Education and Skills for Inclusive Growth, Green Jobs and the Greening of Economies in Asia : Case Study Summaries of India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Viet Nam

"This book presents an overview of the main research findings and case studies concerning education and skills for inclusive growth, green jobs and the greening of economies. Focusing on India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Viet Nam, it discusses government and business sector responses to these issues and how Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) systems and institutions are addressing both the renewal of curricula in the context of green growth dynamics, and patterns of training and skills development to meet demands. In addition, the book examines cross-country issues, concerns and prospects regarding education and skills for inclusive growth and green jobs for the four countries. These include critical themes and issues in the selected industry sectors triggering a demand for green jobs in the region; how industry is responding to those demands; areas impeding the transition from traditional to green practices; the importance of skills development; the role of TVET in addressing industry needs; and reasons for the slow response of TVET to green skills. While other studies conducted in Asia - and internationally - on the same topic have largely relied on secondary sources, this study conducted by the Asian Development Bank and the Education University of Hong Kong (ADB-EdUHK) is unique in that the findings, conclusions and recommendations reported on are based on primary data. As part of the study, TVET providers, business enterprises, policy makers and practitioners were surveyed using questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. In addition, workshops were held in each of the four countries to ascertain the views of key stakeholders in government, nongovernment organisations, members of the international development community, TVET providers and members of the business sector. The book also provides summaries of the case studies undertaken for India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Viet Nam. This book is open access under a CC BY license."--Back cover Foreword 6 Acknowledgements 8 Series Editor’s Introduction 10 Contents 12 About the Authors 15 Abbreviations 16 Abstract 20 1 Overview 22 Abstract 22 1 Green Jobs Across Key Sectors 24 2 Jobs in Renewable Energy 27 3 Skills Development for Green Jobs 28 4 Way Forward 32 2 Introduction 40 Abstract 40 1 The International Agenda of Sustainable and Inclusive Growth 40 2 Arguments Concerning the Role of Increased Employment and Productivity in Promoting Sustainable and Inclusive Growth 47 3 Conceptualization of “Green Jobs” and “Green Skills” 50 3.1 Green Jobs 50 3.2 Green Skills 52 4 Background and Purpose 53 5 Research Design 58 5.1 Aims 58 5.2 Project Scope 59 5.3 Methodology 59 5.4 Limitations 59 5.5 Reporting Mechanism 60 5.6 Availability of Detailed Country Case Studies 60 3 Summary of Main Research Findings: India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Viet Nam 62 Abstract 62 1 India 63 1.1 Background and Overview 63 1.2 Summary of Main Findings 64 1.3 Summary of Key Findings from the ADB-EdUHK Survey 66 1.4 Recommendations 70 2 Indonesia 74 2.1 Background and Overview 74 2.2 Summary of Main Findings 75 2.3 The Green Narrative—Dispersed and Disconnected 76 2.4 Education and Training: Awaiting Deeper Reforms but Making Efforts Toward Green Skills 77 2.5 Summary of Key Findings from the ADB-EdUHK Survey 78 2.6 Recommendations 80 3 Sri Lanka 84 3.1 Background and Overview 84 3.2 Summary of Main Findings 85 3.3 Summary of Key Findings from the ADB-EdUHK Surveys and Interviews 86 3.4 Recommendations 91 4 Viet Nam 93 4.1 Background and Overview 93 4.2 Summary of Main Findings 94 4.3 Key Findings from the ADB-EdUHK Survey and Interviews 96 4.4 Recommendations 99 4 Case Study of a Private Sector Firm in Indonesia 103 Abstract 103 1 Introduction 103 2 Integration of Green Learning Opportunities 108 3 Partnership Between Astra Manufacturing Polytechnic and Government VSSs for CNG Mechanics 109 4 Harmonization of On- and Off-the-Job Training Activities 111 5 Key Learning 116 5 A Holistic Approach to Greening TVET: A Case Study and Analysis of Bac Thang Long Economic Technical College Practices in Viet Nam 118 Abstract 118 1 Introduction 118 2 Bac Thang Long Economic Technical College, Viet Nam 121 3 Relevance to the Society and Economy: Short-Term Labor Market Forecasting 121 4 Current Long-Term Training Programs 122 4.1 Students’ Preferences 123 4.2 Ongoing Review of Courses 125 4.3 Internal Quality 125 4.4 Challenges Facing TVET in Viet Nam 129 5 Greening Practices 129 5.1 Social 130 5.2 Environmental 130 5.3 Soft Skills 134 6 Conclusion 134 6 Summary, Conclusions, and Prospects 137 Abstract 137 1 Critical Themes in the Selected Industry Sectors 137 2 Demand for Green Jobs and Industry Response 138 3 Generic and Specific Green Skills Across Industries 144 4 Role of TVET in Addressing Industry Needs 146 4.1 Key Impediments to TVET Response to Green Skills 147 4.2 What Works? Initiatives from Countries to Fast-Track Reforms in TVET 150 5 Potential Areas for Further Research 153 6 Concluding Comments 154 Appendix A: List of Generic Green Skills 156 Appendix B: Project Background and Introduction, Approach, and Methodology 167 B.1 Overall Project Methodology 167 B.2 Methodology for Industry and Enterprises 168 B.3 Methodology for TVET Providers 169 B.4 Methodology for Identifying Skills Profiles 170 B.5 Outcomes of the Report 170 Appendix C: Employers’ Survey Instrument 171 Appendix D: TVET providers’ Survey Instrument 179 Appendix E: Employers’ Interview Protocol 191 E.1 Interview Protocol with Industry Bodies 191 E.2 Organizational Profile 192 E.3 Forecasting—Helps Industry Develop a Coordinated Approach to Different Issues. The Following Section Prompts Discussion Around How we can Best Forecast Trends to Identify and Meet the Skills Development Needs of Industry more Actively. 193 E.4 Policy development—can Help Facilitate or Hinder Industry Growth and Involvement in a Number of Spheres within the Economy and Society. Generally, the following Section Prompts Discussion Related to Supporting Industry Leadership in Forecasting Skill Needs Generally with a Particular Emphasis on Green Jobs. 194 E.5 Skill Needs—for the Industry Sector Members 194 Appendix F: TVET Providers’ Interview Protocol 196 F.1 Introduction 196 F.2 Approaches Used by your Institution to Respond to Skills Needs 196 F.3 Approaches Used by your Institution to Respond to Government Policies/Initiatives That are Relevant to Skills Development 197 F.4 Approaches you Use to Respond to Economic Restructuring 198 F.5 Approaches your Institution Uses to Include Green Skills (Skills that are Required to Reduce the Environmental Impact of Enterprises and Economic Sectors, Ultimately to Levels that are Sustainable) in its Programs/Courses 198 F.6 Approaches to Staff Training (Professional Development of Teachers and Workshop Teachers) 199 Bibliography and Further Reading List 200 Index 207 Front Matter ....Pages i-xxii Overview (Rupert Maclean, Shanti Jagannathan, Brajesh Panth)....Pages 1-18 Introduction (Rupert Maclean, Shanti Jagannathan, Brajesh Panth)....Pages 19-40 Summary of Main Research Findings: India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Viet Nam (Rupert Maclean, Shanti Jagannathan, Brajesh Panth)....Pages 41-81 Case Study of a Private Sector Firm in Indonesia (Rupert Maclean, Shanti Jagannathan, Brajesh Panth)....Pages 83-97 A Holistic Approach to Greening TVET: A Case Study and Analysis of Bac Thang Long Economic Technical College Practices in Viet Nam (Rupert Maclean, Shanti Jagannathan, Brajesh Panth)....Pages 99-117 Summary, Conclusions, and Prospects (Rupert Maclean, Shanti Jagannathan, Brajesh Panth)....Pages 119-137 Back Matter ....Pages 139-198 Education for Sustainable Development; Green Growth; Green Jobs; Inclusive Growth; Equity in the Promotion of Economic Growth; Environmental Education; Green Economies