Effect of conventional chemical treatment on the microbial population in a biofouling layer of reverse osmosis systems

The impact of conventional chemical treatment on initiation and spatiotemporal development of biofilms on reverse osmosis (RO) membranes was investigated in situ using flow cells placed in parallel with the RO system of a full-scale water treatment plant. The flow cells got the same feed (extensively pre-treated fresh surface water) and operational conditions (temperature, pressure and membrane flux) as the full-scale installation. With regular intervals both the full-scale RO membrane modules and the flow cells were cleaned using conventional chemical treatment. For comparison some flow cells were not cleaned. Sampling was done at different time periods of flow cell operation (i.e., 1, 5, 10 and 17 days and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months). The combination of molecular (FISH, DGGE, clone libraries and sequencing) and microscopic (field emission scanning electron, epifluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy) techniques made it possible to thoroughly analyze the abundance, composition and 3D architecture of the emerged microbial layers. The results suggest that chemical treatment facilitates initiation and subsequent maturation of biofilm structures on the RO membrane and feed-side spacer surfaces. Biofouling control might be possible only if the cleaning procedures are adapted to effectively remove the (dead) biomass from the RO modules after chemical treatment. IFC_IFC_Editorial-BoardPublication-Information_WATRES......Page 1 Introduction......Page 2 Processing of water samples......Page 3 Biofilm structure after cleaning......Page 4 Biofouling on cleaned versus non-cleaned membranes......Page 9 Chemical treatment is not cleaning......Page 11 References......Page 12 Tracking natural organic matter (NOM) in a drinking water treatment plant using fluorescence excitation–emission matrices a .........Page 14 Materials......Page 386 SAnMBR setup and operating conditions......Page 15 Effect of nickel and cobalt limitation on anaerobic fermentation of a defined model substrate......Page 17 Results and discussion......Page 253 Adsorption......Page 18 Desorption after intermittent loading......Page 19 Impact of media mixing (simulated backwashing)......Page 21 Acknowledgements......Page 22 References......Page 548 Partition of pollution between dissolved and particulate phases: What about emerging substances in urban stormwater catchments?......Page 24 Introduction......Page 319 Sample collection and inoculation......Page 251 Probabilistic modelling of random errors......Page 26 Evaluation of temporal concentration variability......Page 27 Methodology......Page 29 Batch adsorption studies......Page 175 Implications......Page 33 Chemical CIP performance of different cleaning reagents......Page 34 Release of antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes in the effluent and biosolids of five wastewater utilities in Michigan......Page 36 Introduction......Page 203 Materials and methods......Page 38 Materials......Page 216 Filling water NOM......Page 144 Polymer coating on activated carbon......Page 39 Removal of somatic and K13-phages by slow sand filtration at different depths and PWVs in the facility of Fig. 1A......Page 41 Urine quantity and quality......Page 452 Removal of somatic and K13-phages, and of E. coli, intestinal enterococci and adenovirus genomes by slow sand filtration at .........Page 42 Removal of somatic and K13-phages, and of adenovirus (AdV) genomes by slow sand filtration at 30 and 120 cm migration dista .........Page 43 Discussion......Page 554 References......Page 47 Introduction......Page 50 Erratum to ``The fate of Transparent Exopolymer Particles (TEP) in integrated membrane systems: Removal through pre-treatme .........Page 557 Material and methods......Page 303 Sampling sites......Page 51 Analytical methods......Page 451 Fraction B: humic substances (HS)......Page 478 Kinetic experiments......Page 193 Filtration......Page 52 Acidity constants......Page 231 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis......Page 53 Sulfur content and pH effects on adsorption capacities of AC-PSR......Page 54 Mercury adsorption isotherm......Page 56 Discussion......Page 266 References......Page 529 List of abbreviations......Page 57 461_472_Implications-of-land-disturbance-on-drinking-water-treatability-in-a-changing-climate-Demonstrating-the-need-for-“source-water-supply-and-protection”-strategies_WATRES......Page 58 Membranes......Page 502 DNA extraction......Page 59 Sample enumeration......Page 60 Culture method......Page 282 Role of aeration pattern and impact on plant operation and control......Page 61 Results and discussion......Page 157 Biofilm analysis......Page 122 Nitrogen and phosphorous......Page 64 Effects of chemical CIP on effluent quality......Page 124 Molecular weight distribution of the cork wastewater organic/phenolic content......Page 494 Hydrophilic and hydrophobic fractions of organic substance......Page 65 Alkylphenols......Page 147 Acknowledgments......Page 68 References......Page 489 473_482_Comparison-of-humic-acid-rejection-and-flux-decline-during-filtration-with-negatively-charged-and-uncharged-ultrafiltration-membranes_WATRES......Page 70 Materials and methods......Page 71 Electrochemical experiments......Page 426 Zeta potential measurement......Page 72 SMP production and components......Page 204 One-step growth curve of bacteriophage......Page 73 Kinetics of full-scale micropollutant oxidation......Page 206 Changes of water chemistry due to scaling......Page 350 Effect of ionic strength......Page 76 Effect of adding calcium......Page 77 References......Page 220 Acknowledgements......Page 116 Conductivity......Page 434 483_496_Validation-of-two-tropical-marine-bivalves-as-bioindicators-of-mining-contamination-in-the-New-Caledonia-lagoon-Field-transplantation-experiments_WATRES......Page 80 Kinetic assessment and modeling of an ozonation step for full-scale municipal wastewater treatment: Micropollutant oxidatio .........Page 202 Introduction......Page 291 Materials and methods......Page 230 Experiment 1: reciprocal transplantations......Page 81 Experiment 2: unidirectional transplantation in Grande Rade......Page 82 Sampling preparation and analyses......Page 83 UF and NF experiments with cork wastewater......Page 84 Clams G. tumidum......Page 85 Microscopic and spectroscopic sand characterization......Page 86 Estimation of the minimum sample size required to detect a significant difference in concentrations......Page 87 Discussion......Page 389 Acknowledgments......Page 92 497_508_The-effect-of-UVH2O2-treatment-on-biofilm-formation-potential_WATRES......Page 94 Introduction......Page 407 Introduction......Page 95 Materials and methods......Page 96 Sampling site......Page 163 Preparation of UF membranes......Page 408 Results and discussion......Page 98 Measurement and calculation of inhibition......Page 552 Improved humic substances diagram (HS-diagram)......Page 100 Biofilm annular reactors after GAC pilot contactors......Page 102 Conclusions......Page 103 Acknowledgements......Page 104 References......Page 247 Introduction......Page 106 Introduction......Page 190 Analytical methods......Page 450 Sampling strategy......Page 108 QA/QC......Page 217 Obtaining floc images......Page 109 Results......Page 526 EPS production and composition......Page 110 MWD of bound EPS......Page 111 Surface composition of sludge measured by XPS......Page 112 Zeta potential......Page 113 Relationships between sludge properties and settleability as well as flocculating ability......Page 114 Cork industry wastewater partition by ultra/nanofiltration: A biodegradation and valorisation study......Page 118 Introduction......Page 142 Biofilms......Page 263 Method of chemical CIP......Page 119 Explaining the likelihood of use of recycled water......Page 512 Results......Page 121 Kinetic measurements for OH radical and eaq−......Page 225 Discussion......Page 129 Acknowledgements......Page 130 Characteristics of adsorbents made from biological, chemical and hybrid sludges and their effect on organics removal in was .........Page 132 Introduction......Page 162 Titanium dioxide photocatalysis......Page 133 Temperature......Page 134 MS2 dark inactivation......Page 135 Photocatalytic MS2 inactivation......Page 137 Effects of HO scavengers......Page 138 References......Page 139 Impact of an intense combined sewer overflow event on the microbiological water quality of the Seine River......Page 318 Material and methods......Page 143 Sample collection......Page 330 Floc fractal dimensions and settling rate......Page 145 The CSO event......Page 146 Granulation......Page 455 Estimation of volume fractal dimension......Page 148 Predicting the settling velocity of flocs......Page 149 Supplementary material......Page 392 Estimation of 3D volume fractal dimensions from 2D fractal dimensions......Page 150 Floc internal structure......Page 151 Acknowledgement......Page 152 References......Page 326 Boron-doped diamond anodic treatment of landfill leachate: Evaluation of operating variables and formation of oxidation by- .........Page 154 Materials and methods......Page 279 Sample collection......Page 238 Characterizations and measurements......Page 181 Experimental design methodology......Page 427 CFD analysis......Page 410 Fugacity based mass balance model......Page 368 Decay test results and modeling in aerobic conditions......Page 158 Modeling of micropollutant oxidation and E. coli inactivation......Page 159 Acknowledgments......Page 160 Introduction......Page 170 NMR analysis......Page 164 Results......Page 264 Analysis......Page 440 Large-scale population structure of Cladophora-associated E. coli......Page 166 Nitrosamine-FP under SDS conditions......Page 439 Acknowledgements......Page 168 Supplementary material......Page 213 References......Page 169 Materials and methods......Page 171 GRA......Page 172 Results and discussion......Page 173 Batch experiments......Page 484 Occurrence of stormwater priority substances......Page 516 Conclusions......Page 177 As(V) removal using carbonized yeast cells containing silver nanoparticles......Page 180 Orthogonal test......Page 182 Bacterial community composition of a sewage-polluted river......Page 388 Comparison with shell adsorption model......Page 185 B-nZVI used to remove Cr(VI) from electroplating wastewater and B-nZVI reuse......Page 488 Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm......Page 186 References......Page 187 Fieldwork administration......Page 312 Microscopic and spectroscopic characterization of sand coatings......Page 192 Fraction C: building blocks......Page 194 Effect of mass of FeS solid on coating......Page 195 Simulation of solid phase composition of coating......Page 196 Conclusions......Page 528 Appendix. Supplementary material......Page 199 Pilot-scale cooling tower tests......Page 348 Determination of pseudo first-order ozone decay constants, ozone and hydroxyl radical exposures and Rct values......Page 205 Influence of pH, flow velocity and non-ionic surfactant concentration on transport of nano-TiO2......Page 442 Prediction of micropollutant oxidation based on a model coupling reactor hydraulics with ozone chemistry and reaction kinetics......Page 207 Prediction of full-scale micropollutant oxidation by laboratory-scale batch experiments......Page 209 Oxidation by-products......Page 210 Removal of TCC and E. coli......Page 211 Discussion......Page 212 Introduction......Page 215 Nitrogen removal......Page 218 Wastewater and permeated fractions characterization......Page 486 Acknowledgements......Page 356 Introduction......Page 222 A screening level fate model of organic contaminants from advanced water treatment in a potable water supply reservoir......Page 365 Materials and methods......Page 320 Treatment performance......Page 223 Explaining the likelihood of use of desalinated water......Page 536 Cork wastewater characterization......Page 504 Photodegradation of atorvastatin (35.8 μM)......Page 224 Oxidation yields for OCD and OND......Page 480 Evolution of parameters and their f coefficients with wastewater partition......Page 506 Photodegradation of atorvastatin near environmental concentrations (35.8 nM)......Page 226 Supplementary data......Page 227 632_638_Photosensitized-degradation-of-amoxicillin-in-natural-organic-matter-isolate-solutions_WATRES......Page 229 What affects public acceptance of recycled and desalinated water?......Page 378 Introduction......Page 460 Effect of Cu2+ on change in biofilm local activity......Page 234 Water security initiative......Page 258 References......Page 509 Antimicrobial resistance of heterotrophic bacteria in sewage-contaminated rivers......Page 236 Materials and methods......Page 237 Results......Page 239 Interpretations of the sensitivity analysis results......Page 240 The most significant parameters for effluent ammonium......Page 241 The most significant parameters for aeration energy demand......Page 242 Conclusions......Page 315 Scenario 3: combined impacts of biokinetic model assumptions, hydraulics and aeration......Page 243 Interpretation of sensitivity analysis results: context and framing......Page 244 Sensitivity analysis for studying extreme conditions in the WWTP performance......Page 245 Conclusions......Page 246 On-line monitors and early warning systems......Page 249 Inoculum and defined model substrate......Page 250 Proposed “raw” data-based approach......Page 252 Model confirmation......Page 255 Appendix......Page 259 Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) parasites: Potentially useful bioindicators of freshwater quality?......Page 262 Introduction......Page 311 References......Page 269 Evaluating the influence of process parameters on soluble microbial products formation using response surface methodology c .........Page 271 Introduction......Page 385 Operational conditions......Page 321 Experimental conditions and analytical methods......Page 273 RSM analysis......Page 274 Conclusions......Page 481 681_693_Release-of-antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-and-genes-in-the-effluent-and-biosolids-of-five-wastewater-utilities-in-Michigan_WATRES......Page 278 Sample processing......Page 280 Analytical methods......Page 379 Characterization......Page 485 Results and discussion......Page 283 ARGs and ARB in biosolids......Page 285 Discussion......Page 286 Conclusions......Page 288 Acknowledgement......Page 301 References......Page 316 Introduction......Page 476 Materials and methods......Page 292 O2 profiles in the biofilm......Page 293 Quantitative analysis of AR occurrence between E. coli and heterotrophic bacteria: impact of the sewage pollution level......Page 387 Phage-based biocontrol of biomass bulking caused by H. hydrossis......Page 294 Stability under different conditions and cross infectivity of HHY-phage......Page 295 Effect of biocontrol on sludge settling......Page 298 Effect of phage application on COD and nutrient removal efficiency......Page 300 Submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor for low-strength wastewater treatment: Effect of HRT and SRT on treatment performan .........Page 302 Results and discussion......Page 304 Effect of Zn2+ on change in biofilm local activity......Page 331 Effect of SRT......Page 305 Effect of HRT......Page 306 Effect of SRT......Page 307 References......Page 310 Effect of antiscalants addition......Page 349 Fine-scale genetic structure......Page 323 Introduction......Page 329 Introduction......Page 436 Formation potential (FP) tests......Page 525 Occurrences of sex hormones in receiving river waters......Page 335 Surface chemistry structure......Page 336 Demonstration of 20 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) as nitrosamine precursors during chloramine disinfection......Page 338 Nitrosamine-FP under MFP conditions......Page 544 Acknowledgement......Page 343 Control of mineral scale deposition in cooling systems using secondary-treated municipal wastewater......Page 345 Novel organic nitrogen detector (OND, Fig. 1)......Page 347 Mass deposition measurement......Page 352 Experimental observation vs. equilibrium prediction......Page 353 761_767_Direct-observation-of-solid-phase-adsorbate-concentration-profile-in-powdered-activated-carbon-particle-to-elucidate-mechanism-of-high-adsorption-capacity-on-super-powdere......Page 358 Column system......Page 359 Nitrosamine analysis......Page 396 FE-SEM/EDXS of a PAC-T particle......Page 360 Adsorption isotherms and solid-phase concentration profile......Page 361 Statistical hypothesis testing......Page 362 Acknowledgements......Page 474 Half-life values in water and sediment......Page 367 DOC, UVA254 and SUVA......Page 398 Organotins......Page 517 Speciation and partitioning to the air......Page 369 Influence of non-ionic vs. anionic surfactant in the transport of nano-TiO2......Page 444 Magnesium sources......Page 370 All chemicals detected in recycled water......Page 371 Disinfection by-products (DBPs)......Page 373 Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs)......Page 374 Other chemicals......Page 375 References......Page 376 Study on process stability during anaerobic fermentation of the defined model substrate......Page 382 Conclusion......Page 383 797_809_Tracking-natural-organic-matter-(NOM)-in-a-drinking-water-treatment-plant-using-fluorescence-excitation–emission-matrices-and-PARAFAC_WATRES......Page 394 Introduction......Page 530 PARAFAC components......Page 399 PARAFAC component scores across treatment......Page 400 Correlations......Page 403 References......Page 404 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)......Page 409 CFD simulation......Page 411 Conclusions......Page 414 819_827_Characteristics-of-adsorbents-made-from-biological,-chemical-and-hybrid-sludges-and-their-effect-on-organics-removal-in-wastewater-treatment_WATRES......Page 416 Literature review......Page 461 Chemical characterization......Page 417 Chemical composition......Page 418 Aqueous adsorption tests......Page 420 Size fractions of organic substance......Page 421 Acknowledgements......Page 423 828_838_Boron-doped-diamond-anodic-treatment-of-landfill-leachate-Evaluation-of-operating-variables-and-formation-of-oxidation-by-products_WATRES......Page 425 COD and NNH3 oxidation kinetics......Page 431 Formation of chlorinated organic compounds......Page 433 Characterization of nano-TiO2......Page 438 Effect of surfactants vs. no surfactant in the transport of nano-TiO2......Page 441 Influence of pH, flow velocity and anionic surfactant on transport nano-TiO2......Page 443 Nano-TiO2 aggregation......Page 445 Suspended matter......Page 496 References......Page 446 Low-cost struvite production using source-separated urine in Nepal......Page 449 Estimation of phosphate concentration in stored urine......Page 453 Reactor efficiencies......Page 454 Economic efficiency of struvite production......Page 456 Conclusions......Page 457 Acknowledgements......Page 458 Analytical methods......Page 462 E. coli and intestinal enterococci enumeration......Page 492 Membrane surface morphology......Page 464 Analysis of membrane foulants......Page 465 References......Page 467 Removal of Chromium (VI) from wastewater using bentonite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron......Page 469 DNA extraction and PCR analysis......Page 470 Statistics......Page 471 Discussion......Page 472 LC-OCD-OND fingerprint and fraction assignation......Page 477 Fraction D: low molecular-weight acids......Page 479 Supplementary data......Page 482 Introduction......Page 483 893_903_Impact-of-an-intense-combined-sewer-overflow-event-on-the-microbiological-water-quality-of-the-Seine-River_WATRES......Page 490 The Seine River......Page 491 Suspended matter......Page 493 Dynamics of the discharged FIB in the Seine River......Page 497 Acknowledgements......Page 499 904_912_Cork-industry-wastewater-partition-by-ultrananofiltration-A-biodegradation-and-valorisation-study_WATRES......Page 501 DBP formation potentials of BFAs......Page 503 Conclusions......Page 508 Introduction......Page 510 PCBs......Page 518 Environmental risk evaluation......Page 519 Introduction......Page 523 Dependent variables......Page 532 Independent variables......Page 533 Results......Page 534 Discussion and conclusions......Page 537 Acknowledgements......Page 538 944_952_Demonstration-of-20-pharmaceuticals-and-personal-care-products-(PPCPs)-as-nitrosamine-precursors-during-chloramine-disinfection_WATRES......Page 541 Nitrosamine formation tests......Page 542 Impact of Cl2:N mass ratio......Page 547 Temporal and spatial inhibitory effects of zinc and copper on wastewater biofilms from oxygen concentration profiles determ .........Page 550 Microelectrode measurement......Page 551 Conclusion......Page 555