Ecological Risk Management: For Conservation Biology and Ecotoxicology (Ecological Research Monographs)

This book introduces the theory and practice of ecological risk management. Using recent and live case studies in Japan, the book explains the use of basic mathematical techniques in extinction risk, adaptive population management, avian collision risk in wind farms, potential biological removal for marine mammals, and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals. The focus of this book is on case studies of nature conservation in Japan, including internationally renowned topics of Japanese fisheries, Shiretoko World Heritage, Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. It also covers the adaptive risk management of the new coronavirus disease. The book comprises four parts covering ecotoxicology, fisheries, wildlife management and conservation, and ecosystem-based management. It differs from other books in having its primary interest in human impacts on animals, plant, and ecosystems, while existing works in this area concentrate on the fate of toxic substances in the environments and their effects on humans. This book is unique in that it indicates various environmental issues that the theoretical ecology is potentially applicable without concentrating into any particular subject such as ecotoxicology or conservation biology. Primary readers are undergraduate/graduate students, staffs of environmental consultant companies and environmental NPOs, and journalists. Readers will find this book useful for its abundant information on case studies of ecological risk management and consensus building in Japan. -- Back Cover Contents Chapter 1: Introduction: What Is Risk Science? 1.1 What Is Risk? 1.2 What Is Ecological Risk? 1.3 Three Types of Risks 1.4 Risk Science as a Part of Regulatory Science References Part I: Risk Assessment Based on Ecotoxicology Chapter 2: How to Determine the Relief Target for Minamata Disease 2.1 What Is Minamata Disease? 2.2 Average Intake of Mercury by the Japanese 2.3 Risk Models of Mercury for Adults 2.4 Risk in Children Caused by Maternal Mercury Exposure 2.5 Type II Errors and Precautionary Principle References Chapter 3: Risk of Radioactive Contamination Caused by the Accident of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant 3.1 Radiation Exposure Risk Caused by the Nuclear Power Plant Accident 3.2 Released Nuclides and Their Behavior on Land 3.3 Radiation Risk Assessment and Concept of Protection 3.3.1 Exposure in Daily Life 3.3.2 Internal Exposure 3.3.3 External Exposure 3.4 Radiation Carcinogenic Risk 3.5 Concept of Radiation Protection 3.6 Environmental Remediation Process 3.7 Example of Risk Management: Food Safety 3.8 Give Consumers ``Freedom of Choice ́ ́ References Chapter 4: How to Assess Ecological Risks of Trace Metals in Environment 4.1 Ecological Risk Assessment for Chemicals in General 4.2 Metal Pollution and Ecological Impacts 4.3 Factors Affecting Toxicity of Metals 4.4 Methods to Assessing Ecological Risks of Metals Caused by Mine Discharge 4.4.1 Ecological Risk Assessment Based on Measured Concentrations of Metals 4.4.2 Toxicity Testing with Field-collected Waters 4.4.3 Field Surveys of Biological Groups 4.5 Summary with Some Management Perspectives References Chapter 5: Impact of Reactive Nitrogen and Nitrogen Footprint 5.1 Agricultural Revolution and Human Alteration of the Nitrogen Cycle 5.1.1 What Is the Impact of Reactive Nitrogen? 5.1.2 Agricultural Revolutions and Increased Reactive Nitrogen 5.2 Nitrogen Footprint Development and Footprint Indicators 5.2.1 Footprint Concept and Its Applications 5.2.2 Methodological Development of Nitrogen Footprint 5.3 Application of the Nitrogen Footprint Models 5.3.1 Model Analysis of Nitrogen Footprint of Seafood 5.3.2 Historical Change of Japanese Food Nitrogen Footprint 5.3.3 Model Analysis of the Global Nitrogen Footprint 5.4 Towards the Integrated Nitrogen Management 5.4.1 Ongoing Methodological Improvements and Applications of the Nitrogen Footprint Models 5.4.2 Ongoing Efforts for Better Nitrogen Management References Chapter 6: Adaptive Risk Management of New Coronavirus Disease 6.1 Mathematical Model for Epidemics 6.2 Trade-off Between Infectious Mortality and Economic Impact 6.3 Adaptive Management for CoVID-19 References Part II: Fisheries Risk Management Chapter 7: How to Convince Purse Seiners for Sustainable Fishery 7.1 The Classic Theory of Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) 7.2 Stock-Recruitment Relationship 7.3 Total Allowable Catch System 7.4 Adaptive Risk Management in Fisheries Resources 7.5 Risk Management of the Allowable Biological Catch Decision Rule 7.6 Regime Shift and Process Errors 7.7 Overfishing of Sardine and Chub Mackerel in Japan 7.8 International Fisheries Management of Pacific Saury References Chapter 8: Why Is the Tuna Critically Endangered and Still Sold in the Market? 8.1 Red List Categories and Criteria 8.2 Is the Tuna Really Endangered? 8.3 Is the Tuna Recovering on Time? 8.4 Growth and Recruitment Overfishing References Part III: Wildlife Management and Conservation Chapter 9: Red List of Japanese Vascular Plants and Environmental Impact Assessment 9.1 About 7000 Taxa of Vascular Plants and 400 Investigators 9.2 Red List of Japanese Vascular Plant 9.3 Demographic Stochasticity and Environmental Stochasticity 9.4 Population Viability Analysis 9.5 Application to Environmental Impact Assessment References Chapter 10: Adaptive Risk Management of Sika Deer 10.1 History of Overexploitation and Overabundant 10.2 Yezo Deer Conservation Management Policy for Eastern Hokkaido Island 10.3 Population Estimation by a State Space Model 10.4 Yaku Deer is Increasing References Chapter 11: Risk of Avian Collisions in Wind Turbines 11.1 Future of Wind Power Generation 11.2 Suitable Location for Wind Power Generation 11.3 Risk of Avian Collisions Due to Human-made Structures 11.4 Wind Power Avian Collision Risk Assessment 11.5 How Many Collisions are Allowed? 11.6 Adaptive Risk Management Model for Avian Collisions References Chapter 12: Resource Economics of Exotic Mongoose Control 12.1 Why Do We Need Alien Species Control? 12.2 Bioeconomics of Measures Against Exotic Species 12.3 Eradication of Exotic Melon Fly by Mass Release of Sterile Males 12.4 Control of Alien Species by Traps 12.5 Eradication Costs 12.6 ``Final Stage ́ ́ of Amami Mongoose Eradication Project 12.7 Conservation Activities for the Paradise Fish in Okinoerabujima Island 12.8 Cat Controversy Over Free-Ranging Cats References Chapter 13: Beyond Dichotomy in the Protection and Management of Marine Mammals 13.1 Population Structure and Trends of Steller ́s Sea Lions 13.2 Population Control of Harbor Seals in Cape Erimo, Hokkaido, Japan 13.3 Potential Biological Removal for Steller ́s Sea Lion 13.4 Population Control of Steller ́s Sea Lion in Japan References Chapter 14: Management of Human-Bear Conflict 14.1 Coexistence with Bears that Attack People 14.2 ``Susceptible ́ ́ Bears and ``Nuisance ́ ́ Bears 14.3 Mass Appearance of Bears 14.4 Population Dynamics Using Matrix Population Models 14.5 Adaptive Management of Nuisance Bears 14.6 Population Dynamics Model with Management Measures 14.7 Performance of Adaptive Bear Management 14.8 Nuisance Bears Near the Shiretoko Natural World Heritage Site 14.9 Driving Bears Away Is Ineffective 14.10 Bears Have Begun to Appear Even in Sapporo City 14.11 Should We Exploit Wildlife? References Part IV: Ecosystem-Based Risk Management Chapter 15: Effects of Dams on Ecological Risk of Inland Fishes 15.1 Background 15.2 Extinction of Freshwater Fish 15.3 Prediction of the Future Extinction Risk from the Regression Model 15.4 The Life-Table Analysis of Char 15.4.1 Population Dynamics Considering Process Errors 15.5 How to Assess the Impact of Dam Construction on Wild Fish Populations 15.6 Are There Absolutely No Fish Upstream of the Dam? 15.7 How to Avoid Local Extinction Due to Dams 15.8 Comparison with the Ecological Risk of Chemical Substances References Chapter 16: Marine Comanagement Plan of Shiretoko World Heritage site 16.1 Value of Nature in Shiretoko 16.2 The Marine Area of the Nomination Site is a Fishing Ground 16.3 Scientific Council ́s ``Extraordinary Advices ́ ́ and Fishers ́ Decision 16.4 ``Satoumi ́ ́ in Japan 16.5 Initiatives of the Rausu Fishers 16.6 How to Prevent Overfishing 16.7 The Marine Management Plan in Shiretoko World Heritage Site 16.8 An Excellent Model for the Management of Natural World Heritage Sites 16.9 Does Shiretoko Change World Heritages? References Chapter 17: A Guideline for Ecological Risk Management Procedure 17.1 Basic Procedure of Ecological Risk Management 17.1.1 Initiation by Social Demands or Scientific Concerns 17.1.2 List of Stakeholders and Management Scope 17.1.3 Establishment of a Council and a Scientific Committee 17.1.4 Scientific Definition of Undesired Events 17.1.5 List of Quantitative Measures of Effect 17.1.6 Analysis of Stress Factors by Modeling 17.1.7 Risk Assessment Under Business as Usual 17.1.8 Agreement of Necessity of Management and Purpose 17.2 Proposal of the Draft Risk Management Plan 17.2.1 Setting of Draft Numerical Goals 17.2.2 Choose Monitoring Measures 17.2.3 Selection of Controllable Items and Actions 17.2.4 Feasibility Study of Achieving the Targets 17.2.5 Decision of Risk Management Plan and Their Numerical Goals 17.3 Implementation and Monitoring of the Management Plan 17.3.1 Review Process of Achievement of Numerical Goals and Purposes 17.3.2 Review of Management Plan 17.4 The Tragedy of Mitigation Measures in Climate Change Issues 17.5 Ecosystem Impact Assessment of Climate Change and Its Countermeasures 17.6 Social Demands/Raising Scientific Problems References Chapter 18: Multispecies Fisheries Management 18.1 Introduction 18.2 A Target Switching Strategy for Fisheries 18.3 Maximum Sustainable Yield from the Multispecies Community 18.4 Maximum Sustainable Ecosystem Services 18.5 Caution to Overconfidence of Adaptive Management 18.6 Feedback Control in Terms of the Resource Density References Index