Ecology and Control of the Natural Environment

In recent decades it has become increasingly urgent to protect human health and wellbeing from the possible negative consequences of man's economic activities, both at the actual production sites and in areas where the im­ pact is felt. These negative effects have gradually become more and more widespread, presenting a major hazard to the natural environment, taking on an international character, and assuming global proportions. For the countries of Europe and North America, transport of pollutants and acid rain across boundaries is a serious problem. After the Chernobyl reactor accident, regular measurements of radioactive isotopes became im­ perative. It is obvious that drastic measures, including steps taken on an interna­ tionallevel, are required to limit the negative anthropogenic impact on the environment. Under the conditions of this growing man-caused impact on nature, the existing ecological reserves of the biosphere should be husbanded especially carefully. We must determine the regimes of rational utilization of these reserves and of judicious management of the natural environment, thereby maintaining a high quality of the biosphere and preserving nature's regener­ ative capacity. Reliable methods should be developed to keep the environ­ ment from being overloaded and to safeguard the elements of the biosphere from injury. Given such a situation, it is of particular importance to have objective information about the critical factors of the human impact and the actual state of the biosphere, as well as to obtain forecasts of its future state. Front Matter....Pages i-x Introduction....Pages 1-16 Front Matter....Pages 17-17 Comprehensive Analysis of the Environment....Pages 19-45 Permissible Loading of the Biosphere and the Establishment of Ecological Standards....Pages 46-93 Regulation of Environmental Quality....Pages 94-112 Front Matter....Pages 113-113 Monitoring Anthropogenic Changes....Pages 115-157 Ecological Monitoring....Pages 158-194 Climate Monitoring....Pages 195-214 Implementation of Monitoring Systems....Pages 215-264 Front Matter....Pages 265-265 Anthropogenic Effects on the Atmosphere and Climate....Pages 267-296 The Transport of Pollutants over Long Distances. The Ecotoxicology of Acid Rain....Pages 297-326 Stressing of the Atmosphere and Climate. The Geophysical and Ecological Consequences of Nuclear War....Pages 327-348 Anthropogenic Effects on the World Ocean....Pages 349-377 Back Matter....Pages 378-420 The last two decades showed an introduction of worldwide threats to the biosphere and human health due to the effects of anthropogenic activities. This book pays major attention to ecological and geophysical aspects of controlling the natural environment. The scientific basis of observations, assessment and forecasting of this natural environment are treated extensively. Methods of ecological and climatic monitoring are presented and their realization in several countries are discussed. Analysis of possible climatic changes, the ozone-layer problems, the polluting of the oceans, acid rain and the aftermath of the Chernobyl accident are concrete examples presented.