Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease : Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease - Elsevier E-Book on VitalSource

Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease - a volume in the exciting new Practical Echocardiography Series edited by Dr. Catherine M. Otto - provides practical how-to-do-it guidance on echocardiography for an ever-growing number of pediatric and adult congenital heart disease patients. Drs. Mark B. Lewin and Karen Stout offer you definitive, expert instruction with a highly visual, case-based approach that facilitates understanding and equips you to accurately acquire and interpret images while avoiding pitfalls. Access the full text online at www.expertconsult.com along with cases, procedural videos, and abundant, detailed figures and tables that show you how to proceed, step by step, and get the best results. Master challenging and advanced techniques including 3-D echocardiography and transesophageal echocardiography through a practical, step-by-step format that provides a practical approach to data acquisition and analysis, technical details, pitfalls, and case examples. Expand your knowledge and apply the latest findings on congenital cardiovascular abnormalities and adult congenital heart disease Reference the information you need quickly thanks to easy-to-follow, templated chapters, with an abundance of figures and tables that facilitate visual learning. Access the complete text and illustrations online at www.expertconsult.com plus video clips, additional cases, and much more! Master echocardiography techniques for pediatric and adult patients with Congenital Heart Disease Series page Front Matter Copyright Contributors Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Glossary 01. The Pediatric Transthoracic Echocardiogram 1 The Pediatric Transthoracic Echocardiogram Imaging Planes Transducers Protocols Sample Pediatric Protocol for a New Patient (Derived from Seattle Children’s Hospital Protocol) Acquiring Clips Parasternal Long Axis View Parasternal Short Axis View High Left Parasternal View Four-Chamber Apical View Apical Three-Chamber or Long Axis View Subcostal Images Abdominal Views (Uninverted) Subcostal Long or Four-Chamber View (Inverted Imaging) Subcostal Short Axis View Subcostal Right Ventricular Inflow/Outflow View Suprasternal Notch View Right Parasternal Suggested Reading 02. The Fetal Echocardiogram 2 The Fetal Echocardiogram Background Cardiac Embryology and In Utero Physiology Cardiac Embryology Fetal Circulation Overview Study Protocol 2D Images Fetal Position Abdominal and Cardiac Situs The Four-Chamber View The Outflow Tracts Aortic and Ductal Arches Systemic and Pulmonary Venous Return Doppler Evaluation Color Doppler PW Doppler Function Measurements Rate and Rhythm Assessment Suggested Reading Background Fetal Circulation and Neonatal Transition The Fetal Echocardiogram 03. Echocardiography in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory 3 Echocardiography in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Background Echocardiographic Techniques Transcatheter Closure of Atrial Septal Defects/Patent Foramen Ovale Technique Step-by-Step Approach 1. Assess Anatomy. 2. Dynamic Sizing. 3. Device Placement. 4. After Device Release. Transcatheter Closure of Muscular Ventricular Septal Defects Technique Step-by-Step Approach 1. Assess Anatomy. 2. Device Placement. 3. After Device Release. Balloon Atrial Septostomy Technique Step-by-Step Approach 1. Assess Anatomy. 2. Balloon Atrial Septostomy. 3. After Balloon Atrial Septostomy. Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty Technique Step-by-Step Approach 1. Initial Assessment. 2. Balloon Dilation. 3. After Balloon Dilation. 4. Detection of Complications. Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Technique Step-by-Step Approach 1. Assess Anatomy. 2. During the Procedure. 3. After Deployment. Suggested Reading 04. Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography 4 Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography Practical Considerations Atrial Septal Defects (Table 4-1) Secundum Atrial Septal Defects (Fig. 4-1) Primum Atrial Septal Defects (also called Partial Atrioventricular [AV] Canal, Defect) Sinus Venosus Atrial Septal Defects Coronary Sinus Atrial Septal Defects (also called Unroofed Coronary Sinus) Principles of Surgical Management Secundum Atrial Septal Defects Primum Atrial Septal Defects Sinus Venosus Sinus Atrial Septal Defects Coronary Sinus Atrial Septal Defects Postoperative TEE Assessment Ventricular Septal Defects (Table 4-2) Perimembranous/Outlet Defects Inlet Defects Muscular Defects Malalignment Type Principles of Surgical Management Postoperative TEE Assessment Atrioventricular Canal Defects (also called Atrioventricular Septal Defects or Endocardial Cushion Defects) (Table 4-3) Partial AVC Transitional AVC Complete AVC Principles of Surgical Management Postoperative TEE Assessment Tetralogy of Fallot (Table 4-4) Tetralogy of Fallot with Pulmonary Stenosis Tetralogy of Fallot with Pulmonary Atresia Tetralogy of Fallot with an Atrioventricular Canal Tetralogy of Fallot with an Absent Pulmonary Valve Double-Outlet Right Ventricle – Tetralogy of Fallot Spectrum Principles of Surgical Management (Table 4-5) Postoperative TEE Assessment Transposition of the Great Arteries (Table 4-6) Dextro Transposition of the Great Arteries DORV-TGA Spectrum Congenitally Corrected TGA Additional Facts Principles of Surgical Management Postoperative TEE Assessment Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage (Table 4-7) Supracardiac TAPVD Cardiac TAPVD Infracardiac TAPVD Mixed TAPVD Principles of Surgical Management Postoperative TEE Assessment Principles of Surgical Management Postoperative TEE Assessment Single Ventricle (Table 4-9) Principles of Surgical Management Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Postoperative TEE Assessment Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Coronary Artery Abnormalities (Table 4-11) Anomalous Origin of the Coronary Artery from the Aorta Anomalous Origin of the LMCA from the Pulmonary Artery Coronary Artery Fistula Principles of Surgical/Interventional Management Postoperative TEE Assessment Congenital Valvular Heart Disease Principles of Surgical Management (Table 4-13) Neonates Postoperative TEE Assessment Biventricular Repair Strategy Starnes Procedure Principles of Surgical Management Postoperative TEE Assessment Principles of Surgical Management Postoperative TEE Assessment Suggested Reading APPENDIX: TEE Views 05. Shunting Lesions 5 Shunting Lesions Atrial Septal Defects Patent Foramen Ovale Ostium Secundum Atrial Septal Defect Ostium Primum Atrial Septal Defect Sinus Venosus Atrial Septal Defects: Two Types Coronary Sinus Atrial Septal Defect The Echocardiography (Echo) Exam: Step-by-Step Approach Step 1: Evaluate the Location of the Atrial Septal Defect Step 2: Evaluate the Atrial Septal Defect Dimensions and Position Step 3: Evaluate the Direction of the Shunt Step 4: Determine the Size of the Shunt Step 5: Evaluate the Effects of Shunting Post-Device Atrial Septum Defect Closure Evaluation: Special Considerations Postoperative Evaluation: Special Considerations Ventricular Septal Defects Membranous Perimembranous Muscular Supracristal (Subpulmonary) Inlet The Echo Exam: Step-by-Step Approach Step 1: Evaluate the Ventricular Septal Defect Location Step 2: Evaluate Ventricular Septal Defect Size Step 3: Evaluate the Direction of the Shunt Step 4: Determine the Size of the Shunt Step 5: Evaluate the Effects of Shunting Postoperative Assessment: Special Considerations Patent Ductus Arteriosus The Echo Exam: Step-by-Step Approach Step 1: Determine the Presence of a Patent Ductus Arteriosus Step 2: Evaluate the Size of the Patent Ductus Arteriosus Step 3: Evaluate the Direction of the Shunt Step 4: Determine Whether the Shunt Is Hemodynamically Significant Step 5: Evaluate for Other Cardiac Disease Surgical Ligation and Device/Coil Closure: Special Considerations Suggested Reading 06. Atrioventricular Septal Defect 6 Atrioventricular Septal Defect: Background Anatomy Overview of the Echocardiographic Approach Anatomic Imaging Acquisition Complete and Transitional Atrioventricular Septal Defect Step 1: Assess the Atrioventricular Valve Step 2: Assess the Inlet Ventricular Septal Defect Step 3: Assess the Primum Atrial Septal Defect Step 4: Assess for the Presence of Associated Defects Step 5: Assess the Chamber Size and Function Partial Atrioventricular Septal Defect Step 1: Assess the Atrioventricular Valves Step 2: Assess the Atrial Septum Step 3: Assess the Ventricular Septum Step 4: Assess for Associated Defects Step 5: Assess the Chamber Size and Function Physiologic Data Step 1: Atrioventricular Valves Step 2: Atrial Septal Defect Step 3: Ventricular Septal Defect Step 4: Outflow Tract Obstruction Step 5: Hemodynamic Load on Ventricles Pitfalls Alternative Approaches Suggested Reading 07. Conotruncal Lesions 7 Conotruncal Lesions Tetralogy of Fallot Background Overview of Echocardiographic Approach Anatomic Imaging Acquisition Analysis Pitfalls Physiologic Data Alternate Approaches TOF Repaired Background Overview of Echocardiographic Approach Anatomic Imaging Acquisition Analysis Physiologic Data Acquisition Alternate Approaches Double-Outlet Right Ventricle Background Overview of Echocardiographic Approach Anatomic Imaging Acquisition Analysis Pitfalls Physiologic Data Alternate Approaches Double-Outlet Right Ventricle: Post-Repair Truncus Arteriosus Background Anatomy Pathophysiology Overview of Echocardiographic Approach Anatomic Imaging Acquisition Analysis Pitfalls Physiologic Data Truncus Arteriosus: Status Post Repair Background Overview of Echocardiographic Approach Anatomic Imaging Acquisition Analysis Physiologic Data Acquisition Analysis Alternate Approaches Suggested Reading 08. Transposition of the Great Arteries 8 Transposition of the Great Arteries d-TGA: Preoperative Imaging Background Overview of Echocardiographic Approach Anatomic Imaging Acquisition Analysis Pitfalls Physiologic Data Acquisition Pitfalls Alternate Approaches Transposition of the Great Arteries: Status Post Arterial Switch Operation Background Overview of Echocardiographic Approach Anatomic Imaging Acquisition Analysis Pitfalls Physiologic Data Acquisition Alternate Approaches Transposition of the Great Arteries: Status Post Atrial Switch Operation (Senning/Mustard) Background Overview of Echocardiographic Approach Anatomic Imaging Acquisition Analysis Pitfalls Physiologic Data Acquisition Alternate Approaches Transposition of the Great Arteries, Ventricular Septal Defect, and Pulmonary Stenosis: Status Post Rastelli or Nikaidoh Procedure Background Overview of Echocardiographic Approach Anatomic Imaging Acquisition Analysis Physiologic Data Acquisition Alternate Approaches L-TGA (Congenitally Corrected TGA) Background Overview of Echocardiographic Approach Anatomic Imaging Acquisition Analysis Pitfalls Physiologic Data Acquisition Alternate Approaches Suggested Reading 09. Venous Anomalies 9 Venous Anomalies Background Overview of Echocardiographic Approach Anatomic Imaging Pulmonary Veins Systemic Veins Physiologic Data Alternate Approaches Suggested Reading 10. Echocardiographic Imaging of Single-Ventricle Lesions 10 Echocardiographic Imaging of Single-Ventricle Lesions Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Definition and Prevalence Parasternal Long Axis View (Fig. 10-1) Parasternal Short Axis View Apical Four-Chamber View Subcostal Four-Chamber or Coronal View Subcostal Short Axis or Sagittal View Suprasternal Long Axis View Suprasternal Short Axis View Double-Inlet Left Ventricle Definition and Prevalence Parasternal Long Axis View Parasternal Short Axis View Apical Four-Chamber Views (Fig. 10-8) Subcostal Four-Chamber Coronal View Subcostal Short Axis Sagittal View Suprasternal Notch View Tricuspid Atresia Definition and Prevalence Parasternal Long Axis View Parasternal Short Axis View Apical Four-Chamber View (Fig. 10-10) Subcostal Four-Chamber Coronal View Subcostal Short Axis Sagittal View Suprasternal Long Axis View Suprasternal Short Axis View Postoperative Evaluation Post-PA Band Placement Post-PA Band Removal Assessment Norwood and Damus-Kaye-Stansel Procedures Hybrid Procedure Post-Hybrid Procedure Assessment Echocardiographic Evaluation After Bidirectional Glenn/Hemi-Fontan Procedure Echocardiographic Evaluation After Fontan Procedure Completion Suggested Reading 11. Right Heart Anomalies 11 Right Heart Anomalies Basic Principles Right Ventricle Right Heart Ebstein’s Anomaly Background Overview of Echocardiographic Approach Anatomic Imaging Acquisition Analysis Pitfalls Physiologic Data Acquisition Analysis Pitfalls Alternate Approaches Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum Background Overview of Echocardiographic Approach Anatomic Imaging Acquisition Analysis Pitfalls Physiologic Data Acquisition Analysis Pitfalls Alternate Approaches Pulmonary Stenosis Background Overview of Echocardiographic Approach Anatomic Imaging Acquisition Analysis Pitfalls Physiologic Data Acquisition Analysis Pitfalls Alternate Approaches Branch Pulmonary Artery Stenosis Background Overview of Echocardiographic Approach Anatomic imaging Acquisition Analysis Pitfalls Physiologic Data Acquisition Analysis Pitfalls Alternate Approaches References Suggested Reading 12. Left Heart Anomalies 12 Left Heart Anomalies Background Overview of Echocardiographic Approach Left Atrial Anomalies Cor Triatriatum Anatomic and Physiologic Imaging Aortic Valve Anomalies Congenital Anomalies Bicuspid Aortic Valve Acquired Aortic Valve Disease Anatomic Imaging Physiologic Data Mitral Valve Anomalies Congenital Anomalies Acquired Anomalies Anatomic Imaging Physiologic Data Subaortic Stenosis Anatomic Imaging Physiologic Data Aortic Diseases (Aortopathies) Coarctation of the Aorta Anatomic Imaging Physiologic Data Supravalvular Aortic Stenoses Congenital Acquired Stenosis Anatomic imaging Physiologic Data Dilated Aorta Congenital Coronary Artery Anomalies Anatomic Imaging Physiologic Data Alternate Imaging Alternate Approaches to Echo in Left Heart Anomalies Suggested Reading 13. Myocardial Pathology 13 Myocardial Pathology Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Background Echocardiographic Approach (Table 13-2) Anatomic Imaging Physiologic Data Alternate Approaches Dilated Cardiomyopathy Background Echocardiographic Approach (See Table 13-2) Anatomic Imaging Physiologic Data Alternate Approaches Left Ventricular Noncompaction Background Echocardiographic Approach (See Table 13-2) Anatomic Imaging Physiologic Imaging Alternate Approaches Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Background Echocardiographic Approach (See Table 13-2) Anatomic Imaging Physiologic Data Alternate Approaches Suggested Reading 14. Kawasaki Disease 14 Kawasaki Disease: Background Overview of Echocardiographic Approach Anatomic Imaging Acquisition Step 1: Complete Transthoracic Echocardiogram Step 2: Assess Coronary Arteries Step 3: Assess Valve Function Step 4: Assess Ventricular Function Step 5: Assess Aortic Root Step 6: Assess for Pericardial Effusion Pitfalls Analysis Coronary Artery Measurements Alternate Approaches Suggested Reading 15. Thromboembolic Phenomena and Vegetations 15 Thromboembolic Phenomena and Vegetations Background Thrombus Vegetations Overview of Echocardiographic Approach M-Mode Two-Dimensional Color Doppler Continuous Wave Doppler Anatomic Imaging Left Atrial Thrombus Image Acquisition Pitfalls Left Ventricular Thrombus Image Acquisition Pitfalls Valve Vegetations Image Acquisition (Whether TEE or TTE) Pitfalls Physiologic Data Valve Vegetations Alternate Approaches Suggested Reading 16. Implications of Pediatric Renal, Endocrine, and Oncologic Disease 16 Implications of Pediatric Renal, Endocrine, and Oncologic Disease Renal Hypertension Glomerulonephritis Chronic Renal Failure Post-Kidney Transplantation Iron Overload Cardiomyopathy The Echo Exam: Step-by-Step Approach Step 1: Evaluate Cardiac Size Step 2: Evaluate Systolic Cardiac Function Step 3: Evaluate Diastolic Cardiac Function Step 4: Evaluate for Dyssynchrony Step 5: Interrogate Cardiac Valves Endocrine Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism Metabolic Syndrome Maternal Diabetes The Echo Exam: Step-by-Step Approach Step 1: Evaluate Cardiac Dimensions Step 2: Evaluate Cardiac Function Step 3: Evaluate Cardiac Structure Step 4: Evaluate for Pericardial Effusion Oncologic Disease Dilated Cardiomyopathy Restrictive Cardiomyopathy The Echo Exam: Step-by-Step Approach Step 1: Evaluate Cardiac Dimensions Step 2: Evaluate Cardiac Function Step 3: Evaluate for Pericardial Effusion Suggested Reading 17. Echocardiographic Assessment After Heart Transplantation@ 17 Echocardiographic Assessment After Heart Transplantation Background Overview of Echocardiographic Approach Anatomic Imaging Venous Anastomoses Arterial Anastomoses Valve Regurgitation Pericardial Effusion Physiologic Data Early Post-transplantation Systolic Function Diastolic Function Assessment of Diastolic Function (Table 17-3) Assessment of Systolic and Diastolic Function Rejection Echocardiographic Rejection Surveillance Requirements for Data Collection Other Echocardiographic Indicators of Rejection Described in Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients Alternate Approach to Rejection Surveillance Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography Protocol Troubleshooting Interpretation References A Volume In The Exciting New Practical Echocardiography Series Edited By Dr. Catherine M. Otto - Provides Practical How-to-do-it Guidance On Echocardiography For An Ever-growing Number Of Pediatric And Adult Congenital Heart Disease Patients. Drs. Mark B. Lewin And Karen Stout Offer You Definitive, Expert Instruction With A Highly Visual, Case-based Approach That Facilitates Understanding And Equips You To Accurately Acquire And Interpret Images While Avoiding Pitfalls. Master Challenging And Advanced Techniques Including 3-d Echocardiography And Transesophageal Echocardiography Through A Practical, Step-by-step Format That Provides A Practical Approach To Data Acquisition And Analysis, Technical Details, Pitfalls, And Case Examples. Expand Your Knowledge And Apply The Latest Findings On Congenital Cardiovascular Abnormalities And Adult Congenital Heart Disease. Reference The Information You Need Quickly Thanks To Easy-to-follow, Templated Chapters, With An Abundance Of Figures And Tables That Facilitate Visual Learning. Master Echocardiography Techniques For Pediatric And Adult Patients With Congenital Heart Disease. The Pediatric Echocardiogram (imaging Planes, Transducers, Study Protocols, Etc) / Joel Lester And Mark Lewin -- The Fetal Echocardiogram (same As Above) / Meg Vernon And Mark Lewin -- Echo In The Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory / Troy Johnston And Karen Stout -- Tee In The Operating Room / Denise Joffe And Karen Stout -- Shunting Lesions / Brandy Hattendorf And Mark Lewin -- Atrioventricular Canal Defects. / Jeff Conwell And Mark Lewin -- C0onotruncal Lesions / Amy Schultz And Karen Stout -- Transposition Of The Great Arteries. / Amy Schultz And Karen Stout -- Venous Anomalies / Brian Soriano And Mark Lewin -- Single Ventricle Lesions. / Nadine Choueiter And Mark Lewin -- Right Heart Anomalies / Peter Cawley And Mark Lewin -- Left Heart Anomalies / Brian Soriano, David Owens And Karen Stout -- Myocardial Pathology / David Owens, Mariska Kemna And Karen Stout -- Kawasaki Disease / Jeff Conwell And Mark Lewin -- Thromboembolic Phenomena And Vegetations / Peter Cawley, Brian Soriano And Karen Stout -- Implications Of Pediatric Renal, Endocrine And Oncologic Disease / Brandy Hattendorf And Mark Lewin -- Post-cardiac Transplant Echocardiographic Assessment / Mariska Kemna And Karen Stout. [edited By] Mark B. Lewin, Karen Stout. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.