products 17.4.1 Two-Dimensional Coatings (Blends, Composite, and Hybrids) 17.4.1.1 Three-Dimensional Processing Blends 17.4.1.2 Composites 17.4.2 Three-dimensional Materials (Artificial Muscles and Actuators) 17.4.3 Porous Materials as Scaffolds 17.5 Applications of Electroactive Polymers in Medicine 17.5.1 Electroactive Polymers That Assist Cell Functions: Tissue Engineering 17.5.2 Electroactive Polymers to Target Drugs and Biological Molecules: Drug Delivery 17.5.3 Electroactive Polymers in Antimicrobial Activity 17.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References 18 Electroactive Polymers for Packaging Technology 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Significance of Electroactive Polymers 18.3 Classification of Electroactive Polymers 18.3.1 Ionic Electroactive Polymers 18.3.2 Electronic Electroactive Polymers 18.4 Application of Electroactive Polymers in Packaging 18.4.1 Lunch Box Packaging 18.5 Properties of Electroactive Polymers for Packaging Applications 18.5.1 Properties of Gas Barriers 18.5.2 Mechanical, Chemical, and Thermal Properties 18.5.3 Biodegradability 18.5.4 Moisture Barrier Properties 18.6 Conclusion References 19 Electroactive Polymers for Drug Delivery 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Conducting Mechanism 19.3 Synthesis of Conducting Polymers 19.3.1 Polyaniline 19.3.2 Polypyrrole 19.3.3 Polythiophene 19.4 Biomedical Applications of Electroactive Polymers 19.4.1 Biosensors 19.4.2 Tissue Engineering 19.4.3 Drug Delivery 19.5 Smart Drug Delivery 19.5.1 Polyaniline-Based Drug Delivery 19.5.2 Polypyrrole-Based Drug Delivery 19.5.3 Polythiophene-Based Drug Delivery 19.6 Conclusion References Index "This practical resource examines the history, progress, synthesis, and characterization of electroactive polymers and then details their wide application and potential in fields including Biomedical Science, Environmental Remediation, Renewable Energy, Robotics, Sensors and Textiles"-- Provided by publisher