Ecological implications of minilivestock : potential of insects, rodents, frogs, and snails

This book provides stimulating and timely suggestions about expanding the world food supply to include a variety of minilivestock. It suggests a wide variety of small animals as nutritious food. These animals include arthropods (insects, earthworms, snails, frogs), and various rodents. The major advantage of minilivestock is that they do not have to be fed on grains thus saving many crop species for human consump-tion. The book suggests technologies for harvesting these small livestock. ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF MINILIVESTOCK— Potential of Insects, Rodents, Frogs and Snails......Page 2 Copyright ......Page 3 Foreword......Page 4 Preface......Page 6 Acknowledgements......Page 7 Contents......Page 8 List of Contributors......Page 10 Abstract......Page 16 Adopting Small Animals as Food: The Minilivestock......Page 17 Local Knowledge: Important or Useless?......Page 21 Risks for Loss of Species......Page 22 Knowledge and Coevolution with Natural Resources......Page 23 Educational Programs......Page 24 Nutritional Arguments......Page 25 Risks and Limits......Page 29 References......Page 30 Introduction......Page 34 Biodiversity and Environment......Page 35 Constraints to Further Development......Page 36 Conclusion ......Page 38 References......Page 39 Abstract......Page 40 Introduction......Page 41 Cane Rat or Grasscutter......Page 42 Technical Feasibility......Page 44 Economics......Page 45 Creation of a Demonstration Pilot Farm......Page 46 Recommendations for Initiating an Extension Program......Page 47 Environmental Impact......Page 48 Brush-tailed Porcupine (Atherurus africanus)......Page 49 Commercial Use of Porcupine Meat......Page 50 Technical Aspects of Porcupine Breeding......Page 51 Conclusion......Page 53 Cricetoma (Cricetomys spp.)......Page 54 General Considerations......Page 55 References......Page 57 Abstract......Page 62 Introduction......Page 63 Paca......Page 65 Agouti......Page 68 Amazonas Situation: Demographic Growth and Social Implications ......Page 70 Ethnic Groups in the Project Area......Page 71 Methods of Investigation......Page 72 Rodent Minilivestock Production Project......Page 74 Animal Health Considerations......Page 75 Husbandry Methods......Page 76 Results......Page 78 Discussion......Page 80 Wildlife Management: A Step Toward Resource Security?......Page 83 References......Page 84 Introduction......Page 88 Frog Biology......Page 89 Capture of Wild Frogs and the World Market......Page 90 Frogs and the Environment......Page 92 Main Problems in Frog Breeding......Page 93 Food Consumption......Page 94 Possibility of Hind-Legs Quarter Utilization and Other Frog Products......Page 95 Frogs for Food Consumption in the EU and the USA......Page 96 Possibility of Increasing Frog Consumption in Europe......Page 97 Final Marketing Considerations......Page 99 Semiintensive Frog Breeding......Page 100 Frog Intensive Closed Cycle Breeding......Page 101 Frog Pathologies......Page 102 Genetic Factors......Page 103 Frog Frauds......Page 104 References......Page 105 Appendix 5.2......Page 107 Introduction......Page 108 Egg-laying and Hatching......Page 109 Growth......Page 110 Species Consumed......Page 112 Achatinids......Page 113 Helix species......Page 114 Snails in Human Nutrition......Page 117 Snail Market......Page 118 Pests and Diseases......Page 120 Characteristics and Utilization of Wild Populations......Page 121 Snail Farming......Page 123 Feeding Farmed Snails......Page 129 Yield......Page 130 Legislation......Page 132 Snail Farming in Practice: A Case Study......Page 133 Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 134 References......Page 135 Abstract......Page 138 Many, Taxonomically Diverse, Insect Species Used as Food......Page 139 Number of Insect Species Used as Food Greatly Underreported for Most Countries......Page 140 Desire of Local People to Protect Traditional Food Resources Favorable to Forest Management ......Page 141 Opening National Parks and Other Wildlife Preserves to Controlled Sustainable Use by Local People can Reduce Poaching......Page 143 Reducing Pesticide Use by Harvesting Food Pest Species that are Traditional Foods......Page 144 Multiple-product Food Insect Systems can Increase Economic and Environmental Efficiency......Page 147 Reducing Organic Pollution by Recycling Agricultural and Forestry Wastes Directly into High-quality Food or Animal Feedstuffs......Page 148 Additional Factors and Considerations......Page 151 Need for Reeducation of the Western Public, Government Policy-Makers, and Agricultural Researchers about Insects as Food and Insects in General......Page 152 References......Page 153 Abstract......Page 156 Introduction......Page 157 Insects in the Diet of Chimpanzees......Page 159 Insects in the Diet of Traditional Populations......Page 160 Insects and Human Evolution......Page 161 Coprolites ......Page 163 Traces of Wear and Organic Remains on Tools......Page 164 Bone Biochemistry......Page 165 Skeletal Pathologies......Page 166 Products of Bees......Page 167 Databanks of Invertebrate DNA......Page 169 References......Page 170 Abstract......Page 178 Introduction......Page 179 References......Page 189 Abstract......Page 190 Materials and Methods......Page 191 Diversity of Information......Page 193 Diversity of Edible Species......Page 194 Food of Edible Caterpillars......Page 196 Chemical Composition......Page 208 Introduction......Page 217 Termitophagy: Stages Consumed......Page 218 Diversity of Edible Species......Page 220 Introduction......Page 223 Diversity of Edible Species......Page 225 Chemical Composition......Page 226 Introduction......Page 229 Discussion......Page 230 References......Page 234 Abstract......Page 246 Introduction......Page 247 Materials and Methods......Page 251 Coleoptera......Page 252 Hymenoptera......Page 253 Diptera......Page 254 Homoptera......Page 255 Conclusions......Page 256 References......Page 257 Introduction......Page 260 Techniques of Gathering......Page 261 Insects as Animal Protein......Page 263 References......Page 264 Introduction......Page 266 Inago ......Page 267 Zaza-mushi ......Page 268 Hachinoko......Page 270 Kaiko......Page 272 Nutritional Evaluation of Traditional Insect Foods......Page 273 Refrrences......Page 276 Insects in the Human Diet: Tradition and Acculturation......Page 278 Entomophagy: An Ancestral Nutritional Habit......Page 279 Ways of Obtaining Food Resources......Page 280 Importance of Traditional Knowledge......Page 281 Biodiversity and Biogeography of Edible Insect Species......Page 282 Biomass of Edible Insect Species......Page 285 Insect Consumption Patterns......Page 286 Seasonal Capture......Page 287 Nutritive Value of Ed:ible Illsects......Page 288 Energy......Page 290 Minerals......Page 291 Vitamins......Page 292 Commercialization of Edible Insect Species......Page 293 Breeding Techniques......Page 294 Recycling and Animal Nutrition......Page 295 Conclusion......Page 298 References......Page 299 Abstract......Page 308 Introduction......Page 309 Materials and Methods......Page 310 Results......Page 311 Types of Invertebrates Utilized as Food......Page 312 Strategies Developed......Page 316 Acknowledgements......Page 322 References......Page 323 Introduction......Page 358 Coleoptera......Page 359 Hymenoptera......Page 363 Lepidoptera......Page 364 Conclusion......Page 366 References......Page 367 Abstract......Page 368 Introduction......Page 369 Nutritional Analysis of R. palmarum Larvae on Various Palm Substrata......Page 370 Palm-Worm Complex on Palms Studied......Page 371 Nutrient Composition of R. palmarum Larvae Reared on Moriche, Seje, and Cucurito, and Nutrient Composition of These Substrata......Page 373 Analysis of Weights of Larvae Collected after Four Weeks of Development, and Larval Density of R. palmarum for Each Type of Palm......Page 376 Roasted Larvae Panel Assessment with Venezuelan, Non-Amerindian Tourists......Page 377 Conclusions......Page 378 Acknowledgments......Page 379 References......Page 380 Introduction......Page 382 Sources of Information......Page 383 Identity of Invertebrates Eaten......Page 384 Isoptera (Termites)......Page 386 Hemiptera......Page 387 Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, Crickets, Locusts)......Page 388 Lepidoptera (Moths)......Page 389 "Edible Grub" Category......Page 391 Hymenoptera (Bees, Wasps and Ants)......Page 392 Other Insects......Page 394 Nutritional Value......Page 395 Aboriginal Culture and Insects......Page 396 Information Limitations......Page 397 Insect and Invertebrate Foods Today......Page 398 References......Page 399 Abstract......Page 404 Introduction......Page 405 Northeast India......Page 407 Papua New Guinea......Page 408 Australia......Page 413 New Zealand......Page 414 Discussion......Page 416 References......Page 425 Abstract......Page 430 Introduction......Page 431 Commonalities in the Laos PDR, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam......Page 432 Aquatic Insects......Page 434 Tree/Shrub/Bush Insects......Page 437 Cooking Methods and Recipes......Page 438 Eating Patterns......Page 442 Recorded Health Attributed to Edible Insects......Page 445 Economic Value......Page 446 Edible Insect Markets......Page 449 Edible Insect Supplies......Page 450 References......Page 453 Abstract......Page 456 Introduction......Page 457 Lowland Plain Area......Page 459 Data Collection......Page 460 Results and Discussion......Page 461 Acknowledgments......Page 468 References......Page 469 Abstract......Page 474 Introduction......Page 475 Methodology......Page 476 Results......Page 477 Arthropods as Medicinal Preparations......Page 479 Importation Aspects in South Korea......Page 480 Folk Logic......Page 481 Biologically Active Chemistry......Page 482 Arthropod Drugs Go Global with Traditional Korean Medicine......Page 483 Acknowledgments......Page 484 References......Page 485 Introduction......Page 490 Insects as Food in Ancient China......Page 491 Polyrhachis vicina Rogen......Page 493 Insects as a Future Food Resource in China?......Page 494 References......Page 495 Introduction......Page 496 History of Medicinal Insects in China......Page 497 Methods of Using Insects in Chinese Medicine......Page 498 Current Situation of Medicinal Insect Research in China......Page 502 Future Prospects of Medicinal Insect Research......Page 503 References ......Page 504 Introduction......Page 506 Comparison of Chemical Composition of E. foetida and Its Casts with Common Foods and Animal Feeds......Page 507 Comparison of Protein Content of Four Earthworm Species......Page 511 Contents of Free Amino Acids, Minerals, and Vitamins in Earthworm Body Fluids......Page 512 Actual Nutritional Value of Earthworm Protein......Page 513 Nutritional Evaluation of Earthworm Casts......Page 514 Safety of Earthworm Used as Protein Source......Page 515 References......Page 516 Abstract......Page 520 Processing of Medicinal Earthworms......Page 521 Pharmaceutical Composition of Earthworms......Page 522 Effects on Nervous System......Page 523 Effects of Earthworms on Respiratory System......Page 524 Sperm-killing Function of Earthworms......Page 525 Treatment of Tracheitis and Bronchial Asthma......Page 526 Treatment of Schizophrenia......Page 527 Treatment of Eczema, Urticaria, and Anaphylactic Diseases......Page 528 Treatment of Fractures......Page 529 Treatment of Acute Injury of Soft Tissues......Page 530 References......Page 531 Abstract......Page 534 Introduction......Page 535 Assessment of Feed Preferences......Page 537 Protein Content and Amino Acid Composition......Page 538 Trace Element and Mineral Analysis......Page 539 ECI Obtained with Human Refuse Diet......Page 540 Fatty Acid Content......Page 542 Mineral Content......Page 544 Chitin......Page 549 Fatty Acid Composition......Page 550 ECI Obtained Using the Human Refuse Diet......Page 551 Environmental Impacts and Diet Sustainability......Page 552 Hygienic Hazard and Potential Constraints......Page 554 Conclusion......Page 556 References......Page 557 Introduction......Page 560 Selection of Insect Species for Consumption......Page 561 Major Insects Consumed......Page 562 Crude Protein Content of Common Food Insects......Page 564 Essential Amino Acids......Page 570 Fiber Content......Page 575 Fat Content and Fatty Acid Composition......Page 577 Antinutritional Factors......Page 578 References......Page 589 The Concept of "Food"......Page 594 The Consumption of Rodent Meat......Page 597 Amphibians......Page 598 Sensory and Nutritional Features of Frog Meat......Page 600 Hygiene-Health Aspects in the Processing and Consumption of Frog Meat......Page 601 Terrestrial Gastropoda (Snails)......Page 603 Nutritional Features of Snails......Page 607 Edible Insects......Page 608 References......Page 612 Minilivestock and BEDIM Association......Page 614 Subject Index......Page 618 Species Index (Latin names:Genus - species)......Page 648 Colour Plates Section......Page 664 Plate I......Page 666 Plate II ......Page 668 Plate III ......Page 669 Plate IV......Page 670 Plate V......Page 671 Plate VI......Page 672 Plate VII......Page 673 Plate VIII......Page 675 Plate IX......Page 676 Plate X......Page 677