EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY IN THE ENERGY AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES : scientific principles and... case studies, third edition

Using classic thermodynamic principles as the point of departure, this new edition of a popular resource supplies the understanding and tools required to measure process ef ciency and sustainability with much improved accuracy. Exploring the driving forces in the chemical and power industries, Efficiency and Sustainability in the Energy and Chemical Industries: Scientific Principles and Case Studies, Third Edition investigates why losses occur and explains how to reduce them. It focuses on the changing roles of refining and chemicals in industry and how the industry is transforming itself, and considers economics as a key enabler to look at technology choices and whether shareholder returns will be there. Includes new chapters on plastics recycling technologies and challenges, low carbon energy sources, the changing energy mix, and project economics, taxes, and subsidies Illustrates techniques with wide-ranging case studies related to energy conversion, mining, and the chemical industries as well as examples and problems Considers engineering layouts that reduce the environmental impact of chemical operations Explains how to use energy analysis to accurately assess the quality and performance of chemical processes Supplies quantitative tools for analyzing sustainability and efficiency Investigates the challenges of the hydrogen economy and CO2 and low carbon Discusses plastics recycling, economics, and a changing energy mix Complete with the keys to quantification of process efficiency and sustainability, this cutting-edge book is the ideal guide for those engaged in the transition from fossil-based fuels to renewable and sustainable energy sources using low-waste procedures. Cover Half Title Series Title Copyright Dedication Contents Series Editor Introduction Preface About the Author Part I Basics Chapter 1 Introduction References Chapter 2 Thermodynamics Revisited 2.1 The System and Its Environment 2.2 States and State Properties 2.3 Processes and Their Conditions 2.4 The First Law 2.5 The Second Law and Boltzmann 2.6 The Second Law and Clausius 2.7 Change in Composition 2.8 The Structure of a Thermodynamic Application References Chapter 3 Energy “Consumption” and Lost Work 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Carnot Factor 3.3 Lessons from a Heat Exchanger 3.4 Lost Work and Entropy Generation 3.5 Conclusion References Chapter 4 Entropy Generation: Cause and Effect 4.1 Equilibrium Thermodynamics 4.2 On Forces and Flows: Cause and Effect 4.3 Cause and Effect: The Relation between Forces and Flows 4.4 Coupling 4.5 Limited Validity of Linear Laws 4.6 Conclusion References Chapter 5 Reduction of Lost Work 5.1 A Remarkable Triangle 5.2 Carnot Revisited: From Ideal to Real Processes 5.3 Finite-Time, Finite-Size Thermodynamics 5.4 The Principle of Equipartitioning 5.5 Conclusion References Part II Thermodynamic Analysis of Processes Chapter 6 Exergy, a Convenient Concept 6.1 Exergy 6.2 The Convenience of the Exergy Concept 6.2.1 Out of Equilibrium with the Environment: What It Takes to Get There 6.2.2 Out of Equilibrium with the Environment: What It Takes to Stay There 6.2.3 Dissipative Structures 6.2.4 Physical and Chemical Exergy 6.3 Example of a Simple Analysis 6.4 The Quality of the Joule 6.5 Example of the Quality Concept 6.6 Conclusion References Chapter 7 Chemical Exergy 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Exergy of Mixing 7.3 Chemical Exergy 7.3.1 Reference Components from Air 7.3.2 Exergy Values of the Elements 7.3.3 Chemical Exergy Values of Compounds 7.3.4 The Convenience of the Chemical Exergy Concept 7.4 Cumulative Exergy Consumption 7.5 Conclusion References Chapter 8 Simple Applications References Part III Case Studies Chapter 9 Energy Conversion 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Global Energy Consumption 9.3 Global Exergy Flows 9.4 Exergy or Lost Work Analysis 9.5 Electric Power Generation 9.5.1 Steam Plants 9.5.2 Gas Turbines 9.5.3 Combined Cycle 9.5.4 Nuclear Power 9.5.5 Hydropower 9.5.6 Wind Power 9.5.7 Solar Power 9.5.8 Geothermal Energy 9.6 Coal Conversion Processes 9.6.1 Fixed or Moving Beds 9.6.2 Suspended Beds 9.6.3 Fluidized Beds 9.6.4 Thermodynamic Analysis of Coal Combustion 9.6.5 Discussion 9.6.6 Coal Gasification 9.7 Thermodynamic Analysis of Gas Combustion 9.7.1 Exergy In 9.7.2 Air Requirements 9.7.3 Exergy Out 9.7.4 Efficiency 9.7.5 Discussion 9.8 Steam Power Plant 9.9 Gas Turbines, Combined Cycles, and Cogeneration 9.9.1 Gas Turbines 9.9.2 Thermodynamic Analysis of Gas Turbines 9.9.3 Combined Cycles, Cogeneration, and Cascading 9.9.4 Example 9.10 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 10 Separations 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Propane, Propylene, and Their Separation 10.2.1 Single-Column Process 10.2.2 Double-Column Process 10.2.3 Heat Pump Process 10.3 Basics 10.3.1 Flash Distillation 10.3.2 Multistage Distillation and Reflux 10.4 The Ideal Column: Thermodynamic Analysis 10.5 The Real Column 10.6 Exergy Analysis with a Flow Sheet Program 10.7 Remedies 10.7.1 Making Use of Waste Heat 10.7.2 Membranes 10.7.3 Other Methods 10.8 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 11 Chemical Conversion 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Polyethylene Processes: A Brief Overview 11.2.1 Polyethylene High-Pressure Tubular Process 11.2.2 Polyethylene Gas-Phase Process 11.3 Exergy Analysis: Preliminaries 11.4 Results of the HP LDPE Process Exergy Analysis 11.5 Process Improvement Options 11.5.1 Lost Work Reduction by the Use of a Turbine 11.5.2 Alternative to the Extruder 11.5.3 Process Improvement Options: Estimated Savings 11.6 Results of the Gas-Phase Polymerization Process Exergy Analysis 11.7 Process Improvement Options 11.7.1 Coupling Reactions and Chemical Heat Pump System 11.7.2 Exergy Loss Reduction by Recovering Butylene and Ethylene from Purge Gas 11.7.3 Heat Pump and Preheating of Polymer 11.7.4 An Alternative to the Extruder 11.7.5 Process Improvement Options: Estimated Savings 11.8 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 12 A Note on Life Cycle Analysis 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Life Cycle Analysis Methodology 12.2.1 Goal and Scope 12.2.2 Inventory Analysis 12.2.3 Impact Assessment 12.2.4 Interpretation and Action 12.3 Life Cycle Analysis and Exergy 12.4. Zero-Emission ELCA 12.5 Example of a Simple Analysis 12.6. Concluding Remarks References Part IV Sustainability Chapter 13 Sustainable Development 13.1 Sustainable Development 13.1.1 Three Views 13.1.2 Some Other Views 13.2 Nature as an Example of Sustainability 13.3 A Sustainable Economic System 13.3.1 Thermodynamics, Economics, and Ecology 13.3.2 Economics and Ecology 13.3.3 Nature’s Capital and Services 13.3.4 Adjustment of the Gross National Product 13.3.5 Intermezzo: Thermodynamics and Economics—A Daring Comparison and Analogy 13.4 Toward a Solar-Fueled Society: A Thermodynamic Perspective 13.4.1 Thermodynamic Analysis of a Power Station 13.4.2 Some Observations 13.4.3 From Fossil to Solar 13.5 Ecological Restrictions 13.5.1 Ecological Footprint 13.5.2 Waste 13.6 Thermodynamic Criteria for Sustainability Analysis 13.6.1 Introduction 13.6.2 Sustainable Resource Utilization Parameter α 13.6.3 Notes on Determining Depletion Times and Abundance Factors 13.6.4 Exergy Efficiency η 13.6.5 The Environmental Compatibility ξ 13.6.6 Determining Overall Sustainability 13.6.7 Related Work 13.7 Conclusion References Chapter 14 Efficiency and Sustainability in the Chemical Process Industry 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Lost Work in the Process Industry 14.3 The Processes 14.4 Thermodynamic Efficiency 14.5 Efficient Use of High-Quality Resources 14.6 Toward Sustainability 14.7 Chemical Routes 14.8 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 15 Plastics Recycling 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Sorting of Plastic 15.3 Waste Frameworks 15.4 Mechanical Recycling 15.5 Chemical Recycling 15.6 Melt Pyrolysis of Polyolefins References Chapter 16 Project Economics, Taxes, and Subsidies for Sustainability 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Why Process and Project Economics? 16.3 Technology Strategy 16.4 Taxes, Cap-and-Trade, and Subsidies References Chapter 17 Low Carbon 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Hierarchy of Solutions 17.3 Avoid CO2 17.4 Reduce CO2 17.5 Capture CO2 at Source 17.6 Capture CO2 from Atmosphere References Chapter 18 A Changing Energy Mix 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Future Energy Mix 18.3 Net Zero and Beyond 18.4 Conclusion References Chapter 19 CO2 Capture and Sequestration 19.1 Introduction 19.2 CO2 Emissions 19.3 The Carbon Cycle 19.4 Carbon Sequestration: Separation and Storage and Reuse of CO2 19.5 Carbon Capture Research 19.6 Geologic Sequestration Research 19.6.1 Oil and Gas Reservoirs 19.6.2 Coal Bed Methane 19.6.3 Saline Formations 19.6.4 CO2 Mineralization 19.6.5 Efficiency of CO2 Capture and Sequestration 19.7 Carbon Tax and Cap-and-Trade 19.8 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 20 Sense and Nonsense of Green Chemistry and Biofuels 20.1 Introduction 20.1.1 What Is Green? 20.1.2 What Is Biomass? 20.1.3 Biomass as a Resource 20.1.4 Structure of This Chapter 20.2 Principles of Green Chemistry 20.3 Raw Materials 20.3.1 Biomass 20.3.2 Recycling 20.4 Conversion Technologies 20.4.1 Combustion 20.4.2 Pyrolysis 20.4.3 Gasification 20.4.4 Upgrading Biomass 20.5 How Green Are Green Plastics? 20.5.1 Optimism in the United States 20.5.2 Initiatives in Europe 20.5.3 From a Hydrocarbon to a Carbohydrate Economy? 20.5.4 Feelings of Discomfort 20.5.4.1 Case Study 20.1: Green Plastics 20.5.5 Short Memory: Ignorance or Not Welcome? 20.6 Biofuels: Reality or Illusion? 20.6.1 Multidisciplinarity 20.6.1.1 Case Study 20.2: Bioethanol from Corn 20.6.2 Second-Generation Biofuels 20.6.3 The Fossil Load Factor 20.6.4 Sustainability and Efficiency 20.6.5 Algae 20.6.6 The Future 20.6.7 Sense or Nonsense? Discussion 20.7 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 21 Solar Energy Conversion 21.1 Introduction: “Lighting the Way” 21.2 Characteristics 21.3 The Creation of Wind Energy 21.4 Photothermal Conversion 21.5 Photovoltaic Energy Conversion 21.6 Photosynthesis 21.7 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 22 Hydrogen: Fuel of the Future? 22.1 Introduction 22.2 The Hydrogen Economy 22.3 Current Hydrogen Economy 22.4 Conventional Hydrogen Production from Conventional Sources—Gray, Brown, and Blue Hydrogen 22.5 Hydrogen from Renewables 22.6 Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier 22.7 Hydrogen as a Transportation Fuel 22.8 Efficiency of Obtaining Transportation Fuels 22.9 Challenges of the Hydrogen Economy 22.10 Hydrogen Production: Centralized or Decentralized? 22.11 Infrastructure 22.12 Hydrogen Storage 22.13 Fuel Cells as a Possible Alternative to Internal Combustion 22.14 Costs of the Hydrogen Economy 22.15 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 23 Future Trends 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Energy Industries 23.3 Chemical Industries 23.4 Changing Opinions on Investment 23.5 Transition 23.6 Concluding Remarks References Index