El uso de combinaciones de palabras con "que" en un corpus de aprendices suecos de español como lengua extranjera

Previous research in phraseological studies has approached the difficulties that learners of foreign and second languages have to produce word combinations derived from idiomatic- or phraseological principles. Using the theoretical framework of Sinclair‟s idiom principle and applying a corpus-based methodological approach to contrastive linguistics and the study of interlanguage, I have analyzed the use of Spanish word sequences by Swedish learners. I argue that Swedish learners of Spanish as a Foreign Language overuse different word combinations due to mother tongue influence (Swedish), and as a consequence of different accommodation strategies in their interlanguage. The differences in function and frequency of use of these combinations decrease proportionally with the development of learners‟ knowledge and skills in the target language. The thesis presents a quantitative and qualitative analysis of word combinations with que: lo que, de que, algo que, dice que in 135 texts (corpus SAELE-Swedish students of Spanish as a foreign language) produced by 45 Swedish learners of Spanish as a Foreign Language (27 women and 18 men), at two Swedish universities. The sample represents 25.4% (P smaller than 0.005) of the total of 177 students (universe) enrolled in academic courses in Spanish as a Foreign Language. The study is contrastive corpus analysis of argumentative texts written by intermediate-level Swedish learners of Spanish (Corpus SAELE compiled by the author) which was compared with two control groups: one of native speakers of Spanish (control corpus of Spanish CEDEL2) and another of native speakers of Swedish (control corpus of Swedish ARGUS). The main research question was to examine whether Swedish learners of Spanish as a Foreign Language tend to use different word combinations with que: (lo que, de que, algo que and dice que) than Spanish and Swedish-natives. In addition, I have aimed at: (a) to carry out a survey based on sociolinguistic data obtained from students and (b) to investigate if the level of proficiency of Swedish learners of Spanish Foreign Language corresponded to A2-B1 within Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. Due to its polysemous nature, que has a high frequency of use in the Spanish control corpora (3.45%). The Swedish equivalents att appeared with a frequency of 3.75% and som with of 2.13% in the Swedish control corpus. In the corpus SAELE que appeared with a frequency of 2.95%. The study has shown the differences in use and frequency in the production of Swedish learners with Spanish and Swedish speakers. The combination dice que seems to be the most frequently used by Swedish learners of Spanish as a foreign language, although it was 21.6 % more frequent among the Swedish learners than Spanishspeakers (control corpus CEDEL2) and 13.44 % than among Swedish-speakers (control corpus ARGUS). The overuse of the combination dice que could reflect a tendency by Swedish learners of Spanish to use formulations typical of speech rather than of writing. In addition it was found that Swedish learners of Spanish use the combination algo que (0.4%) double as often as Spanish-speakers and lo que equivalent to det som 6.57% and to vad som 7.47 % more frequently than Swedish-speakers. It 8 shows learners linguistics continuum if you consider that lo que is the combination most frequently used by Spanish-speakers and the Swedish equivalents to algo que were the combinations most commonly used by Swedish-speakers. The analyses of the essays by the Swedish learners of Spanish as a Foreign Language participating in the present study showed that their skills conformed to level A2 to B1 (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages) according to the analyses of their essays. The learners produced some word combinations similar to those produced by Spanish natives, but made some errors in their written production. It was found that individual differences among participants with regard to age, length of study of Spanish in Sweden or a Spanish-speaking country could be another factor to take in account. A comparison of the Swedish learners with more advanced students of Spanish (level B1-B2), indicated that the latter used particle in a way that is directly proportional to the preferred choice by a native speaker. Pedagogical conclusions will be used to develop concordance and collocation-based exercises as a way of raising students‟ awareness of the use and function of recurrent words combinations with que in their written production. The title of this volume [in English: ”The Ambiguous Pact. Literary Texts in the Border-zone between Autobiography and Fiction”], refers to a debate that has taken place in recent years among literary scholars: is it possible to draw a sharp line between fictional and autobiographical texts? Philippe Lejeune (Le Pacte autobiographique, 1975) suggested that this could be done by establishing what type of pact the author implicitly concludes with the reader. His theories are widely spread but also contested and recent research has focussed on the large field of generically hybrid, indeterminate texts that are neither traditional autobiographies nor entirely fictional. Some specialists have proposed to call such texts autofictions, a term spurned by others. The introductory chapter of this book summarizes the contributions made to this debate since the seventies (mainly in France) and tries to pinpoint the main reasons for disagreement and the questions left without satisfactory answers. Then follow eighteen case studies devoted to particular authors representing a wide range of cultural spheres. The authors discussed are the contemporary French writers Serge Doubrovsky, Marguerite Duras, Michel Houellebecq, and Éric Chevillard, Antoine Volodine (a contemporary Russian-born writer who publishes his books in French), Baudoin (a French artist who has produced several autobiographical comic strips), Fred Vargas, (a well-known French writer of detective novels), Romanian writer Mircea Cartarescu, French-speaking Belgian writer Jean Muno, French-Algerian writer Assia Djebar, Hélisenne de Crenne (a French writer from the sixteenth century), Spanish author Juan Goytisolo, three writers from Uruguay who have spent part of their lives in exile in Sweden (Carlos Liscano, Fernando Butazzoni, and Ana Luisa Valdés), Argentinean novelist Laura Alcoba, the poet John Hewitt from Northern Ireland, the contemporary German novelist Reinhard Lettau, the famous Japanese writer Yukio Mishim