Economic Impacts and Emergency Management of Disasters in China

This book uses cutting-edge methods, such as big data mining methods on social media, generalized difference in difference, inoperational input–output models, improved data envelopment analysis, improved computable general equilibrium and others to calculate the economic impacts of climate and environmental disasters on China. This book provides the ideas, methods and cases of the redistribution of air pollution emissions in China through evaluating the benefits of meteorological disaster services and meteorological financial insurance. Using big data resources and data mining methods, as well as econometric models, etc., this book provides a comprehensive assessment of the economic impact of disasters in China and studies China's counterpart aid policy and international aid policy for disasters. This book is an academic monograph devoted to the China’s case study. The intended readership includes academics, government officials, graduate students and people concerned about China. Economic Impacts and Emergency Management of Disasters in China Contents Part I Disaster and Economic Development 1 Disaster Probability, Optimal Government Expenditure for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, and Expected Economic Growth 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Literature Review 1.3 Method and Model 1.3.1 Principle of Model 1.3.2 Model Building 1.3.3 Model Solution 1.4 Numerical Simulation and Result Analysis 1.4.1 Parameter Setting 1.4.2 Impact of Risk Aversion Coefficient 1.4.3 Impacts of Other Parameters 1.5 Case Study 1.5.1 Flood Disasters in Hunan Province 1.5.2 Parameter Estimation of CES Production Function 1.5.3 Estimation and Simulation Results of Other Parameters 1.6 Conclusions and Policy Suggestions Appendix: The Value Function of the Residents’ Utility Solving the Optimal Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Policy Substitute Elasticity Derivation of CES Production Function Conversion of CES Function Form Constraint Conditions Data Expected Growth Rate ( Eg ) Under Different Risk Aversion Coefficients (γ) References 2 A Multi-scale Periodic Study of PM2.5 Concentration in the Yangtze River Delta of China Based on Empirical Mode Decomposition-Wavelet Analysis 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Literature Review 2.2.1 Periodic Study of PM2.5 2.2.2 Quantitative Analysis Method of Periodicity of Time Series 2.3 Research Methods 2.3.1 Empirical Mode Decomposition 2.3.2 Wavelet Analysis 2.4 Model Design and Data Description 2.4.1 Model Design 2.4.2 Data Description 2.5 Empirical Analysis 2.5.1 Periodic Analysis of Daily PM2.5 Concentration in the Yangtze River Delta Region 2.5.2 Comprehensive Analysis of Empirical Results Based on the EMD-WA Model 2.5.3 Short Periodic Analysis in Yangtze River Delta During Heavy Haze 2.5.4 Short Periodic Analysis in Yangtze River Delta During Heavy Haze 2.6 Conclusion and Outlook References 3 Natural Disasters and Economic Growth―An Empirical Study Using Provincial Panel Data of China 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Data and Hypotheses 3.3 The Empirical Analysis 3.4 Conclusions References 4 Comprehensive Economic Loss Assessment of Disaster Based on CGE Model and IO model—A Case Study on Beijing “7.21 Rainstorm” 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Literature Review 4.3 Model Building 4.3.1 Structure of CGE Model 4.3.2 Structure of IO Model 4.4 Case Introduction and Data Sources 4.4.1 Case Introduction 4.4.2 Data Sources 4.5 Analysis on the Comprehensive Economic Loss of Rainstorm 4.5.1 Analysis Based on CGE Model 4.5.2 Analysis Based on IO Model 4.5.3 Comparison of Assessment Results of CGE Model and IO Model 4.6 Sensitivity Analysis 4.7 Conclusions and Prospect 4.8 Appendix: Values of Related Parameters 4.9 Construction of CGE Model References 5 Impacts of Tropical Cyclones on Employment—An Analysis Based on Meta-regression 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Mechanism and Research Hypothesis of Disasters Affecting the Employment 5.2.1 Changes in Labor Supply Under Disaster Conditions 5.2.2 Changes in Labor Demand Under Disaster Conditions 5.2.3 Labor Market Segmentation Theory 5.2.4 Disaster Attributes 5.3 Explanation of Research Methods, Data and Variables 5.3.1 Research Methods 5.3.2 The Data 5.3.3 Variables Description 5.4 Results of Meta-regression Analysis 5.4.1 The Impact of Tropical Cyclones on the Direction of Employment Quantity Change 5.4.2 Impact of Tropical Cyclones on Intensity of Employment Quantity Change 5.4.3 The Impact of Tropical Cyclones on the Direction of Employee Remuneration 5.4.4 The Impact of Tropical Cyclones on the Intensity of Employee Remuneration Change 5.4.5 Robustness Analysis 5.5 Conclusion and Discussion References 6 Impacts of Ttyphoons on Local Labor Markets Based on GDD: An Empirical Study of Guangdong Province, China 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Methods, Data and Variable Descriptions 6.2.1 Methods 6.2.2 Data 6.2.3 Variable Descriptions 6.3 Empirical Analysis 6.3.1 General Effect of Typhoons on Labor Market 6.3.2 Regional Effect of Typhoons on Labor Market 6.3.3 Intensity Effect of Typhoons on Labor Market 6.3.4 Time Effect of Typhoons on Labor Market 6.4 Conclusions and Discussions References Part II Disaster Emergency Management 7 Urban Flood Depth-Economic Loss Curves and Their Amendment Based on Resilience: Evidence from Lizhong Town in Lixia River and Houbai Town in Jurong River of China 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Overview of the Research Area 7.2.1 Lizhong Town 7.2.2 Houbai Town 7.3 Disaster Scenario, Data and Methodology 7.3.1 Disaster Scenario 7.3.2 Data Descriptions 7.3.3 Research Approaches 7.3.4 Assessment of Flood Damage for Receptors in Agriculture 7.4 Results 7.4.1 Flood Depth-Damage Curves of Residential Indoor Property from Different Incomes 7.4.2 Receptors’ Damage Rate Regression Functions 7.4.3 Receptors Flood Depth-Damage Rate Curves 7.5 Conclusion References 8 Finding of Urban Rainstorm and Waterlogging Disasters Based on Microblogging Data and the Location-Routing Problem Model of Urban Emergency Logistics 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Literature Review 8.2.1 Disaster Information Extraction of Microblogs 8.2.2 Emotion Analysis of Microblogs 8.2.3 Urban Emergency Logistics in Waterlogging Disasters 8.3 Obtainment of Disaster Information via Microblogging Data 8.3.1 Research Steps 8.3.2 Research Methods 8.3.3 Empirical Results 8.4 Construction of Location-Routing Problem Model 8.4.1 Problem Description 8.4.2 Basic Hypotheses and Symbol Description 8.4.3 Model Establishing 8.5 Stimulation Application 8.5.1 Algorithm 8.5.2 Application Background Analysis 8.5.3 Data Collecting and Dealing 8.5.4 Solution to Model Application 8.6 Conclusion Appendix References 9 A New Economic Loss Assessment System for Urban Severe Rainfall and Flooding Disasters Based on Big Data Fusion 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Literature Review 9.2.1 Evaluation Direct Economic Losses of Meteorological Disasters 9.2.2 Indirect Economic Losses Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters 9.2.3 Big Data Fusion and its Application to Meteorological Disasters 9.3 Construction Plans 9.3.1 System Architecture 9.3.2 Data Organization 9.4 Models and Data 9.4.1 Rainfall—Flood Depth Assessment Model 9.4.2 Direct Economic Loss Assessment of Disasters 9.4.3 Indirect Economic Loss Assessment of Disasters 9.4.4 Data and Database 9.5 Case Analysis 9.5.1 “8.29” Rainstorm and Flooding Disaster of Shenzhen in 2018 9.5.2 Economic Loss Assessment of the “8.29” Rainstorm Disasters of Shenzhen in 2018 9.5.3 Countermeasures of the “8.29” Rainstorm and Flooding Disaster of Shenzhen in 2018 9.6 Conclusions Appendix References 10 Design of Temperature Insurance Index and Risk Zonation for Single-Season Rice in Response to High-Temperature and Low-Temperature Damage: A Case Study of Jiangsu Province, China 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Research Summary 10.3 Research Data and Methods 10.3.1 Data Sources 10.3.2 Determination of Weather Production and Yield Reduction 10.3.3 Weather Index Selection and Design 10.3.4 Design of Single-Season Rice Temperature Index-Based Insurance in Jiangsu 10.4 Results and Analysis 10.4.1 Regression Analysis 10.4.2 Analysis on the Pure Insurance Premium Rate of Cities in Jiangsu Under the Deductibles at All Levels 10.5 Conclusions and Discussions 10.5.1 Research Conclusion 10.5.2 Research Prospect References 11 Determining the Amount of Sustainable International Aid that Countries Should Donate After Disaster: A New Frame, Indices and Method 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Literature Review 11.2.1 International Aid After Disaster 11.2.2 Estimations of Indirect Economic Loss Caused by Disasters 11.3 Definitions, Steps and Indices 11.3.1 Working Definitions 11.3.2 Research Steps 11.3.3 Evaluative Indices for Recommending the Amount of Aid 11.4 Input-Output Model 11.5 Case and Data 11.5.1 Case Introduction 11.5.2 Data Description 11.6 Empirical Analysis 11.6.1 Analysis of Aid Situation 11.6.2 Recommendation of Aid Amount 11.7 Conclusion 11.7.1 Implication and Contribution 11.7.2 Limitation and Prospective References 12 Effectively Managing Counterpart Support Aid, for Damages Incurred from Natural Disasters, by Utilizing the Indirect Economic Losses 12.1 Background 12.1.1 Existing Problems 12.1.2 Approach for Identifying and Solving the Problem 12.2 Literature: Evaluation of Indirect Economic Losses and Resilience 12.2.1 Indirect Economic Losses 12.2.2 Evaluation of Resilience 12.3 Models, Indicators and Data Specification 12.3.1 The Inter-regional Input-Output Model 12.3.2 Resilience Index of Provincial Economic Systems 12.3.3 PCA and Counterpart Support Evaluation Index 12.3.4 Data Specification 12.4 The Empirical Analysis 12.5 Internal Validity and External Validity 12.6 Conclusions References 13 The Relationship Among Public Cognition, Perceived Value, and Meteorological Service Satisfaction 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Method 13.2.1 Structural Equation Model (SEM) 13.2.2 Variables and Hypotheses 13.2.3 Samples and Data 13.2.4 Reliability and Validity Tests of the Questionnaire 13.3 Results 13.4 Discussion 13.5 Implications for Conservation References 14 A Comprehensive Estimation of the Economic Effects of Meteorological Services, Based on the Input-Output Method 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Concepts, Principles and Hypotheses 14.2.1 Definition of Concepts 14.2.2 Principle of the Input-Output Table 14.2.3 Hypotheses of Input-Output Model 14.3 Estimation Models of Associated, Indirect and Complete Economic Effects 14.3.1 Estimation Models of Associated Economic Effects 14.3.2 Estimation Model of Indirect Economic Effect 14.3.3 Estimation Model of Complete Economic Effect 14.4 The Empirical Analysis of Meteorological Service Effects in Jiangxi Province 14.4.1 Sample and Data 14.4.2 Results and Analysis 14.5 Concluding Remarks Appendix References Part II Disaster Emergency Management 15 Effect of Air Pollution on the Stock Yield of Heavy Pollution Enterprises in China’s Key Control Cities Under Climate Change 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Literature Review 15.3 Introduction to Indices and Data 15.4 Empirical Model, Results and Analysis 15.4.1 Empirical Model 15.4.2 Empirical Results and Analysis 15.4.3 Robustness Test 15.5 Conclusions References 16 Economic Losses and Willingness to Pay for Haze: The Data Analysis Based on 1123 Residential Families in Jiangsu Province, China 16.1 Introduction 16.1.1 Literatures About Economic Losses of Haze 16.1.2 Willingness to Pay and Its Application in Haze Reduction 16.1.3 Willingness to Pay and Its Application in Other Aspects of Environmental 16.2 Methods and Models 16.2.1 Direct Loss Measurement (DLM) 16.2.2 Application of Binary Logistic Regression and WTP in Other Fields 16.2.3 Willingness to Pay (WTP) 16.3 Questionnaire Design, Survey Area and Data Collection 16.3.1 Questionnaire Design 16.3.2 Survey Areas 16.3.3 Survey Participants 16.4 Empirical Analysis 16.4.1 Loss Caused by Haze 16.4.2 Analysis of the Factors that Affect WTP 16.5 Discussion on the Validation of the Model 16.6 Conclusions and Discussions 16.6.1 Conclusions 16.6.2 Discussions References 17 Spatial Concentration, Impact Factors and Prevention-Control Measures of PM2.5 Pollution in China 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Spatial Correlation Analysis of PM2.5 Concentrations 17.2.1 Data 17.2.2 Present Status of PM2.5 Concentrations 17.2.3 Global Spatial Correlation 17.2.4 Local Spatial Correlation 17.3 Analysis of Spatial Influential Factors of PM2.5 Concentrations 17.3.1 Data 17.3.2 Model Setting 17.3.3 Results of Empirical Analysis 17.4 Concluding Remarks References 18 Study of Haze Emission Efficiency Based on New Co-opetition DEA 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Literature Review 18.2.1 Evaluation of Emission Efficiency of Air Pollutants 18.2.2 Spatial Spillover Effect 18.2.3 Cross-Efficiency Evaluation Method 18.3 Co-opetition Dea Model Construction 18.3.1 Traditional Cross-Efficiency DEA Model 18.3.2 Co-opetition DEA model 18.3.3 Construction of Co-opetition Matrix 18.4 Empricial Analysis 18.4.1 Indicator Selection 18.4.2 Co-opetition Matrix 18.5 Empirical Results 18.5.1 Evaluation and Analysis of Results 18.5.2 Method Validity Analysis 18.6 Conclusions References 19 Inputs Optimization to Reduce the Undesirable Outputs by Environmental Hazards: A DEA Model with Data of PM2.5 in China 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Literature Review 19.2.1 DEA and Its Application 19.2.2 Components and Sources of PM2.5 19.3 Model and Indicators 19.3.1 Non-radial Ultra-efficient DEA Model 19.3.2 The Input Redundancy and Redundancy Rate of DEA 19.3.3 Index Selection 19.4 Empirical Analysis 19.4.1 Data Sources and Data Selection 19.4.2 Results of Empirical Analysis 19.5 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations References 20 A Study of Allocative Efficiency of PM2.5 Emission Rights Based on a Zero Sum Gains Data Envelopment Model 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Literature Review 20.2.1 Emission Right Trading Research 20.2.2 Research on the Allocation of Emission Rights of Air Pollutants 20.2.3 The ZSG-DEA Model 20.3 Model Setting, Data Source and Index Selection 20.3.1 Model Setting 20.3.2 Data Source and Index Selection 20.4 Analysis of Empirical Results 20.5 Conclusion and Implication References Part IV Environmental Performance Evaluation 21 Efficiency Evaluation and PM Emission Reallocation of China Ports Based on Improved DEA Models 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Literature Review 21.3 Model 21.3.1 Environmental Technology 21.3.2 Previous Industry Emission Target Model 21.3.3 Previous Spatial Allocation Model 21.3.4 The Comprehensive Production Model 21.3.5 The Comprehensive Emission Model 21.3.6 The Comprehensive Reallocation Model 21.4 Case Study 21.4.1 Description of Case Ports 21.4.2 Data Collection 21.4.3 Results and Discussions 21.5 Conclusion Appendix A1 Abbreviation Data Sources References 22 Study on Environment Performance Evaluation and Regional Differences of Strictly-Environmental-Monitored Cities in China 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Related Work and Literature Review 22.3 Model, Indexes and Data 22.3.1 DEA Model 22.3.2 T-test 22.3.3 Indexes 22.3.4 Data 22.4 Empirical Result and Discussion 22.4.1 Empirical Results 22.4.2 Overall Analysis on Environment Performance 22.4.3 Regional Environment Performance Analysis 22.4.4 Differences Between Regional Environment Performances 22.5 Conclusion and Suggestion Appendix References 23 Tendency of Embodied Carbon Change in the Export Trade of Chinese Manufacturing Industry from 2000 to 2015 and Its Driving Factors 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Literature Review 23.3 Research Method 23.3.1 Input–Output Model Building 23.3.2 The Building of the Structural Decomposition Analysis Model 23.4 Data Sources and Processing 23.4.1 Input–Output Tables and Export Trade Statistics 23.4.2 Coefficient of Direct Carbon Emission in the Manufacturing Sector 23.4.3 Division 23.5 Result and Analysis of Embodied Carbon Calculation 23.5.1 Coefficient of Direct Carbon Emission 23.5.2 Coefficient of Complete Carbon Emission 23.5.3 The Embodied Carbon in the Export Trade on the Overall Level 23.5.4 The Embodied Carbon in the Export Trade on the Sectoral Level 23.6 The Technological, Structural and Scale Effect of Embodied Carbon 23.6.1 Three Kinds of Effect of Embodied Carbon 23.6.2 Decomposition of Sectoral Structure of Embodied Carbon 23.7 Conclusions and Inspirations References