El español en el mundo 2022. Anuario del Instituto Cervantes

Presentación Carmen Pastor Villalba .................................... 11 1 El español en el mundo ................................................ 19 El español: una lengua viva. Informe 2022 Instituto Cervantes.................................................................. 23 2 Lenguaje e inteligencia artificial .............................. 133 Reflexiones precavidas sobre la inteligencia artificial Luis García Montero ............................................................... 135 La importancia de la ética, y la perspectiva social y cultural, en el español de las máquinas Idoia Salazar García ................................................................ 145 Del aprendizaje a la enseñanza. Educando con inteligencia artificial Miguel Rebollo Pedruelo........................................................... 165 Cómo hablan las máquinas español: logros, retos y oportunidades para la inteligencia artificial aplicada al lenguaje Elena González-Blanco García, Salvador Ros Muñoz y Víctor Fresno Fernández .......................................................... 183 La tecnología del lenguaje: la inteligencia artificial centrada en el lenguaje German Rigau i Claramunt........................................................ 201 El desembarco de la inteligencia artificial en la traducción automática Juan Alberto Alonso Martín....................................................... 219 8 EL ESPAÑOL EN EL MUNDO 3 Evolución internacional del español ......................... 241 El español en Suiza, con un apunte sobre su presencia en Liechtenstein Johannes Kabatek .................................................................. 245 El español en los Balcanes: Bosnia y Herzegovina, Croacia, Eslovenia, Macedonia del Norte, Montenegro y Serbia Barbara Pihler Ciglič y Jelena Filipović ........................................ 271 El español en los Emiratos Árabes Unidos Ioannis Antzus Ramos ............................................................. 301 El español en Kenia Javier Serrano Avilés................................................................ 325 El español en Madagascar Miharimanjaka Océane Rakotondrasolo ........................................ 351 4 Informes del Instituto Cervantes............................... 365 El Instituto Cervantes y las pruebas para la nacionalidad española para sefardíes Philippe Robertet Montesinos ................................................... 367 El Instituto Cervantes en el mundo Carmen Noguero Galilea y Antonio Lázaro Gozalo ........................... 393 Directorio de establecimientos del Instituto Cervantes Gabinete Técnico de Secretaría General ........................................ 397 Sobre los autores ......................................................... 429 "In the Tale of The Fall of Gondolin are two of the greatest powers in the world. There is Morgoth of the uttermost evil, unseen in this story but ruling over a vast military power from his fortress of Angband. Deeply opposed to Morgoth is Ulmo, second in might only to Manwë, chief of the Valar: he is called the Lord of Waters, of all seas, lakes, and rivers under the sky. But he works in secret in Middle-earth to support the Noldor, the kindred of the Elves among whom were numbered Húrin and Túrin Turambar. Central to this enmity of the gods is the city of Gondolin, beautiful but undiscoverable. It was built and peopled by Noldorin Elves who, when they dwelt in Valinor, the land of the gods, rebelled against their rule and fled to Middle-earth. Turgon King of Gondolin is hated and feared above all his enemies by Morgoth, who seeks in vain to discover the marvellously hidden city, while the gods in Valinor in heated debate largely refuse to intervene in support of Ulmo's desires and designs. Into this world comes Tuor, cousin of Túrin, the instrument of Ulmo's designs. Guided unseen by him Tuor sets out from the land of his birth on the fearful journey to Gondolin, and in one of the most arresting moments in the history of Middle-earth the sea-god himself appears to him, rising out of the ocean in the midst of a storm. In Gondolin he becomes great; he is wedded to Idril, Turgon's daughter, and their son is Eärendel, whose birth and profound importance in days to come is foreseen by Ulmo. At last comes the terrible ending. Morgoth learns through an act of supreme treachery all that he needs to mount a devastating attack on the city, with Balrogs and dragons and numberless Orcs. After a minutely observed account of the fall of Gondolin, the tale ends with the escape of Túrin and Idril, with the child Eärendel, looking back from a cleft in the mountains as they flee southward, at the blazing wreckage of their city. They were journeying into a new story, the Tale of Eärendel, which Tolkien never wrote, but which is sketched out in this book from other sources. Following his presentation of Beren and Lúthien Christopher Tolkien has used the same 'history in sequence' mode in the writing of this edition of The Fall of Gondolin. In the words of J.R.R. Tolkien, it was 'the first real story of this imaginary world' and, together with Beren and Lúthien and The Children of Húrin, he regarded it as one of the three 'Great Tales' of the Elder Days." - Amazon.com