Elam and Persia [papers from a meeting of the American Schools of Oriental Research, held in Philadelphia, Pa., 2003

The late 7th and 6th centuries B.C. was a period of tremendous upheaval and change in ancient western Asia, marked by the destruction of the Assyrian empire, the rise and collapse of the Neo-Babylonian state, and the stunning ascent of what was to become the Achaemenid Persian Empire, the largest polity the world had yet seen. Of the major cultural entities involved in these far-reaching events, Elam has long remained the least understood. The essays contained in this book are part of a continuing reassessment of the nature and significance of Elam in the early 1st millennium B.C., with a focus on the relationship between "Elamite" culture of the Neo-Elamite period and the emerging "Persian" culture in southwestern Iran in the 7th and 6th centuries B.C. The conception of this volume goes back to the 2003 meeting of the American Schools of Oriental Research that took place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where two sessions were dedicated to the rich cultural heritage of ancient Iran; it was also the first time that Iranian archaeology was represented at ASOR since the Iranian Revolution. This volume contains 14 contributions by leading scholars in the discipline, organized into 3 sections: (1) archaeology, (2) texts, and (3) images (art history). The volume is richly illustrated with more than 200 drawings and photographs. Elam and Persia......Page 4 Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 8 Contributors to Elam and Persia......Page 9 Abbreviations......Page 14 References......Page 19 Javier Álvarez-Μοn, Mark B. Garrison & David Stronach: Introduction......Page 20 Assyro-Babylonian Royal Texts......Page 28 Assyrian Palace Reliefs......Page 30 PFS 93*......Page 31 Anšan......Page 32 Material front the Zagros Region......Page 33 Acropole Texts......Page 34 Late Neo-Elamite Rock-Cut Reliefs......Page 36 Late Neo-Elamite Royal Inscriptions......Page 37 Arjan......Page 38 Achaemenid Royal Reliefs and Inscriptions......Page 40 Persepolis Fortification Texts......Page 42 Seals Impressions Preserved in the Fortification Archive......Page 43 References......Page 44 Part 1: Archaeology......Page 52 2. Background......Page 54 References......Page 60 2. Elamite Burial Types......Page 64 3. Elamite Concepts of the Afterlife and Burial Rituals......Page 65 4. The Royal Funerary Cults......Page 69 5. Conclusions......Page 75 References......Page 76 Part 2: Texts......Page 78 1. Introduction......Page 80 2.1. Nominal Classes of Proper Nouns......Page 81 2.2. Administrative Formulae......Page 82 2.3. The Administrative Designation kurman......Page 88 2.4.1. MDP 9, 165......Page 93 2.4.2. PF 335......Page 94 3. Continuity and Change......Page 97 Acknowledgments......Page 100 References......Page 101 Addendum......Page 107 1. Introduction......Page 108 2. Elamites, Iranians and Persians......Page 110 3. The Persepolis Fortification Tablets......Page 111 4. The Case of lan......Page 112 5. Auramazdā and the Other Gods Who Are......Page 115 6.1. šip and anši in Translation......Page 117 6.2. Document Status......Page 118 6.3.1. The Beneficiaries of šip......Page 121 6.3.2. Other Feasts......Page 122 6.3.3. The Beneficiaries of šip (bis)......Page 123 6.3.4. The Date of šip......Page 126 6.3.6. anši......Page 128 6.4.1. The King’s Presence in Fārs......Page 129 6.4.2. Royal Largesse......Page 131 6.4.3. Rewarding Services Rendered to the King......Page 133 6.4.4. Parnakka at Pasargadae, Peucestes at Persepolis......Page 134 6.5. šip: an Interim Summary......Page 138 7. Feasting in Elam......Page 139 7.1.1. šup at Daylām......Page 141 7.1.3. šup at Gisat......Page 142 7.1.5. Kilah-šupir......Page 144 7.1.6. The Importance of Elamite šup......Page 145 7.2. Other Textual Evidence......Page 146 7.3. The Feast of Aiapir......Page 147 8. A Persian Feast......Page 152 Appendix......Page 153 References......Page 175 Enrique Quintana: Elamitas Frente a Persas: el Reino Independiente de Anšan......Page 186 1.1. Anšan como regióon independiente de Elam......Page 187 1.3. Anšan como reino......Page 189 1.4. La tradición elamita......Page 190 2.1. Acerca del nombre de Ciro I en la documentación cuneiforme......Page 194 2.2. Un personaje llamado Teispes......Page 196 2.3. La confusión entre familia aqueménida y familia persa de Ciro......Page 197 3. La cuestión de Darío I......Page 200 3.2. El misterio de los ocho reyes anteriores......Page 201 4. Conclusión......Page 202 Bibliografía......Page 203 Summary: Elamites and Persians: The Independent Kingdom of Anšan......Page 205 Jan Tavernier: Iranians in Neo-Elamite Texts......Page 210 1. Introduction......Page 211 2.1.1. Personal Names......Page 212 2.1.2. Geographical Names......Page 213 2.2.1. Personal Names......Page 214 2.2.3. Loanwords......Page 226 2.3.1. Problematic Names and Words......Page 227 2.3.2. Dubia......Page 228 2.3.3. Pseudo-Iranica......Page 230 3.1.2. The Neo-Elamite Renderings of Iranian Names......Page 232 3.2.1. Based on the Elamite Cuneiform Signs......Page 239 3.2.2. Based on the Old Iranian Phonemes......Page 243 3.3. Graphic Aspects of Neo-Elamite Iranica: Broken Writings......Page 248 3.4.1. Vowels......Page 249 3.4.3. Consonants......Page 250 4.1. Phonology of Old Persian......Page 254 4.2.2. Proto-Ir. */dz/ > Av. /z/, Med. /z/, OP /d/......Page 255 4.3. The Importance of Neo-Elamite Iranica for the History of Old Iranian......Page 258 5. Historical Considerations Regarding Neo-Elamite Iranica......Page 259 6. Conclusion......Page 262 7.1. Glossary......Page 263 7.2. Index......Page 265 References......Page 275 1. Introduction......Page 282 2. Behistun DB L......Page 283 3. Le bas-relief de Behistun (fig. 1)......Page 287 3.1. Les étapes de Behistun......Page 289 3.2. La première inscription monumentale de Darius (DBa élamite)......Page 290 4. L’inscription envoyée dans tous les pays......Page 291 5. Les huit prédécesseurs de Darius......Page 293 5.1. Les deux lignées......Page 294 5.2. La damnatio memoriae......Page 295 6. Les inscriptions de Cyrus à Pasargades......Page 296 8. Conclusion......Page 298 9. Annexe: Traductions de DB L mentionnées dans les pages précédentes: variations sur un même thème......Page 299 Sigles des inscriptions et abréviations......Page 301 References......Page 302 1. Introduction......Page 304 3. Anšan......Page 305 4. Anšan and Parsu(m)aš......Page 306 5. Cyrus's Line......Page 308 References......Page 312 Part 3: Images......Page 316 §1. Foreword......Page 318 §2. Context of the Arjan Ring......Page 320 §3. The Gold Ring......Page 321 §3.1. Technical Notes......Page 322 §3.2. Additional Elamite “Rings”......Page 323 §3.3. The Function of the Elamite “Rings”......Page 326 §4.1. Stylistic and Iconographie Analyses......Page 330 4.1.1. Head......Page 332 4.1.3. Tail......Page 333 4.1.4. Forelegs and Hindquarters......Page 335 4.1.5. Thorax, Underbelly, and Backside......Page 339 4.1.7. Mountain Scale......Page 340 §4.2. Structure of the Composition......Page 341 5.1. Nimrud and the Assyrian Connection......Page 345 5.3. Susa and the Elamite Connection......Page 347 5.4. The Griffin in the Arts of the 1st Millennium B.C.......Page 353 5.4.1. The Lion-Headed Griffin and Eagle-Headed Griffin in Mesopotamia......Page 355 5.4.2. The Lion-Headed Griffin and the Eagle-Headed Griffin in Elam......Page 361 5.4.3. The Spade, the Wedge, and the Griffin: Notes on Late Neo-Elamite Religion......Page 365 5.4.4. The Lion-Headed Griffin and the Eagle-Headed Griffin in Persia......Page 368 6. The Arjan Ring in Historical Context......Page 375 6.1. The Assyrian Connection: the Exile and Return of the House of Urtak (664-648 B.C.)......Page 377 7. Dating the Arjan Ring and the Tomb at Arjan......Page 379 8. The Arjan Ring and the Development of Late Neo-Elamite Art......Page 382 9. Final Comments......Page 383 References......Page 384 2. Introduction......Page 394 3. Composition, Iconography, and Style of PFS 93*......Page 400 4.1. Antique Seals in the PFS Corpus......Page 402 4.2. Assyria......Page 409 5. Conclusions......Page 418 References......Page 421 §1. Abstract......Page 426 §2. Historical Mannea......Page 427 §3. The Field of Mannean Studies......Page 428 §4.1. Glazed Tile I: Winged Genius I (figs. 4 and 5)......Page 429 §4.2. Glazed Tile II: Winged Genius II (fig. 8)......Page 431 §4.3. Glazed Tile III: Antithetical Ibexes (figs. 9 and 10)......Page 432 §5. Commentary: Aspects of Mannean Art......Page 433 References......Page 434 1. Preamble......Page 438 2. Premise: Creation of an Imperial Vision......Page 440 3.1. Framings of Identity and Liminality on the Apadana at Persepolis......Page 442 3.2. The Medes on the Apadana Wing B......Page 444 3.3.1. The Garment......Page 445 3.3.2. The Gift of Bows......Page 452 3.3.3. The Gift of Daggers......Page 455 3.3.4. Summary: The Gifted Weapons......Page 459 3.3.5. The Gift of the Lioness and Her Cubs......Page 460 3.3.5.1. Lions as Allegorical Figures of Elam......Page 462 3.3.5.2. Altered Echoes of the Banquet Scene at Nineveh......Page 464 3.3.5.3. A Royal Woman of Elam?......Page 469 3.3.6. Back to the Lion Family of Persepolis......Page 472 3.3.6.1. Lions as Actual Gifts for the Royal Hunter......Page 473 3.3.6.2. Lions as Gifts Needed for Ritual Enactments of Kingship......Page 477 3.3.6.3. Lions as Allegorical Figures in the Grand Imperial Metaphor......Page 478 3.3.7. A Perfect Union......Page 482 4. Postscript......Page 484 References......Page 485 2. Background......Page 494 3. The Testimony of the Texts......Page 496 4. Aspathines......Page 497 5. Parsa and beyond Parsa......Page 500 6. The Royal Guards at Susa and Persepolis......Page 501 References......Page 505 Javier Álvarez-Mon & Mark B. Garrison: Postscript: The Legacy of Elam......Page 508 References......Page 511

The late 7th and 6th centuries B.C. were a period of tremendous upheaval and change in ancient western Asia, marked by the destruction of the Assyrian Empire, the rise and collapse of the Neo-Babylonian state, and the stunning ascent of what was to become the Achaemenid Persian Empire, the largest polity the world had yet seen. Of the major cultural entities involved in these far-reaching events, Elam has long remained the least understood. The essays contained in this book are part of a continuing reassessment of the nature and significance of Elam in the early 1st millennium B.C., with a focus on the relationship between “Elamite” culture of the Neo-Elamite period and the emerging “Persian” culture in southwestern Iran in the 7th and 6th centuries B.C.

The conception of this volume goes back to the 2003 meeting of the American Schools of Oriental Research that took place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where two sessions were dedicated to the rich cultural heritage of ancient Iran. It was also the first time that Iranian archaeology was represented at ASOR since the Iranian Revolution. This volume contains 14 contributions by leading scholars in the discipline, organized into 3 sections: archaeology, texts, and images (art history).

The volume is richly illustrated with more than 200 drawings and photographs.

Pt. 1. Archaeology -- A Note On The Limits Of Ansan / D.t. Potts -- Landscapes Of Death In Susiana During The Last Half Of The 2nd Millennium B.c. / Elizabeth Carter -- Pt. 2. Texts -- Elamite As Administrative Language : From Susa To Persepolis / Gian Pietro Basello -- Parnakka's Feast : Sip In Parsa And Elam / Wouter F.m. Henkelman -- Elamitas Frente A Persas : El Reino Independiente De Ansan / Enrique Quintana -- Iranians In Neo-elamite Texts / Jan Tavernier -- Darius, L'heritier Legitime, Et Les Premiers Achemenides / Francois Vallat -- Parsumas, Ansan, And Cyrus / Matt Waters -- Pt. 3. Images -- The Golden Griffin From Arjan / Javier Alvarez-mon -- The Seal Of Kuras The Anzanite, Son Of Sespes (teispes), Pfs 93* : Susa-ansan-persepolis / Mark B. Garrison -- New Evidence For Mannean Art : An Assessment Of Three Glazed Tiles From Qalaichi (izirtu) / Y. Hassanzadeh And H. Mollasalehi -- Elam In The Imperial Imagination : From Nineveh To Persepolis / Margaret Cool Root -- Court Dress And Riding Dress At Persepolis : New Approaches To Old Questions / David Stronach -- Postscript: The Legacy Of Elam / Javier Alvarez-mon, Mark B. Garrison. Edited By Javier Álvarez-mon And Mark B. Garrison. Includes Papers From A Meeting Of The American Schools Of Oriental Research, Held In Philadelphia, Pa., 2003. Includes Bibliographical References. The late 7th and 6th centuries B.C. were a period of tremendous upheaval and change in ancient western Asia, marked by the destruction of the Assyrian Empire, the rise and collapse of the Neo-Babylonian state, and the stunning ascent of what was to become the Achaemenid Persian Empire, the largest polity the world had yet seen. Of the major cultural entities involved in these far-reaching events, Elam has long remained the least understood. The essays contained in this book are part of a continuing reassessment of the nature and significance of Elam in the early 1st millennium B.C., with a focus on the relationship between "Elamite" culture of the Neo-Elamite period and the emerging "Persian" culture in southwestern Iran in the 7th and 6th centuries B.C. The conception of this volume goes back to the 2003 meeting of the American Schools of Oriental Research that took place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where two sessions were dedicated to the rich cultural heritage of ancient Iran. It was also the first time that Iranian archaeology was represented at ASOR since the Iranian Revolution. This volume contains 14 contributions by leading scholars in the discipline, organized into 3 sections: archaeology, texts, and images (art history). The volume is richly illustrated with more than 200 drawings and photographs.